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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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VII 


PhotogFaphic 

Sciences 

Carporation 


23  WBT  MAM  STRIIT 

WltSTIR,N.Y.  14SM 
(716)  172-4303 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


i 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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D 


Cover  title  missing/ 

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I — I   Coloured  maps/ 


0 


□ 
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Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  roire) 


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D 


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|~~1  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


D 
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Only  edition  available/ 
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Pt'ges  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
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Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


V 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


T 


The  copy  filmad  her*  has  b««n  reproducad  thanks 
to  the  gansrosity  of: 

Metropolitan  Toronto  Library 
Scianca  &  Tachnology  Dapartmant 


L'axamplaira  f  ilmA  f  ut  reproduit  grica  A  la 
gAnArotitA  da: 

Metropolitan  Toronto  Library 
Scianca  &  Tachnology  Dapartmant 


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conformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
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par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  ie 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


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entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuveit  Atre 
f ilmte  i  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  clichA,  ii  est  film*  A  partii 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

TJ 


;i 


THE  MINEEAL  SPEINGS 


OF  TUE 


TJlsriTED    STATES   AND    OAI^ADA. 


"  Whateveb  may  be  said  of  them,  mineral  waters  are  not  simple  medicaments ;  wliat- 
cvcr  may  bo  the  predominant  mineralizing  agent,  as  demonstrated  by  anolysis,  it  acts  not 
alone.  Nature,  in  combining  with  the  more  or  less  notable  elements  which  chemistry  may 
isolate,  other  exceedingly  variable  ingredients  and  principles,  which  have  not  yet  been  dis- 
covered, has  done  for  this  mineralized  agent  that  which  wo  seek  to  imitate  each  day  in  our 
prescriptions,  when  wo  endeavor  to  rcunforce  or  diminish  the  effect  of  a  medical  substance 
by  associating  others  with  it."— Tbocbseau,  CUnique  Medicate,  tome  ill.,  p.  68. 

"  All  substances  administered  in  powder  are  active  in  proportion  to  the  fineness  of  their 
division.  Hence  solutions,  which  aro  only  minuter  divisions  of  substances  than  powders, 
act  more  rapidly  and  energetically  on  the  system  at  largo  than  the  latter,  while  their  local 
action  is  less  intense.  On  these  accounts  natural  mineral  waters  aro  much  more  active  than 
artiflcial  solutions  containing  the  same  ingredients."— Still£,  Therapeuii€8  and  Materia 
Medica,  vol.  i.,  p.  75. 


V 


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ilysis,  it  acts  not 
h  chemistry  may 
lot  yet  been  dig* 
I  each  day  in  our 
cdical  substance 
p.  58. 

fineness  of  their 
s  than  powders, 
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METROPOLITAN 
TORONTO     •. 
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789 

YONGE 

TORONTO 

M4W  2G8 


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THE 


MINERAL  SPRINGS 


OF  TUB 


UNITED   STATES   AND   CANADA, 


■wirn 


ANALYSES    AND    NOTES 


0!T  mB 


PROMINENT    SPAS    OF    EUROPE, 


AND  A  LIST  OP 


SEA-SIDE   RESORTS 


BY 
GEO.  E.  WALTON,  M.  D., 

I^OTOBEn  ON  MATERIA  MEDICA  IN  THE  MIAMI  MEDICAL  COLLEOE,  MNCUJHATI ; 
COMMITTEE   OP   THE   MEDICAL    ASSOCIATION    OP    THE    STATE    OP 
t  OHIO  ON  "TnEBAPEUTICa  OP  MINEBAL  BPBING8." 


NEW   YORK: 
D.    APPLETON    &    COMPANY, 

549    &    551    BROADWAY. 
18V3. 


OCT'!    ^033 


'{ 


// 


Entered,  occordlng  to  Act  of  Congress,  In  tUo  year  187!, 

By  GEO.  E.  WALTON,  M.  D., 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PEEFAOE. 


For  many  years  the  author  has  desired  to  know  whctlier 
there  arc  any  medicinal  virtues  in  mineral  waters.  He  has 
been  accustomed  to  hear  mineral  springs  mentioned  with  a 
smile  by  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion in  the  United  States,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  patients 
are  continually  seeking  springs  without  consulting  their  phy- 
sician. Occasionally  he  has  known  medical  gentlemen  admit 
that  patients  afflicted  with  inveterate  chronic  diseases  have 
resorted  to  mineral  springs,  and  much  to  their  surprise  re- 
turned cured.  Between  this  incredulity  of  the  profession,  and 
credulity  of  the  public,  he  has  thought  there  may  be  a  medium 
of  truth.  He  knew  that  medical  men  of  experience  abroad 
frequently  recommended  their  patients  to  visit  certain  spas 
for  the  relief  of  their  maladies.  That  very  eminent  French 
physician.  Trousseau,  devoted  much  time  to  writing  a  work, 
in  company  with  LasSque,  entitled  "  Etudes  Th6rapeutiques 
sur  les  Fiaux  Min^rales  des  Bords  du  Rhin,"  and,  throughout 
his  clinical  work,  as  well  as  the  able  work  of  Prof.  Niemeyer, 
mineral  waters  are  assigned  an  important  place  in  the  treat- 
ment of  many  chronic  diseases.  With  impressions  derived 
from  such  facts,  the  author  sought  libraries  and  book-stores 


vi 


PREFACE. 


;4 


for  information  concerning  the  mineral  springs  of  the  United 
States,  but  found  little  or  none. 

In  this  volume  the  author  has  endeavored  to  arrange  all 
the  known  facts  concerning  mineral  waters,  in  such  manner 
that  they  shall  be  readily  accessible.  For  this  purpose  he 
has  consulted  the  best  European  authors,  their  conclusions 
being  drawn  from  hundi'eds  of  years  of  laborious  investiga- 
tion of  the  spas  of  Germany,  France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy. 
It  has  been  interesting  in  the  course  of  this  study  to  note 
how  closely  the  conclusions  drawn  by  them,  concerning  the 
action  ci"  diflferent  classes  of  waters,  agree  with  the  observa- 
tions made  at  springs  in  this  country  independent  of  any 
knowledge  of  foreign  research.  The  portion  relating  to  the 
springs  of  the  Un'*ed  States  is  the  result  of  a  selection  of 
credible  evidence  regarding  them,  gained  by  correspondence 
and  personal  observation.  Acknowledgment  should  here  be 
made  to  Stephen  Powers,  Esq.,  of  California,  who  has  so 
greatly  aided  in  procuring  information  concerning  the  springs 
of  that  State. 

To  facilitate  comparison,  the  analyses  of  all  the  springs 
have  been  reduced  to  the  wine  pint,  the  original  analyses 
from  which  they  are  taken  being  based  on  the  wine  gallon, 
the  imperial  gallon,  the  litre,  a  thousand  parts,  etc.  Wher- 
ever the  alkaline  carbonates  were  estimated  as  bicarhoncUes 
in  the  original  analysis,  they  have  been  reduced  to  carbonates. 
The  carbonate  of  iron  is  always  understood  to  be  the  carbon- 
ate of  the  protoxide.  In  two  or  three  of  the  analyses  the 
uncombined  elements  were  given,  but  thr  acids  and  bases 
have  been  combined  according  to  approved  methods,  and  the 
resultant  salts  appear.  In  some  instances  the  springs  were 
analyzed  many  years  ago,  previous  to  important  discoveries 


;l 


PREFACE. 


Vll 


he  United 

irrange  all 
'h.  manner 
urpose  he 
onclusions 
investiga- 
and  Italy. 
\y  to  note 
jrning  the 
e  observa- 
nt of  any 
ing  to  the 
lection  of 
spondence 
d  here  be 
lo  has  so 
he  springs 

le  springs 
I  analyses 
ne  gallon, 
3.  Wher- 
^arbonates 
arbonates. 
le  carbon- 
ilyses  the 
ind  bases 
3,  and  the 
ings  were 
iscoveries 


in  chemical  science,  and  the  water  should  be  reanalyzed ;  for, 
although  the  analysis  of  a  water  does  not  indicate  its  absolute 
medical  value,  nevertheless,  in  many  instances,  it  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly important  guide  to  its  use.  All  waters  of  value 
should  be  thoroughly  analyzed ;  and,  though  we  cannot  then 
account  for  their  action,  let  us  not  close  our  eyes  or  ignore 
their  efiacacy,  if  such  there  be,  but  continue  the  search  for 
the  unknown  quantities  that  elude  our  vision. 

Although  this  country  does  not  seem  to  present  a  com- 
plete list  of  the  various  classes  of  waters,  still,  for  the  treat- 
ment of  many  diseases,  we  have  waters  equal  to  any  in  the 
world,  and  one  potent  subdivision,  the  aluminous  chalybeates 
(alum-waters),  are  found  nowhere  but  in  America  of  equal 
strength.  However,  when  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  coast 
shall  be  thoroughly  analyzed,  doubtless  we  shall  find  some  of 
them  equal  the  celebrated  alkaline  thermals  of  Vichy,  and  the 
muriated-alkaline  thermals  of  Ems. 

The  list  of  springs  is  thought  to  be  complete,  but  a  few 
omissions  may  have  occurred.  The  author  will  consider  him- 
self under  obligations  to  any  one  who  will  favor  him  with 
information  of  springs  not  mentioned,  however  remote,  pro- 
vided they  have  been  improved  for  public  resort. 

No.  224  Laurel  Street, 

CiNci:sNATi,  December,  1ST2, 


[ 


r 


M 


D 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 


niBTOBIOAL. 

Mineral  Springs  of  Ancient  Grcccc—Of  Ancient  Italy— Koman  Batbs— Baths  of  Caracalla— 
Method  of  Bathing— Perftimes— Laws  regulating  the  Baths— Baiaj— Mediaeval  Baths — 
Description  of  Baden,  in  Switzerland,  in  1420  and  1570— Description  of  Bath,  England^ 
in  16G3— Modern  Baths— Leulc,  in  Switzerland— Gambling  at  Baden-Baden    .    Paob  1 

CHAPTER  II 

MINERAL    WATEBS. 

Definition  of  Mineral  Water— Pure  Water— River  Water— Analyses  of  Rivers— Schuylkill— 
Croton- Charles— St.  Lawrence— Origin  of  Springs— Due  to  Meteoric  Water — Solvent 
Power  of  Water  on  Rocks — Formation  of  Springs— Saratoga — ^Tuscan  Springs — Ascend- 
ing Springs — ^Descending  Springs — Intermittent  Springs — Physical  Characteristics  of 
Water— Color— Odor— Taste— Tifxture — Temperature— Electricity— Magnetism   .      14 

CHAPTER  III. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

Its  Necessity— Different  Methods — Chemical  Classlflcation- The  German— The  French— 
Dltllcultics  of  Application — The  Classlflcation  adopted 82 

CHAPTER  IV. 

ACTION  OP  MINERAL  WATERS. 

Many  visit  Springs  for  Recreation  alone- Quackish  Advertising  of  Springs— Influence  of 
Change  of  Air— Change  of  Scene— Objections  on  account  of  Uncertainty  of  Composition 
— Artificial  Preparations  not  considered— Action  of  Ordinary  Water— Necessity  of  Wa- 
ter in  the  Organism— Absorption— Diucetic  Action— Cold  Water  increases  Peristaltic 
Action  of  the  Intesthies — Immediate  Action  of  Mineral  Waters-^Stimulant,  Sedative, 
Eliminant,  Remote  Action— Alterative— Theory  of  Alterative  Action— Alterative  Action 
of  each  Mineral  Water  differs— Bath  Fever— Action  of  Thermal  Waters— Bath  Erup- 
tions—Quotation from  Trousseau 80 


CHAPTER  V. 

CHEMICAL  CONSTITCENTB. 

Impropriety  of  ignoring  the  Chemical  Constituents  of  Mineral  Waters— Demonstration  by 
Struvo  that  Waters  are  impregnated  from  the  Constituenta  of  Rocks— The  Conatltu- 


i 


: 


CONTENTS. 

cnt8  of  Mineral  Waters  usually  invariable— Peculiar  Variation  of  the  Springs  of  Saxon 
Switzerland— Sudden  Changes  from  Earthquakes- Deposits  from  Mineral  Waters- 
Constituents:  Carbonates  and  BicarhotiatesotSodix,  Potassa,  Magnesia,  Lime,  Lithia, 
Strontia,  Iron,  Manganese;  Chlorides  of  Sodium,  Potassium,  Magnesium,  Calcium, 
Iron,  Cttsium,  Rubidium ;  Sulpliatea  of  Soda,  Magnesia,  Lime,  Potassa,  Iron,  Alumina; 
Iodides  of  Potassium,  Sodium— Bromides— Phosphates— Silicates— Boracic  Acid— Bo- 
rate of  Soda — Fluorides— Nitrates— Arsenic — Cronic  and  Apocrenic  Acid— Organic  Sub- 
stances: Bar6gino,  Glairine,  Sulfurlne,  Microscopic  Algae — Carbonic  Acid— Sulphuretted 
Hydrogen— Carburetted  Hydrogen — Oxygen  and  Nitrogen     ....    Paue  48 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THEBAPEVTICS. 

Mineral  Waters  only  applicable  to  Chronic  Diseases— Appropriate  Stngo  of  Disease  for  using 
Waters— Rheumatism— Gout— Syphilis— Metallic  Poisoning— Diabetes  Mellitus-Inter- 
mittent  Fever— Chronic  Dysentery — Anasarca  —  Cancer— Scrofula— Chlorosls-IIeml- 
plcgia — Paraplegia— Locomotor  Ataxia — ^Neuralgia — Hysteria— Hypochondria— Chronic 
Laryngitis — Chronic  Pharj-ngltis — Chronic  Bronchitis— Asthma — Consumption — Dys- 
pepsia—Gastritis— Gastric  Ulcer— Gastralgia— Constipation— Haemorrhoids— Engorged 
Liver— Gall-Stoncs— Fatty  Liver — Jaundice — Gravel— Calculus— Vesical  Catarrh — Al- 
biunlnuria — Chronic  Metritis— Amenorrhoea — Dysmenorrhoea-LeucoiThoca— Sterility — 
Eczema — Llcnen— Psoriasis — Pityriasis  —  Scroftilldes  —  Syphiiides — Anchylosis— Con- 
tractions— Hydrarthrosis — Coxalgla — Caries — Ulcers— Old  Wounds       ...      66 


) 


CHAPTER  VII. 

StTOGEBTIOMS. 

Prescription  of  Mineral  Waters — Choice  of  a  Resort — The  Season — Bottled  Waters — Ex- 
tracts of  Waters— Amusements  —  Time  for  drinking  the  Waters— Quantity— Prepar- 
atory Treatment- Bolleau's  Experience  In  i  .37 — Temperance  in  Diet— Duration  of 
Treatment— Impropriety  of  changing  from  Spring  to  Spring— Resident  Physician  to  bo 
consulted— Time  for  Baths — Allbert's  Advice— The  Whey-Cure — ^I'he  Grape-Curo    111 


1 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  SKIN. 

Anatomy — True  Skin  — Epidermis — Sweat-Glands— Sebaceous  Glands— Functions  of  tho 
Skin — Absorptions— Transpiration 120 

CHAPTER  IX 

BATHS. 

Cold  Bath— Temperate  Baths— Tepid  Bath— Warm  Bath— Hot  Bath— Vapor-Bath— Rus- 
sian Bath— Hot-Air  Bath  —  Turkish  Bath— Douches :  Descending,  Ascending,  Fan, 
Ring,  Universal— Spout-Bath— Sitz-Bath—Foot-Bath— Mineral  Mud-Bath— Medicated 
Baths— Carbonic-Acid  Bath -.127 

CHAPTER  X. 

ALKALINE    WATERS. 

Fromlncnt  Constituents — Action— Diseases  to  which  they  are  applicable— .S^/jriMgrs.-  P.la- 
don,  Congress,  California;  California  Seltzer,  Perry,  Versailles,  St.  I^oiiis,  Michigan; 
Lower  Soda,  Oregon;  Sheldon,  Central,  Vermont,  Mlssisquoi,  Middletown,  Weldon, 
Bockbridgo  Baths,  Capon 144 


mmmi 


CONTENia 


■lugs  of  Saxon 
eral  Waters— 
,  Lime,  Lithia, 
lum,  Calcium, 
ron,  Alumina; 
cic  Acid— Bo- 
-Organic  Sub- 
-Suljiliuretted 
.    Paue  48 


leaso  for  using 
ellltus- Inter- 
orosis— Ileml- 
ulria— Cljronic 
mption— Dys- 
ds— Engorged 
Catarrh — Al- 
fa—Sterility- 
sbylosis— Con- 
.      6C 


1  Waters- Ex- 
ntlty— Prepar- 
-Duration  of 
'hysician  to  bo 
ape-Curo    111 


i 


CHAPTER  XI. 

SALINE     WATEBB. 

Frominent  Constitucnis— Action— Diseases  to  which  they  are  applicable— Brines — Springs: 

St.  Catharines,  Caledonia,  Plantagenet,  Lansing,  Spring  Lake,  Fruit  Port,  St.  Louis, 

.    Missouri;  Saratoga,  Ballston,  Albany,  Wilhoits,  Charleston       .       .       .       Paqb  1<K) 

CUAPTEE  XII. 

BULPnUB-WATEBB. 

ProminentConstituents- Action— Diseases  to  which  thoy  ore  applicable — Springs:  Blount, 
Sandwich,  Caledonia,  Charlotsvillo,  Piedmont,  White  Sulphur,  California;  Yallejo  White 
Sulphur,  Green-Cove,  Indian,  Georgia ;  French  Lick,  West  Baden,  Indian,  Indiana ; 
Laihyette,  Lodi,  Trinity,  Upper  Blue  Lick,  Lower  Bluo  Lick,  Paroquet,  Big  Bone, 
Olympian,  Estill,  Louisville,  Drennon,  Bedford,  White  Sulphur  and  Tar,  White  Sulphur, 
Louisiana;  De  Soto,  Alpena,  Sharon,  Mosseno,  Chittenango,  Bichflold,  Avon,  Clifton, 
Cherry  Valley,  Columbia,  Drj-den,  White  Sulphur,  New  York;  Longmuirs,  Shocco, 
Warren,  White  Sulphur,  North  Carolina ;  White  Sulphur,  Ohio ;  Minnequo,  York,  Car- 
lisle, Glenn,  Sitka,  Alburg,  Illghgato,  Newbury,  Jordans,  Yellow,  Virginia;  Buffalo, 
Stribllng,  Coyners,  Egglcstons,  Botetourt,  Cold  White,  Montgomery  White,  Fauquier 
White,  Roanoke  Red,  Huguenot,  Burner's,  Daggar's,  Grayson,  Greenbrier  White,  Salt, 
Red,  Blue, 180 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

CHALYBEATE    WATEBU. 

Prominent  Constituents — Action— Diseases  to  which  they  are  applicable- iSi;)/'en(7«.'  Bailey, 
Fry,  Stafford,  Catoosa,  Madison,  Greencastio,  Knightstown,  Schuyler  County,  Illinois ; 
Estill,  Ilopkinton,  Owosso,  Cooper's  Well,  Ocean,  Oak  Orchard,  Sharon,  Schooley's 
Mountain,  Mineral  Springs,  New  Jersey;  Adams  County,  Ohio,  Cresson,  Blossburg, 
Fayette,  Montvale,  Bocrsheba,  Rawley,  Sweet  Chalybeate,  Rockbrldgo  Alum,  Bath 
Alum,  Stribllng,  Bedford  Alum,  Virginia;  Church  Hill  Alum,  Pulaski  Alum,  Va- 
riety       286 


ictions  of  the 
.    120 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

PUBOATIVE    W  A  TEES. 

Prominent  Constituents— .Vction— Diseases  to  which  they  are  applicable— ij?y;ri/j(7« .'  Grab- 


Orchard,  llarrodsburg,  Estill,  Midland,  Beer,  Bedford,  Virginia;  Elgin  . 


261 


r-Bnth— Rus- 

•ending,  Fan, 

h— Medicated 

.        .    127 


)}'ingn:  Bla- 

is,  Michigan; 

wn,  Welden, 

.    144 


CHAPTER  XV. 

CALCIC     WATEBS. 

ProminontConstltucnts— Action— Diseases  to  which  they  are  applicable— ^/jr/ttflrs  .*  Eaton 
Rapids,  Butterwortli,  Ilubbardston,  Leslie,  Yellow,  Gettysburg,  Clarendon,  Alleghany, 
llolston,  Berkeley,  Sweet,  Buthesda 263 

CH.VPTER  XVI. 

TUEBMAL    WATEBB. 

Prominent  Characteristics— Action— Diseases  to  which  they  are  applicable— A>/'i«(/«  .•  Hot, 
Arkansas ;  Callstoga,  Geysers,  California;  Paso  Robles,  Santa  Barbara,  Warner's  Ranch, 
San  Bernardino,  Skagg's,  Gilroy,  Lake  Tahoo,  Idaho,  Middle  Park,  Warm,  Georgia; 
Warm,  North  Carolina;  Agua  Callento,  New  Mexico;  Lebanon,  Piiebla,  Volcano,  Des 
ChutoB,  Salt  Lake,  Hot,  Virginia;  Warm,  Virginia;  Healing,  American  Geysers  .    284 


Xll 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

VNOLABSIFIED    WATERS. 

Springs:  Summit  Soda,  Alabaster,  Vichy,  Tuscan,  Bartlett,  Adams,  California;  Napa  Soda, 
Harbincs,  San  Rafael,  Crystal,  Rocky  Mountain,  St  Leon,  Varennes,  Orange,  Bethesda, 
Georgia;  Latonia,  Togus,  Berkshire  Soda,  Grand  Ledge,  Flints, Birch-Dale,  Abenaquis, 
Amherst,  Bradford,  Vallonia,  Piedmont,  Elgin,  Cappers,  Orkney,  Blue  Ridge,  Parkers- 
burg,  Shannondale Faoe  881 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

EVBOPEAM    BPAS. 

Alkaline  Waters:  Vichy,  Ems,  Fachingen— (SiiZina  Waters:  Ilomburg,  Eissingen,  Wies- 
baden, Baden-Baden,  Bourbonne,  QoMon— Brine-Baths :  Kreuznach,  Nauheim— iS^m/- 
jthur-  Waters :  Aix-la-Chapello,  Aix-les-Bains,  Bardges,  Ban6res-de-Luchon,  Nenndorf, 
Meinberg— C/taiyfteafe  Waters:  Schwalbach,  Pyrmont,  Spa,  8t.-Moritz— PMrfira<t»« 
Waters:  FiUhia,  Frledrichshall,  Sedlitz,  Carlsbad,  Maricnbad,  Franzcnsbad  —  Calcic 
Waters:  Gontrexville,  Bagn5res-de-Bigorre,  Leuk,  Wildungen — Thermal  Waters: 
Gastein,  TOplitz,  Schlangenbad,  Flombi6res 841 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

SEA-BIDS    BEB0BT8. 

The  Sea— Sea-Alis-Analysls  of  Sea-Water— Phosphorescence— Temperature — Sea-Bath— 
Resuscitation  from  DroynAng— Resorts :  Cushing's  Island,  Rye,  Hampton,  Swampscott, 
Nahant,  Chelsea,  Newport,  Narragansett  Pier,  Long  Branch,  Coney  Island,  Rockaway, 
Capo  May,  Atlantic  City 873 . 


MINERAL    SPEIl^GS. 


CHAPTER    I. 


HISTORICAL. 


I— Soa-Bath— 
,  Swampscott, 
d,  Bockaway, 
.       .    873. 


The  pages  of  ancient  authors  frequently  contain  records 
>f  resorts  where  the  sick  bathed  in  healing  waters  or  drank 
)f  medicinal  fountains.  In  Greece  the  temples  of  JEscula- 
)ius  were  frequently  erected  near  springs  reputed  to  possess 
jurative  power.  The  ancient  Athenians,  during  the  summer 
lonths,  sought  the  thermal — saline — sulphur  baths  of  ^dipsus 

the  island  of  Euboea,  about  sixty  miles  by  sea  from  Athens. 
\ey  have  been  known  from  remotest  antiquity,  and  are  a 
favorite  resort  at  the  present  day.  During  the  Mithridatic 
»'ar,  Sylla  sought  them,  and  Strabo  tells  us  (book  i.,  chap. 
Ui.,  Proleg.)  that,  following  an  earthquake,  these  waters  dis- 
appeared for  three  days,  and  reappeared  at  several  different 
'joints.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  channel  from  ^dipsus, 
^n  the  main-land,  is  the  celebrated  pass  of  ThermopylaB,  so 
lamed  from  the  hot  sulphur-springs  in  the  vicinity.  They 
low  froih  the  base  of  Mount  CEta,  and  fall  into  the  sea. 
Springs  formed  a  favorite  site  for  the  establishment  of  tem- 
ples. Near  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon  was  an  intermit- 
tent spring  (Herodotus  iv.,  181).  Delphi  had  its  Fountain  of 
^Jasotis  (Pausanius  x.,  34,  §  7),  and  these  waters,  now  known 
is  St.  Nicholas,  rise  south  of  Lesche,  and  flow  beneath  the 
temple  of  Apollo. 

In  the  pages  of  Latin  writers  we  frequently  meet  with  allu- 
1 


f 

I- 


iA 


2  MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

sions  to  medicinal  springs,  testifying  the  esteem  in  which  they 
were  held  by  the  Romans.  Horace,  in  describing  the  ficti- 
tious fame  that  the  cold-water  cure  obtained  at  Rome,  under 
the  influence  of  a  charlatan  named  Musa,  speaks  thus : 

"  Of  Velia  and  Salemum  tell  me,  pray, 

The  climate  and  the  natives,  and  the  way ; 

For  Baia;  now  is  lost  on  me,  and  I, 

Once  its  stanch  friend,  am  now  its  enemy, 

Through  Musa's  fault,  who  makes  me  undergo 

His  cold-bath  treatment,  spite  of  frost  and  snow. 

Good  sooth,  the  town  is  filled  with  spleen  to  see 

Its  steamy  baths  attract  no  company ; 
■  To  find  its  sulphur-wells,  which  found  out  pain 

From  joint  and  sinew,  ticated  with  disdain 

By  chests  and  heads,  now  grown  so  bold 

They  brave  cold  water  in  the  depth  of  cold  ; 

And  finding  down  at  Clusium  what  they  want, 

Or  Gabbi,  say,  make  that  their  winter  haunt." 

(Epist.  i.,  16.    Gonington's  Translation  of  Horace.) 

Unfortunately  for  Musa,  the  ill  success  of  his  mode  of  treat- 
ment soon  caused  a  return  to  the  mineral  waters  of  Baiae, 
which  continued  to  be  sought  by  multitudes,  and  are  resorted 
to  at  the  present  day.  • 

Pliny  tells  us  in  his  Natural  History  (book  xxxi.,  §  1)  that 
all  waters  are  gifts  of  the  earth.  He  says :  "  They  spring 
wholesome  from  the  earth  on  every  side  and  in  a  thousand 
lands;  the  cold,  the  hot,  the  hot  and  cold  together,  as  at 
Tarbellum  (Dax)  in  Aquitania,  or  in  the  Pyrenees,  where  they 
are  separated  only  by  a  small  interval,  or  yet  the  warm  and 
tepid,  announcing  relief  to  the  sick,  and  flowing  from  the 
eariL  only  for  man,  of  all  living  things.  Under  various  names 
they  add  to  the  number  of  divinities,  and  establish  villages." 
He  also  names  the  diseases  for  which  certain  waters  were 
considered  beneficial — the  springs  of  Sineusa  for  sterility; 
those  of  MnsLTia.  (Ischia,  of  to-day)  for  calculous  afiections. 
Of  the  latter,  it  is  said  by  a  late  writer :  "  The  attractions  of 
this  country  and  its  waters  are  sufficient  to  merit  with  us  the 


% 


HISTORICAL. 


which  they 
r  the  ficti- 
ome,  under 
lus: 


a  of  Horace.) 

lodc  of  treat- 

ers  of  Baiae, 

are  resorted 

:xi.,  §  1)  that 
They  spring 
1  a  thousand 
gether,  as  at 
IS,  where  they 
\ie  warm  and 
ing  from  the 
,rarious  names 
lish  villages." 
waters  were 
for  sterility; 
3US  aftections.; 
attractions  ofi 
rit  with  us  the^ 


popularity  they  enjoyed  with  the  ancients,  and  which  is  testi- 
fied by  numerous  Latin  inscriptions." 

When  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Empire  was  transferred  to 
the  East,  the  well-known  baths  of  Brusa,  about  sixty  miles 
from  Constantinople,  were  developed ;  and  at  this  day  they  are 
the  most  celebrated  baths  in  the  Orient.  Wherever  the  Ro- 
mans penetrated  the  then  Western  wilds  of  Europe,  they 
sought  out  the  mineral  springs  of  the  country,  and  we  find  re- 
mains of  their  baths  at  Aix  in  Savoy,  Aix  in  Provence ;  Ba- 
gnSres  de  Bigorre  and  Bagn^res  de  Luchon  in  the  Pyrenees, 
Alhama  and  Caldas  in  Spain,  Wiesbaden,  Baden  in  Switzer- 
land, and  at  Bath,  or  Aqua  Solis,  in  England.  The  Latin 
word  aquay  changed  into  Acqui,  Aigues,  Aix,  Ax,  and  Dax, 
as  applied  to  modern  towns,  remains  to  tell  of  their  early 
celebrity  as  watering-places. 

If  there  were  historic  records  of  the  barbarous  tribes  of 
Germania,  Gallia,  and  Hispania,  we  would  doubtless  learn  that 
the  same  fountains  were  held  in  esteem  by  them  which  were 
subsequently  resorted  to  by  the  Romans. 

In  the  brilliant  days  of  imperial  Rome,  bathing  formed  a 
chief  enjoyment  of  patrician  and  plebeian.  The  luxury  of 
warm  bathing  was  indulged  in  to  such  excess  that  at  one  time 
eight  hundred  thermaj  could  be  counted  within  the  city,  and 
several  of  these  would  accommodate  three  thousand  bathers 
at  one  time.  Many  of  these  structures  covered"  entire  squares, 
and  were  adorned  with  every  architectural  beauty.  An  ap- 
proach to  them  showed  beautiful  marble  portiros  supported 
by  many-fluted  columns,  and  entering  and  passing  out  might 
be  seen  orators,  poets,  senators,  and  sometimes  the  emperor. 
Within  "was  a  labyrinth  of  marble  halls  and  colonnades  deco- 
rated with  statuary  and  mosaics  by  the  masters,  and  in  vari- 
ous spacious  chambers  scholars  discom-sed  to  an  attentive 
auditory.  Other  apartments  were  devoted  to  athletic  exer- 
cise, which  was  usually  taken  before  entering  the  bath.  After 
the  bath,  those  who  had  leisure  might  pass  an  hour  in  the  well- 
arranged  librarj',  or  saunter  in  the  gardens  of  rare  flowers  and 
exotic  plants  within  the  enclosure.     The  grandeur  of  these 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Structures  may  be  imagined  when  we  are  told  that  the  baths 
of  Diocletian  were  the  repository  of  the  famous  Ulpian  Libra- 
ry; that  one  of  the  halls  of  these  baths  forms  the  present 
magnificent  Church  of  the  Carthusians ;  and  that  the  baths  of 
Agrippa  had  for  a  vestibule  that  relic  of  antiquity  so  well  de- 
scribed by  Byron : 

"  Simple,  erect,  severe,  austere,  sublime — 
Shrine  of  all  saints  and  temple  of  all  gods, 
From  Jove  to  Jesus — spared  and  blest  by  time, 
Looking  tranquillity,  while  falls  or  nods. 
Arch,  empire,  each  thing  round  thee,  and  man  plods 
His  way  through  thorns  to  ashes — ^glorious  dome  I 
Shalt  thou  not  last  ?    Time's  scythe  and  tyrants'  rods 
Shiver  upon  thee — sanctuary  and  home 

Of  art  and  piety— Pantheon !  pride  of  Rome  I " 

Many  traces  of  the  Roman  baths  still  remain,  but  the  most 
familiar  ruins  are  those  of  the  baths  of  Caracalla.  They  were 
commenced  by  Antoninus  Caracalla  about  the  year  a.  d.  213. 
Subsequently  they  were  enlarged  by  Elagabulus,  and  com- 
pleted by  Alexander  Severus.  They  occupy  an  area  nearly  a 
mile  in  circuit,  including  the  enclosure,  and  the  bath-structure 
covered  a  space  seven  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long  and  three 
hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  wide.  Within  the  enclosure 
were  porticos,  gardens,  a  stadium,  and  a  large  reservoir  into 
which  the  Antonine  Aqueduct  emptied,  and  in  front  ran  the 
Via  Novo,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  streets  in  Rome  dur- 
ing the  time  of  the  Antonines. 

On  page  5  we  insert  one-half  of  the  ground-plan  taken  from 
Bell's  work  on  baths,  Dr.  Bell  having  borrowed  it  from  Cam- 
eron's "  Baths  of  the  Romans."  The  other  half  of  the  build- 
ing corresponds  to  this  in  every  particular. 

Outside  the  bath-building,  and  within  the  enclosure,  was  a 
pavilion  for  spectators,  whence  they  could  see  the  exercises 
in  the  open  air,  apartments  for  those  who  had  care  of  the 
baths,  exedrae  where  gymnastic  exercises  were  taught,  retir- 
ing-chambers for  those  who  exercised  in  the  stadium,  atrias  to 


mSTORIOAL. 


0 


,  the  baths 
>ian  Libra- 
le  present 
e  baths  of 
JO  well  de- 


ds 


ut  the  most 
They  were 
ar  A,  D.  212. 
3,  and  com- 
•ea  nearly  a 
th-structure 
g  and  three 
enclosure 
servoir  into 
jnt  ran  the 
I  Rome  dur- 

taken  from 
t  from  Cam- 
)f  the  build- 

Dsure,  was  a 
le  exercises 
care  of  the 
aught,  retir- 
im,  atrias  to 


III! 


:  R 


F':^""!""? 


UALF  OF  TDK  PLAK  OF  TIIK  BATUS  OF  OARAOALLA.      THE  BIDB  IS  TDE  LINE  Y  X  FAOINO 
THB  VIA  NOTO;   tUB  OPPOaiTB  SIDE  OPENINa  UPON  THE  OABDENS. 


A.  Vestibule  on  entering  the  thermaa,  on  each  side  of  which  were  libraries. 

B.  Vestibule  for  spectators  and  the  clothes  of  those  who  were  bathing. 

C.  Piscina,  or  large  reservoir  for  swimming. 

D.  Peristyle,  havhig  a  piscina  in  the  middle  for  warm  bathing. 

E.  Ephebium,  or  place  for  exercise. 

F  F.  Booms  where  the  athletse  prepared  for  their  exercises. 

O  G.  Various  halls  or  recesses  for  the  use  of  those  who  frequented  the  baths. 

H.  Xystum,  or  portico  for  the  athletsB  to  exercise  under  in  bod  weather. 

K.  Exedne,  or  large  recesses  for  the  use  of  philosophers. 

L.  Booms  for  conversation. 

M.  Aphodyterium,  or  undressing-room. 

N.  Cella  Solaris,  one  hundred  and  eleven  feet  in  diameter,  in  which  were  the  labra  of  the 
baths  for  ordinary  bathing.  Spartianus  says  this  apartment  could  not  be  equalled  by 
the  architects  of  his  age:  that  the  window -lattices  were  overlaid  with  brass  or  copper, 
of  which  materials  the  whole  vault  was  made,  "and  so  vast  was  its  extent  that  learned 
mechanicians  declare  it  impossible  to  make  one  like  it.^^ 

O.  Laconicum,  or  hot-air  bath. 

P.  Caldarium,  or  hot- vapor  bath. 

Q.  Tepidariuni,  or  tepid-water  bath. 

B.  Frigidarium,  or  cold-water  bath. 

8.  Elffiosthesium,  or  room  for  oils. 

T.  Conisterium,  or  room  where  athletse,  after  being  anointed  with  oil,  were  sprinkled  with 
dust  so  they  might  take  surer  hold  in  wrestling. 

IT  U.  Vestibules. 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


r 


the  academies,  temples,  piazzas  for  the  masters  to  walk  in, 
and  covered  baths  for  those  who  did  not  choose  to  exercise 

in  the  xystus. 

It  would  appear  from  this  description  that  the  baths  were 
divided  into  the  warm-water  baths— those  apartments  in  which 
the  piscinjB  are  located— and  the  hot-air  and  vapor-baths  com- 
prising the  laconicum  and  the  caldarium,  which  were  heated 
to  from  110°  to  160°  Fahr.  Many  bathers  seldom  entered 
these  apartments.  Those  who  frequented  the  baths  disrobed 
in  the  contiguous  vestibules,  and  placed  their  clothing  in 
charge  of  servants,  who  received  small  sums  of  money  for 
keeping  guard.  They  then  went  to  the  elaeosthesium  and 
anointed  the  entu-e  body  with  a  cheap  kind  of  oil,  and  aftei^ 
ward  repaired  to  one  of  the  many  spaces  devoted  to  gymnas- 
tic exercises.  After  exercising  a  sufficient  time,  they  entered 
an  adjoining  warm-bath.  Here  numbers  might  be  seen  seated 
on  the  marble  steps  of  the  bath,  which  were  just  below  the 
surface  of  the  water.  After  ablution,  they  seated  themselves 
on  these  steps  and  scraped  the  entire  body  with  the  atrigil^  a 
blunt  instrument  similar  in  shape  to  a  small  sickle,  and  made 
of  bone,  iron,  bronze,  or  silver— most  frequently  of  bronze. 
The  wealthy  had  the  operation  performed  by  an  attendant 
slave.  It  is  said  that  it  was  not  an  agreeable  proceeding,  and 
that  the  Emperor  Augustus  was  a  sufferer  by  having  it  per- 
formed too  roughly.  Afterward  the  bather  was  washed  by 
vases  of  water  poured  over  him,  and  then  thoroughly  dried 
with  cotton  and  linen  cloths,  and  covered  with  a  light  shaggy 
mantle  called  gausape.  Fastidious  persons  of  '"ealth,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  process  described,  had  slaves  go  over  their  bodies 
with  tweezers  and  pluck  out  every  hair ;  the  nails  of  feet  and 
hands  were  then  trimmed ;  and,  finally,  highly-perfamed  oils  in 
vases  of  alabaster  or  bronze  were  brought  from  the  elaeosthe- 
sium, and  the  entire  body,  not  omitting  the  soles  of  the  feet, 
was  anointed.  The  clothing  was  then  resumed,  and  they 
passed  into  the  tepidarium,  where  they  remained  some  time, 
so  as  not  to  be  too  suduenly  chilled  on  going  from  the  warm 
bath  into  the  external  air.    The  tepidarium  in  these  baths,  it 


IIIBTORIGAL. 


o  walk  in, 
to  exercise 

baths  were 
ts  in  which 
■baths  com- 
irere  heated 
•in  entered 
IS  disrobed 
ilothing  in 
money  for 
lesium  and 

and  alter- 
to  gymnas- 
ley  entered 
seen  seated 

below  the 
themselves 
ne  atrigil,  a 
),  and  made 
of  bronze. 
I  attendant 
eeding,  and 
ving  it  per- 
washed  by 
iglily  dried 
ght  shaggy 
!alth,  in  ad- 
:;heir  bodies 
of  feet  and 
med  oils  in 
3  elaeosthe- 
3f  the  feet, 
^  and  they 
some  time, 
1  the  warm 
se  baths,  it 


seems,  was  only  used  for  this  purpose ;  water  being  employed 
only  as  a  convenient  method  of  regulating  the  temperature 
of  the  chamber.  In  smaller  thermae,  however,  and  in  provin- 
cial cities,  this  apartment  was  undoubtedly  used  for  bathing. 
In  this  description  of  bathing  the  laconicum  and  caldarium 
are  omitted.  They  were  sought  by  those  who  desired,  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  excessive  perspiration  in  a  similar 
way  to  the  Turkish  and  Russian  baths. 

A  word  may  be  said  concerning  the  oils  and  perfumes. 
They  were  of  great  variety,  and  universally  employed,  both 
by  men  and  women.  The  rhodinium,  extracted  from  roses, 
lirinium  from  the  lily,  myrrhinum  from  myr  h,  baccarinum 
from  foxglove,  and  cyprinum  from  the  flowers  of  the  privet- 
tree,  wer  *  favorites.  Also,  cinnamomium,  very  costly,  made 
from  cinnamon,  irinum,  an  oil  made  from  the  iris,  balaninum, 
the  oil  of  the  nuts  of  the  bcn-tree  found  in  India  and  Arabia, 
serpyillinum  from  wild-thyme,  sysymbrium  from  water-mint, 
amaracinum  from  sweet-marjoram,  nardinum  from  lavender. 
These  scents  and  oils  were  used  by  preference  for  difierent 
parts  of  the  body,  some  being  considered  best  adapted  to  the 
head,  face,  and  neck,  others  to  the  muscles  and  extremities. 

A  story  of  Hadrian,  quoted  by  most  writers  on  ancient 
baths,  is  told  by  Spartianus :  "  The  Emperor  Hadrian,  who 
went  to  the  public  baths  and  bathed  with  the  common  peo- 
ple, seeing  one  day  a  veteran,  whom  he  had  known  among 
the  Roman  troops,  rubbing  his  back  and  other  parts  of  his 
body  against  the  marble,  asked  him  why  he  did  so.  The 
veteran  answered  that  he  had  no  slave  to  rub  him,  whereupon 
the  emperor  gave  him  two  slaves  and  wherewithal  to  maintain 
them.  Another  day,  several  old  men,  enticed  by  the  good  for- 
tune of  the  veteran,  rubbe*  themselves  also  against  the  mar- 
ble before  the  emperor,  b  .leving  by  this  means  to  excite  the 
liberality  of  Hadrian,  who,  perceiving  their  drift,  caused  them 
to  be  told  to  rub  each  other." 

In  addition  to  the  large  number  of  public  baths,  there  were 
many  private  baths  iii  the  residences  of  wealthy  citizens. 
Seneca,  when  contrasting  the  luxuries  of  his  own  day  with 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


■'i 


if 


.  i 


the  simplicity  of  the  republic,  de'-^ribes  them  thus:  "That 
person  is  now  held  to  be  poor  and  sordid  whose  walla  shine 
not  with  a  profusion  of  tlo  most  costly  materials,  the  marbles 
of  Egypt  inlaid  with  those  of  Numidia ;  unless  the  walls  are 
set  with  mosaics  in  imitation  of  painting;  unless  the  cham- 
bers  are  covered  with  glass ;  unless  the  Thracian  stone,  for- 
merly  a  rare  sight  even  in  temples,  surrounds  those  capacious 
basins  into  which  we  cast  our  bodies,  weakened  by  immoder- 
ate sweats.  And  the  water  is  conveyed  through  silver  pipes. 
As  yet,  I  speak  only  of  plebeian  baths ;  what  shall  I  say  when 
I  come  to  those  of  freedmen  ?  What  a  profusion  of  columns 
do  I  see  supporting  nothing,  but  placed  as  an  Ornament, 
merely  on  account  of  the  expense!  What  quantities  of 
water  murmuring  down  steps  I  We  are  come  to  that  pitch 
of  luxury  that  we  disdain  to  tread  on  any  thing  but  precious 
stones." 

When  the  thermae  first  became  public  institutions,  laws 
were  passed  regulating  their  use.  They  were  placed  in  charge 
of  the  officials,  called  asdiles,  whose  duty  it  was  to  see  that 
the  rules  concerning  the  baths  were  enforced.  The  hours  of 
bathing  were  from  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  till  dusk,  be- 
tween two  and  three  being  the  hour  most  favorable.  Notice 
was  given  that  the  baths  were  ready  by  ringing  a  bell,  the 
warm  water  being  then  drawn  into  the  various  piscinas. 
Hadrian  forbade  that  any  should  bathe  before  two  o'clock, 
and  any  who  bathed  after  four  o'clock  were  charged  a  hun- 
dred quadrantes,  about  equivalent  to  thirty  cents  of  our  cur- 
rency. The  usual  price  of  a  bath  was  one-third  of  a  cent. 
Subsequently,  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  the  populace,  the 
emperors  permitted  the  baths  to  be  opened  earlier  and  closed 
later ;  and,  under  Alexander  Severus,  they  were  not  only  per- 
mitted to  be  opened  before  daybreak,  but  oil  was  furnished 
for  lighting  at  the  public  expense.  The  baths  were  a  place 
of  general  resort,  and  on  public  holidays  it  was  customary  to 
keep  them  open  the  entire  day.  They  were  then  thronged 
by  the  lower  classes.  The  emperors  amused  the  people  with 
baths,  that  their  own  derelictions  might  be  forgotten. 


%"^- 


HISTORICAL, 


9 


hus:  "That 

walla  shine 

the  marbles 

lie  walls  are 

js  the  cham* 

m  stone,  for- 

se  capacious 

jy  immoder- 

silver  pipes. 

I  say  when 

of  columns 

n  Ornament, 

uantities  of 

o  that  pitch 

but  precious 

rUtions,  laws 
sed  in  charge 
to  see  that 
;'he  hours  of 
ill  dusk,  be- 
ble.    Notice 
J  a  bell,  the 
)us  piscinae, 
two  o'clock, 
rged  a  hun- 
i  of  our  cur- 
1  of  a  cent, 
opulace,  the 
r  and  closed 
lot  only  per- 
as  furnished 
rere  a  place 
ustomary  to 
jn  thronged 
people  with 
;en. 


There  were  separate  thermos  for  females,  those  most  cele- 
brated being  the  baths  of  Agrippina.  However,  with  the  de- 
generacy of  public  morals,  it  became  necessary  to  pass  most 
stringent  laws  forbidding  women,  under  the  severest  penal- 
ties, from  bathing  with  men,  and,  on  the  contrary,  punishing 
those  men  with  death  who  should  be  found  in  baths  devoted 
to  females. 

It  is  difficult  for  us,  living  in  this  busy  age,  to  understand 
how  the  people  of  Rome  found  time  every  day  to  frequent  the 
baths.  A  bath,  with  all  the  accessories,  must  have  occupied 
from  one  to  two  hours ;  and  yeu  we  read  of  citizens  of  distinc- 
tion who  bathed  four  and  five  times  each  day.  Can  we  won- 
der that  the  degeneracy  of  public  morals  which  permitted  such 
excesses,  was  followed  by  eflfeminacy  of  the  people,  and  finally 
by  the  downfall  of  Rome  ? 

During  the  summer  months  the  Romann  resorted  to  Baiae, 
ten  miles  from  Naples,  on  the  gulf.  It  was  not  only  the  won- 
derful mineral  springs  of  hot  and  cold  water,  and  the  phe- 
nomena of  extinct  volcanoes,  that  were  attractive.  The  sui'- 
rounding  country  was  charmingly  beautiful,  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  earliest  epoch  of  Roman  history.  Near  by 
was  the  most  ancient  city  of  Cuiufe,  with  its  sibyl ;  the  Lake 
of  Avernus,  with  its  entrance  to  hell ;  the  Forum  Vulcani, 
the  promontory  of  Misenum,  the  Phlegraian  fields,  and  the 
Elysian  plains.  Amid  these  scenes  the  wealthy  Romans 
ei.'ected  elaborate  villas  and  pursued  the  luxurious  pleasures 
of  the  capital.  A  lively  description  of  those  baths  is  given 
by  Seneca  in  Epistles  51  and  50  :  "  He  tells  us  that,  while  at 
Baiae,  he  lived  near  the  great  bath-house,  and  was  continually 
annoyed  by  the  noise.  Early  in  the  morning  the  splashing  of 
bathers  greeted  his  ears,  for  they  bathed  at  all  hours.  He 
was  disturbed  by  the  excited  cries  of  those  playing  at  ball, 
and  by  the  deep-drawn  sighs  of  those  who  swung  heavy 
weights.  Here  one  was  trying  his  voice  in  song,  there  an- 
other was  engaged  in  loud  dispute,  or  perhaps  a  cry  was 
raised  at  the  detection  of  a  thief  caught  stealing  clothes  of 
one  of  the  bathers,  no  unusual  occurrence.    Then  there  were 


10 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  shrill  cries  of  the  venders  of  eatables,  especially  the  libum, 
or  sweet-cake,  long  popular  with  bathers,  and  a  remnant  of 
which  is  still  found  in  some  of  the  German  baths.  He  also  tells 
us  that  it  was  common  to  see  tipsy  people  wandering  along 
the  sea-shore,  and  to  hear  the  shores  of  the  Lucrine  Lake  re- 
sounding with  the  songs  of  pleasure-parties  of  men  and  women 
who  skimmed  about  in  gayly-painted  boats  of  every  variety 
of  shape  and  color,  decked  out  with  crowns  and  chaplets  of 
roses.  All  ancient  writers  describe  these  aquatic  excursions 
as  scenes  of  voluptuous  pleasure ;  there  was  also  abundance 
of  gambling ;  and,  on  the  '.vhole,  Seneca  described  Baiae  as  a 
sort  of  vortex  of  luxury  and  harbor  of  vice." ' 

Passing  over  a  period  of  a  thousand  years,  during  which 
we  have  no  record  of  bathing-resorts,  we  come  to  the  follow- 
ing descr.'ntion  of  Baden,  in  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  by 
Poggio  Bracciolini,  1430 ;  "  Baden,  thoiigh  ofl'ering  no  great 
natural  beauty,  and  nothing  in  the  way  of  agreeable  relaxa- 
tion, presented  such  other  pleasures  ^  lat  you  might  imagine 
Venus  with  her  troop  had  deserted  Cyprus  and  come  to  live 
at  the  baths.  There  were  two  public  and  about  twenty-eight 
private  baths  attached  to  the  hotels.  In  the  public  bath  men 
and  women  bathe  together  in  a  state  of  entire  nudity.  In  the 
private  baths  the  men  and  women  used  at  least  partial  cloth- 
ing, and  there  was  a  partition  between  the  men's  and  women's 
baths,  with  openings,  however,  which  made  it  easy  for  them 
to  talk  to  each  other.  People  used  often  to  bathe  three  or 
four  times  a  day ;  indeed,  to  spend  a  great  part  of  their  time 
in  the  baths,  to  ask  their  friends  to  come  and  spend  the  day 
with  them ;  they  played  at  cards,  and  had  their  meals  sup- 
plied to  them  on  Hoating  tables,  and  there  was  no  lack  of  good 
eating  and  drinking." 

The  description  of  the  same  baths  by  Montaigne,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  later,  shows  a  decided  change.  He  says  : 
"  Those  who  have  ladies  under  their  charge  will  do  well  to 
bring  them  here,  where  every  lady  has  a  bath  to  herself  hand- 
somely fitted  up  with  a  dressing-room,  light  and  airy,  with 

>  Txmdon  Quarterly,  July,  1870.    "  Baths.*" 


HISTORICAL. 


11 


the  libum, 
;mnant  of 
e  also  tells 
•ing  along 
e  Lake  re- 
nd women 
ry  variety 
aplets  of 
excursions 
abundance 
Baise  as  a 

'ing  which 
he  follow- 
^argau,  by 
•  no  great 
)le  relaxa- 
it  imagine 
tne  to  live 
enty-eight 
!  bath  men 
y.     In  the 
'tial  cloth- 
d  women's 
T  for  them 
e  three  or 
their  time 
d  the  day 
neals  sup- 
ik  of  good 

,  one  hun- 
He  says : 
lo  well  to 
self  hand- 
airy,  with 


rich  windows,  painfed  wainscoting  and  ceiling,  and  polished 
floors,  and  provided  with  small  tables  on  which  you  may  read 
or  play  while  in  the  bath.  .  .  .  The  people  of  this  part  of  the 
country  when  they  bathe  usually  have  themselves  so  unmer- 
[cifuUy  cupped  and  bled  that  I  have  sometimes  seen  the  two 
I  public  baths  almost  full  of  blood.  The  houses  are  very  hand- 
some, and  kept  up  on  a  grand  scale.  In  that  where  we  lodged 
there  have  been  in  one  day  three  hundred  mouths  to  provide 
for." 

Some  one  hundred  years  later,  in  1648,  we  have  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  round  of  life  at  Bath,  England,  by  the  quaint  court 
gossip,  Pepys.  It  runs  thus  :  "  Up  at  four  o'clock,  being  by 
appointment  called  up  to  the  Cross  bath,  where  we  were  car- 
ried one  after  another,  myself  and  wife,  and  Betty  Turner, 
Willet,  and  W.  Hewer.  And  by-and-by,  though  we  de- 
signed to  have  done  before  company  came,  much  company 
came ;  very  fine  ladies ;  and  the  manners  pretty  enough ;  only 
methinks  it  cannot  be  clean  to  go  so  many  bodies  together  in 
the  same  water.  Good  conversation  among  those  that  are 
acquainted  here  and  stay  together ;  but  strange  to  see,  when 
women  and  men  here  that  live  all  the  season  in  these  waters, 
cannot  but  be  parboiled  and  look  like  creatures  of  the  bath. 
Carried  away — wrapped  in  a  sheet  and  in  a  chair,  home  ;  and 
then,  one  after  another  thus  carried,  I  staying  about  two 
hours  in  the  water,  home  to  bed,  sweating  for  an  hour,  and 
by-and-by  comes  music  to  play  to  me,  extraordinary  good  as 
ever  I  heard  at  London  almost,  or  anywhere,  5s,  In  the 
afternoon  I  went  to  make  boys  dive  in  the  King's  bath,  Is," 

The  only  baths  of  the  present  day  which  resemble  those 
of  the  middle  ages  are  those  of  Leuk,  in  tlie  valley  of  the 
Rhone,  Switzerland.  They  are  situated  in  a  little  mountain- 
nook,  at  the  base  of  the  perpendicular  ascent  of  the  Gemmi 
Pass.  Here  several  hot  springs,  of  large  volume,  issue  from 
the  earth,  the  waters  of  which  are  conducted  to  the  various 
public  baths.  In  the  bath-houses  there  are  several  pools  be- 
neath the  same  roof,  each  of  which  is  capable  of  accommodat- 
ing between  thirty  and  forty  persons.     On  either  side  of  each 


12 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


f 


pool  are  dressing-rooms.  From  the  "Guide  Pratique"  of 
Constantin  James  we  translate  as  follows :  "  It  is  between  four 
and  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  that  they  repair  to  the  bath. 
The  patients  first  dress  in  a  long  woollen  tunic,  then  descend 
into  the  pool  by  a  sort  of  inclined  plane,  in  a  stooping  atti- 
tude, until  they  arrive  at  the  desired  depth.  The  basin  is 
thus  peopled  with  new  arrivals,  and  is  soon  full.  Let  us  pene- 
trate for  a  moment  in  a  bath-building,  where  the  piscina  is 
filled.  What  a  singular  sight!  Imagine  young  girls,  chil- 
dren, old  men,  priests,  soldiers,  sisters — what  shall  I  say  ? — 
in  fine,  all  conditions  and  all  ages,  assembled  pell-mell  in  the 
same  pool.  Some  sing,  some  read,  others  work  or  rcdj  it  is 
a  crowded  house,  joyous  with  pleasantry  and  anecdote.  Each 
bather  has  a  floating  table,  a  kind  of  little  boat  where  he  places 
his  handkerchief,  his  snufl'-box,  or  his  luncheon.  But  what  of 
the  shipwrecks  upon  this  little  ocean  ?  To  see  this  multitude 
of  heads  agitating  the  surface  of  the  water,  we  would  call  it  a 
reunion  of  Tritons." 

The  method  of  bathing  at  Leuk  is  only  tolerated  at  this 
day  because  of  the  number  of  hours  required  for  the  bath-cure. 
It  is  the  custom  to  pass  three  or  four  hours  of  the  morning, 
and  one  or  two  of  the  afternoon,  in  the  water.  Such  a  long 
time,  alone,  in  a  bath  would  indeed  be  irksome. 

We  will  not  lengthen  this  chapter  by  describing  the  baths 
of  any  of  the  celebrated  spas  of  Europe ;  they  are  such  as  are 
met  with  at  our  American  resorts,  though  usually  far  more 
elegant  in  accessories.  In  addition  to  amusements  of  every 
type,  they  are  often  the  centre  of  gambling  establishments  of 
colossal  dimensions.  Those  of  Baden-Baden  are  well  known  to 
travellers.  The  Conversation-House,  as  it  is  politely  termed, 
is  of  beautiful  proportions,  in  the  Grecian  style  of  architect- 
ure, and  built  of  solid  stone.  Within  is  a  magnificent  con- 
cert-room, ornate  with  frescoes  and  glittering  with  gilding, 
whence  float  strains  of  delicious  music  enticing  the  passer-by. 
Opening  out  from  this  saloon,  on  either  side,  are  grand  saloons, 
replete  with  elegant  and  luxurious  appointments.  These 
saloons  are  devoted  to  the  fascinations  of  roulette  and  rouge- 


?.de 


HISTORICAL. 


13 


ratique"  of 
jetween  four 
to  the  bath, 
hen  descend 
:ooping  atti- 
rhe  basin  is 
Let  us  pene- 
le  piscina  is 
r  girls,  chil- 
li! I  say?— 
-mell  in  the 
»r  red;  it  is 
idote.  Each 
jre  he  places 
But  what  of 
is  multitude 
)uld  call  it  a 


\et-noir.    Around  the  tables  may  be  seen  the  young,  the  beau- 

jtiful,  the  middle-aged,  and  the  gray-haired,  the  peasant  and 

[the  nobleman,  the  countess  and  the  count,  the  thoughtless  and 

the  statesman,  each  casting  his  five-franc  piece  or  his  thous- 

,}  ands  upon  the  table,  and  watching  with  intense  interest  the 

)  deft  fingers  of  the  dealer,  as  he  rapidly  shufHes  the  cards  and 

^  throws  forth  the  numbers  that  tell  of  the  winning  and  losing 

of  fortunes. 


rated  at  this 
le  bath-cure, 
le  morning, 
5uch  a  long 

ig  the  baths 
such  as  are 
ly  far  more 
its  of  every 
ishments  of 
3II  known  to 
dy  termed, 
f  architect- 
lificent  con- 
ith  gilding, 
e  passer-by. 
ind  saloons, 
its.  These 
and  rouge- 


CHAPTER    II. 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


A  MINERAL  water,  in  the  medical  acceptation  of  the  term, 
is  one  which  by  virtue  of  its  ingredients,  whether  mineral, 
organic,  gaseous,  or  the  principle  of  heat,  is  especially  appli- 
cable to  the  treatment  of  disease. 

Water,  as  found  in  Nature,  is  never  an  unalloyed  combina- 
tion of  its  chemical  constituents,  hydrogen  and  oxygen.  Pure 
water  is  a  refinement  of  the  laboratory,  produced  and  retained 
with  considerable  difficulty.  It  is  a  colorless,  inodorous,  and 
tasteless  fluid,  nauseous  when  drank.  Its  solvent  powers  are 
unequalled  by  any  known  fluid. 

As  water  falls  from  the  clouds  in  the  form  of  rain,  it  ab- 
sorbs various  gases,  so  that  when  obtained  in  this  purest  nat- 
ural form  it  contains  nitrogen,  oxygen,  carbonic  acid,  and 
sometimes  traces  of  carburetted  hydrogen,  nitric  acid,  or  am- 
monia. Having  fallen  upon  the  earth,  its  solvent  power  causes 
it  to  take  up  various  salts  and  organic  substances  from  the 
soil,  so  that  when  taken  from  rivers  it  frequently  contains  sev- 
eral grains  of  solid  constituents  to  the  gallon,  or  as  much  as 
a  grain  in  a  pint.  The  table  (p.  15)  shows  the  amount  and 
number  of  these  constituents  to  the  pint  in  four  rivers  of  this 
continent,  and  is  interesting  when  compared  with  the  analyses 
of  mineral  springs. 

The  origin  of  springs  has  been  a  subject  of  inquiry  by 
philosophers  of  all  ages.  Aristotle  taught  that  large  caverns 
in  the  interior  of  the  earth  were  filled  with  air  which  at  the 
roofs  was  condensed  to  water  by  the  cold,  and  thence  made 
way  to  the  surface  of  the  earth  by  various  outlets.  Through 
the  middle  ages  this  was  the  receivevi  explanation,  though 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


15 


Oae  Pint  contsint 


)f  the  term, 
ler  mineral, 
cially  appli- 
ed combina- 
■gen.  Pure 
,nd  retained 
dorous,  and 
powers  are 

'  rain,  it  ab- 
,  purest  nat- 
c  acid,  and 
acid,  or  am- 
ower  causes 
3es  from  the 
ontains  sev- 
as  much  as 
amount  and 
[vers  of  this 
:he  analyses 

'  inquiry  by 
irge  cavei'us 
hich  at  the 
hence  made 
i.  Through 
bion,  though 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

"  magnesia 

"  manganese 

"  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

"       sodium 

"       magnesium 

"       aluminum, 

"       calcium 

'  Bulphate  of  soda 

'^        magnesia 

"        lime 

phosphate  of  alumina 

fiilica 

Qxidcs  of  iron  and  iqangancse  . . 

Alumina— phosphoric  acid 

Halts  of  soda  with  the  nitric  and 
organic  acids 


Total. 


OAS. 


Carbonic  acid , 


Schuylkill. 
B.  Silllmaii,  Jr. 


Oraini. 

"6.'0i44 

"6.234 

*6.'018 
0.001 

'6.007 
0.010 

0.206 


0.620 
.05  cubic  in. 


Croton.  Charles. 

B.  SUliman,  Jr.  B.  SiUIman,  Jr. 


Grain). 

"0.083 

traces. 

0.26T 

'0.621 

*  0.021 
0.047 
0.019 

'  '6.629 
0.104 
0.009 


0.283 


0.888 


2.18  cubic  in, 


Uralnn. 
'0.665 
'  "6.626 

"o'.6i9 


0.005 
0.043 

'  'o".683 

0.012 

traces. 


0.0G6 


0.208 


0.006  cub.  in. 


St.  Lawrence. 
T.  Sterry  Hunt. 


Oralni. 
0.007 
0.026 

'o'.oai 
0.002 

0.008 


0.018 


0.038 
traces, 
traces. 


0.178 
not  estimated. 


"Vitruvius  believed  springs  to  be  due  to  rain  and  snow  which 
Ipenetrated  the  earth  and  accumulated  in  subterranean  reser- 
toirs. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Descartes, 
who  always  impugned  theories  that  possessed  only  the  merit 
Hf  being  old,  proposed  a  new  explanation  of  the  phenomena 
"  springs.  He  imagined  caverns  to  exist  in  the  depths  of 
)e  earth,  into  which  water  flowed  from  the  sea.  There  the 
iterior  fires  of  the  earth  converted  the  water  into  vapor, 
rhich  ascended  to  the  upper  part  of  the  cavern,  and  by  the 
)w  temperature  was  condensed  to  water ;  thence  the  water 
ras  forced  upward  through  crevices  in  the  rocks  and  escaped 
springs. 

Subsequently  Mariotte  and  Halley  demonstrated  that  the 
linfall,  including  snow  and  dew,  is  sufficient  to  supply  all 
Ihc  water  that  flows  from  rivers  and  springs.  This  view  was 
promulgated  by  each  of  these  philosophers  about  the  same 
time,  neither  being  aware  of  the  observations  and  conclusions 
of  the  other.  Mariotte  estimated  the  mean  fall  of  rain  in  the 
^vicinity  of  Paris.  He  then  compared  this  total  with  the  quan- 
tity of  water  flowing  away  by  the  river  Seine,  and  found  it  to 


16 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


a?MC 


be  six  times  greater.  From  his  experiments  he  concluded  that 
all  springs  are  due  to  meteoric  water  falling  in  the  form  of 
rain,  snow,  and  dew,  which  permeates  the  earth  till  an  impas- 
sable layer  is  met ;  it  then  courses  along  this  layer  till  it  es- 
capes from  a  convenient  outlet,  or  is  forced  upward  by  hydro- 

sts.tic  pressure. 

Halley's  conclusions  were  the  same,  though  obtained  in  an 
altogether  different  manner.     When  making  astronomical  ob- 
servations on  the  hills  of  St.  Helena,  3,400  feet  above  the  sea, 
his  instruments  became  so  wet  with  moisture,  even  under  a 
clear  sky,  that  he  could  use  them  with  difficulty,  and  paper 
became  so  damp  that  the  ink  would  blot.     This  phenomenon 
led  him  to  experiment  on  the  quantity  of  moisture  exhaled 
from  the  sea.    He  procured  a  pan  eight  inches  in  diameter  and 
four  inches  deep,  which  he  filled  with  water  salted  to  the  same 
degree  of  salinity  as  sea-water.     It  was  also  heated  to  the 
temperature  of  the  sea  in  summer.     Having  exposed  the  wa- 
ter to  the  open  air,  he  found  that  in  one  hour's  time  the  vessel 
lost  233  grains  in  weight,  and  at  this  rate  there  would  be 
a  loss  of  twelve  ounces  in  twenty-four  hours.     He  then  esti- 
mated the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  found  it  to  be 
160  degrees.    If  evaporation  proceeded  in  the  same  manner 
over  this  entire  surface  as  in  the  salted  water  of  the  pan,  the 
loss  in  one  day  would  be  5,280,000,000  tons.     He  next  com- 
pared this  quantity  with  the  discharge  of  the  rivers  into  the 
sea.    The  principal  ones  are  the  Ebro,  the  Rhone,  the  Dnies- 
ter, the  Danube,  the    Tiber,  the   Po,  the  Borysthenes,  the 
Tanais,  and  the  Nile,  the  remainder  being  small.     He  esti- 
mated that  each  of  these  rivers  discharges  ten  times  as  much 
water  into  the  sea  in  a  day  as  the  Thames,  and  the  discharge 
of  this  river  at  Kir-^ston  Bridge  he  found  to  be  20,300,000 
tons.    Ten  times  this  amount  would  give  203,000,000  tons  as 
the  discharge  of  each  of  the  nine  rivers  named,  and  1,827,- 
000,000  tons  as  the  total  discharge  of  them  all.     But  this 
enormous  amount  is  only  about  one-third  the  quantity  evapo- 
rated from  the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean  in  a  single  day, 
leaving  a  remainder  of  3,463,000,000  tons  unaccounted  for— 


Jthc 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


17 


icluded  that 
the  form  of 
11  an  impas- 
TQT  till  it  es- 
•d  by  hydro- 

tained  in  an 
>nomical  o'o- 
love  the  sea, 
^en  under  a 
',  and  paper 
phenomenon 
ure  exhaled 
liameter  and 
to  the  same 
sated  to  the 
osed  the  wa- 
ne the  vessel 
re  would  be 
3e  then  esti- 
bund  it  to  be 
ame  manner 
the  pan,  the 
le  next  com- 
ers into  the 
e,  the  Dnies- 
sthenes,  the 
11.     He  esti- 
mes  as  much 
ihe  discharge 
e  20,300,000 
0,000  tons  as 
;,  and  1,827,- 
11.     But  this 
antity  evapo- 
a  single  day, 
•ounted  for — 


[amply  sufficient  to  supply  all  the  springs  for  many  miles  from 

i  the  coast. 

It  is,  then,  clearly  established  that  the  fall  of  water  in  the 
i  form  of  rain,  snow,  and  dew,  is  large  enough  to  supply  all 
rivers  and  springs.  We  cannot,  however,  resist  the  impres- 
sion that  there  is  some  truth  in  the  theory  of  Descartes,  and 
that  certain  springs  derive  their  flow  from  the  waters  of  the 
ocean.  We  know  that  volcanoes  and  earthquakes  occur  in  its 
depths,  and  if  large  volumes  of  water  are  thus  suddenly  en- 
chasmed,  or  if  they  slowly  pass  to  the  interior  of  the  earth 
by  devious  channels,  it  is  certainly  probable  that  when  super- 
heated they  may  be  forced  to  the  earth's  surface  in  the  form 
of  thermal  waters  or  saline  springs.* 

But  many  of  these  springs  contain  ingredients  in  large 
quantities  not  found  in  rain-water  or  sea-water.  Whence  and 
how  do  they  obtain  these  constituents  ? 

It  has  already  been  stated  that  pure  water  possesses  a 
solvent  power  unequalled  by  other  fluids.  No  rocks,  however 
dense,  can  resist  its  continued  action.  Even  the  glass  vessels 
which  we  use  are  dissolved  by  it  in  minute  proportions.  And 
when,  in  addition,  water  contains  large  quantities  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas,  its  solvent  power  on  many  substances  is  exceedingly 
increased.  Every  fissure  of  the  earth  is  permeated  by  this 
solvent.  It  collects  in  the  depths  of  mines,  or  drips  from  the 
roofs  of  caves.  The  railroad-tunnel  through  Mont  Cenis — a 
inass  of  solid  rock  so  dense  that  it  soon  turned  the  hardest 
steel — was  so  filled  with  water  that  a  canal  was  dug  through 
the  centre  to  drain  it  away.  When  water  has  thus  passed 
through  thousands  of  feet  of  dense  rock,  and  in  the  passage 
occupied  years  or  centuries,  it  is  not  surprising  that  it  fre- 
quently contains  a  large  amount  of  ingredients.  And  when 
a  stream  of  water  thus  impregnated  becomes  imprisoned  be- 
tween almost  impermeable  strata,  it  flows  onward  till  a  fissure 

>  Humboldt  tells  us :  "  When  in  September,  1759,  JoruUo  was  suddenly  elevated  into  a 

mountain  1,188  feet  above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  plain,  two  small  rivers,  the  Rio  do 

Cuitimba  and  Bio  de  San  Pedro,  disappeared,  and  some  i,ime  afterward  burst  forth  again, 

^uring  violent  shocks  of  an  earthquake,  as  hot  springs,  whose  temperature  I  found  in  1808 

%o  be  186° .4  Fahr."    ("Cosmos,"  Bohn's  English  edition,  voL  1.,  p.  219.) 


18 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


in  the  overlying  strata  is  encountered,  when  by  hydrostatic 
pressure  it  is  forced  upward  and  bursts  from  the  earth  as  a 
mineral  spring.  Or,  if  an  artesian  well  be  sunk,  and  such  a 
stream  is  penetrated,  there  is  an  outflow  of  water  sometimes 
so  strong  as  to  be  projected  several  feet  above  the  earth. 

An  excellent  illustration  of  the  conditions  under  which 
mineral  springs  occur  is  found  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York. 
The  geological  strata  of  this  county  from  above  downward  are 
as  follows :  1.  Hudson  River  and  Utit  a  shales  and  slates.  2. 
Trenton  limestone.  3.  Calciferous  sand-rock.  4.  Potsdam 
sandstone.    5.  Laurentian  formation,  of  unknown  thickness. 


Saratoga 


OEOLOQIOAL  SECTION  AT  8ABATO0A  8PBIN08. 

The  strata  dip  southward— elevated  ranges  of  Laurentian 
rocks  appearing  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  county,  and 
the  superincumbent  strata  cropping  out  at  intervals  to  the 
south,  and  running  in  parallel  lines  across  the  county:  first, 
the  Potsdam  sandstone;  next,  calciferous  sand-rock ;  then,  the 
Trenton  limestone;  and  lastly,  in  the  southern  half,  the  Hud- 
son River  and  Utica  slates  and  shales.  However,  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Saratoga  Springs,  an  unusual  disarrangement  of  the 
strata  has  occurred.  Doubtless  by  volcanic  upheaval,  the 
strata  above  the  Laurentian  rocks  have  been  entirely  fissured 


iisc( 

itraj 
Aral 

tskenJ 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


Id 


hydrostatic 
earth  as  a 

and  such  a 
sometimes 

earth. 

ider  which 

New  York. 

wnward  are 

1  slates.    2. 

4.  Potsdam 
thickness. 


Laurentian 
county,  and 
•vals  to  the 
5unty:  first, 
k;  then,tho 
If,  the  Hud- 
r,  at  the  vil- 
nent  of  the 
>heaval,  the 
rely  fissured 


Jthrough ;  the  southern  section  being  considerably  elevated,  and 
fche  Potsdam  sandstone  on  ono  side  of  the  fissure  correspond- 
iff  with  the  calciferous  sand-rock  on  the  opposite.     This  con- 
lition  is  technically  termed  a  fault.     It  is  well  illustrated  by 
^he  accompanying  plate,*  on  page  18. 

The  Laurentian  rocks  are  composed  of  highly-crystalline 
rneiss,  granite,  and  syenite,  and  are  almost  impervious  to 
irater,  while  the  Potsdam  sandstone  and  calciferous  sand- 
rook,  immediately  overlying,  permit  it  to  pass  freely.  All 
the  rain  falling  in  the  county  north  of  the  fissure,  or  fault,  ex- 
cept that  which  passes  off  as  surface-water,  permeates  the 
different  strata  till  it  meets  the  Laurentian  rocks ;  thence  it 
passes  over  the  surface  of  these  rocks  till  the  fissure  is  reached, 
where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  uplifted  ledge  of  rocks  and 
accumulates.  From  the  fissure  in  the  Laurentian  rocks,  which 
penetrates  to  an  unknown  depth,  carbonic  acid  doubtless 
irises,  and  thus,  in  addition  to  its  mineral  ingredients,  the 
water  becomes  highly  charged  with  this  gas.  The  continual 
liccessions  of  water  and  the  pressure  of  the  gas,  together,  force 
the  water  to  the  surface,  where  it  breaks  forth  in  the  various 
q)rings  of  the  Saratoga  Valley.  In  one  instance — the  geyser 
spring  or  artesian  well — the  imprisoned  water  has  been  artifi- 
cially liberated  at  a  point  where  it  is  under  great  hydrostatic 
pressure,  and  it  escapes  with  such  force  as  to  be  projected 
twenty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  earth.  The  slightly  dif- 
ferent composition  of  the  springs  depends  on  accidental  varia- 
tions in  the  composition  of  the  strata  through  which  the  wa- 
ter of  each  spring  passes.  These  springs  are  a  well-marked 
Example  of  ascending  springs^  or  those  in  which  the  water  is 
iilevated  from  a  point  below  by  hydrostatic  pressure. 

The  Tuscan  springs  of  California  are  another  example  of 
ascending  springs,  the  water  issuing  from  an  interval  between 
Strata  that  have  been  upheaved  by  volcanic  action.  The  dia- 
gram below  illustrates  the  position  of  the  strata  on  either  side 

.    >  The  plate  is  kindly  loaned  by  Prof.  0.  F.  Chandler,  Now  York,  from  whose  article 
the  American  Chemitt,  December,  1871,  the  geological  facts  concerning  Saratoga  are 
»ken. 


so 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


of  the  spring.'    The  waters  evolve  a  large  quantity  of  carbuJ 
retted  hydrogen,  which  is  purified  and  utilized  for  heating  the 
water  of  the  steam-baths. 


BBOTIOM  OF  TUBCAN  BrBINOS,  CALIFOENIA. 


a,  a.  Basaltic  tova. 
&,  b.  Volcanic  asbe? . 


8.  Springs. 


0,0.  Coni^lomcroto. 

a,  d.  Cretaceous  sandstone. 


Descending  springs  occur  at  the  base  of  hills  and  moun- 
tains, and  are  seldom  of  such  constitution  as  to  be  classed  witb 
mineral  waters.  They  usually  supply  the  purest  drinking 
water.  The  water  which  they  emit  is  the  result  of  rain,  snow, 
or  ice,  which  falls  or  forms  on  the  mountain.  Owing  to  the 
direct  way  in  which  the  water  passes  to  them,  they  are  more 
susceptible  to  variation  in  the  flow  than  other  springs.  Dur- 
ing and  at  the  close  of  the  ruiny  season,  the  volume  will  be 
considerably  increased.  Iri  Switzerland  many  springs  flow 
very  freely  during  the  summer,  when  the  glaciers  are  melting, 
but  are  almost  imperceptible  at  other  times. 

An  excellent  example  of  a  descending  mineral  spring  is 
found  in  the  Rockbridge  Alum  waters  of  Virginia.  These 
springs  issue  at  the  eastern  base  of  a  mountain-ridge,  which 
rises  almost  perpendicularly  above.  The  reservoirs  in  which 
the  water  collects  are  hollowed  out  of  the  mountain-base, 
which  here  consists  of  a  stratum  of  clay-shale  about  eighty 
feet  high,  with  a  southeastern  dip.  This  shale  on  analysis 
yields  constituents  similar  to  those  found  in  the  spring-water; 
that  is,  sulphate  of  iron,  alumina,  surphuret  of  iron,  etc.  The 
direct  origin  of  these  springs,  from  the  descent  of  rain-water 

>  Prom  "  Geology  of  California,"  vol.  i.,  p.  208. 


w 


MINERAL   \VATERS. 


21 


tity  of  carbu- 
r  heating  the^ 


mcroto. 

leous  sandstone. 


Is  and  moun- 
e  classed  witli 
rest  drinking 
of  rain,  snow, 
Owing  to  the 
they  are  more 
prings.  Dur- 
olume  will  be 
springs  flow 
3  are  melting, 

era!  spring  is 
;inia.  These 
i-ridge,  which 
oirs  in  which 
ountain-base, 
about  eight)' 
}  on  analysis 
spring-water; 
on,  etc.  The 
of  rain-water 


hrough  the  shale,  is  further  shown  by  the  variable  flow.  In 
ainy  weather  there  is  an  abundant  supply,  but  during  a  dry 
eason  it  is  much  reduced. 

Intermittent  springs  form  a  curious  feature  in  the  phe- 
omena  of  springs.  There  are  springs  that  flow  at  regular  in- 
ervals,  once  or  twice  a  year,  for  a  period  of  two  or  three 
onths,  or,  it  may  be,  once  or  twice  a  day,  or  even  every  hour, 
e  cause  of  the  first — those  that  flow  at  certain  seasons  of 
he  year — has  been  mentioned  in  the  description  of  descend- 
ng  springs.  It  is  due  *o  the  irregularity  of  the  fall  of  rain,  or 
citing  of  snow  and  ice  which  supplies  them.  Many  glacier- 
prings  flow  only  in  summer,  while  others  emit  water  only 
uring  the  middle  of  the  day,  while  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  suf- 
Jficient  to  melt  the  ice  from  which  they  are  supplied.  The 
ngstlebrunnen,  in  the  Haslithal,  canton  of  Berne,  Switzer- 
and,  is  of  this  kind.  It  flows  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the 
iddle  of  August,  and,  during  this  time,  onlj'  from  four  o'clock 
'.  M.  to  eight  o'clock  a.  m.  But,  if  the  season  is  cold,  it  does 
ot  flow  at  all. 
%■  Other  springs  owe  their  intermittent  character  to  their  con- 
jiection  with  the  sea.  Such  springs  are  not  far  distant  from 
ihe  coast,  and  have  several  outlets,  one  of  which  empties  into 
#he  sea.  When  the  tide  rises  the  outlet  to  the  sea  is  closed, 
'"Ihe  water  accumulates  in  the  reservoir  and  finally  overflows, 
gain,  some  of  the  intermittent  springs  are  the  discharges  of 
siphon.  The  spring  is  connected  with  a  hidden  reservoir  by 
siphon-like  canal  in  the  rock.  When  the  reservoir  fills,  the 
lliphon  becomes  charged  till  the  water  begins  to  flow ;  then  it 
ontinues  till  the  reservoir  is  emptied,  and  the  process  is  to 
e  repeated.  The  spring  of  the  villa  Pliniana,  on  the  shores 
'|)f  Lake  Como,  is  of  this  kind.  It  is  thus  described  by  Pliny :  * 
I*  The  nature  of  this  spring,  which  falls  into  the  Larian  Lake, 
sjs  extremely  surprising;  it  ebbs  and  flows  regularly  three 
Jtimes  a  day.  This  increase  and  decrease  is  plainly  visible,  and 
ery  interesting  to  observe.  You  sit  down  by  the  side  of  the 
buntain,  and,  while  you  are  taking  a  repast  and  drinking  its 


Letter  to  Sura,  Epist.  Iv.,  80. 


22 


MINJ^RAL  SPRINGS. 


water,  which  is  very  cool,  you  see  it  gradually  rise  and  fall. 
If  you  place  a  ring,  or  any  thing  else,  at  the  bottom,  when  it 
is  dry,  the  stream  reaches  it  by  degrees  till  it  is  entirely  cov- 
ered, and  then  again  gently  retkes  from  it ;  and  this  you  may 
see  it  do  three  times  successively."  Near  Colmars,  in  France, 
is  another  spring  of  this  kind.  It  flows  every  seven  minutes. 
After  the  earthquake  of  Lisbon,  in  1755,  it  lost  this  peculiarity, 
but  it  was  restored  by  the  earthquake  of  1763. 

But,  the  most  remarkable  intermittent  springs  are  those 
which  are  the  result  of  the  tension  of  hot  vapor.  The  most 
wonderful  of  these  are  the  Geysers  of  Iceland,  and  those  of 
Wyoming  Territory,  The  outlet  of  these  springs  is  the  mouth 
of  a  silicious  tube,  reaching  down  some  forty  to  sixty  feet  in 
the  earth.  This  tube  being  full  of  water,  the  pressure  exercised 
on  the  water  at  the  bottom  of  the  tube  raises  its  boiling-point ; 
that  is,  while  water  boils  in  the  opciu  air  at  312"  Fahr.,  the 
degree  to  which  it  must  be  elevat  od,  under  a  pressure  equal 
to  that  at  the  bottom  of  a  tube  sixty  feet  long,  is  251°  Fahr. 
Wuen  a  layer  of  water  at  the  bottom  of  the  tube  is  elevated 
to  this  temperature,  it  evolves  steam ;  bat,  as  soon  as  the  bub- 
bles pass  to  the  cooler  layers  above,  they  are  condensed. 
"When  the  succeeding  layer  above  J3  heated  to  the  boiling- 
point,  the  escaping  stearo-bubbles  are  condensed  in  turn  in 
the  superincumbent  layers.  After  a  time,  however,  the  entire 
column  of  water  to  the  surface  reaches  the  boiling-point,  when 
much  of  the  water  throughout  the  entire  tube  suddenly  be- 
comes steam,  and  the  explosion  immediately  occurs.  This  is 
the  explanation  given  by  Prof.  Bunsen,  and  that  it  is  the  cor- 
rect one  has  been  demonstrated  by  Prof.  Tyndall,  who  con- 
structed an  iron  tube,  with  a  bowl  surrounding  the  upper 
opening  and  an  iron  bulb  at  the  lower  end,  in  which  all  the 
conditions  named  were  fulfilled,  and  on  heating  the  water  in 
the  bulb  he  obtained  the  result  indicated— a  miniature  geyser 
jetted  steam  and  -""'ter  into  the  air. 

The  physical  characteristics  of  mineral  waters  differ  in  many 
respects  from  ordinary  water. 

Co/or.— Mineral  waters,  when  examined  in  a  glass,  are  usu- 


i  :\ 


in  it 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


28 


ally  clear  and  transparent.  But  when  we  look  down  upon 
them  in  the  spring,  or  as  they  are  accumulated  in  reservoirs, 
they  frequently  present  a  green  hue,  nn  optical  effect  depend- 
ing on  their  density.  In  some  instances,  however,  they  pre- 
sent other  colors,  due  to  substances  which  they  contain  in 
impalpable  division.  The  whitish  color  frequently  observed 
in  sulphur-water  is  caused  by  the  precipitation  of  sulphur,  the 
yellow  by  the  change  of  a  monosulphuret  into  a  polysulphuret. 
A  pure  white  color  is  often  due  to  precipitation  of  carbonate 
of  lime,  while  a  blue  color  arises  from  the  suspension  of  slate 
or  clay  in  the  water  in  minute  subdivision.  A  red  color  is 
frequently  seen  in  chalybeate  waters,  and  results  from  the  pre- 
cipitation of  the  red  oxide  of  iron.  In  some  instances,  ho^v- 
ever,  a  red  color  may  be  due  to  microscopic  al5raB  of  that  color. 

Odor. — Mineral  waters,  as  a  rule,  possess  a  more  or  less 
marked  odor. 

In  sulphur-waters  a  characteristic  odor  is  always  present^ 
that  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  When  waters  are  highly 
charged  with  this  gas,  the  odor  is  perceptible  for  a  consider- 
able distance  from  the  spring.  However,  in  sulphur-waters 
containing  the  monosulphuret  of  sodium,  the  odor  is  but  feeble. 

Calcic  waters,  containing  a  large  proportion  of  sulphate  of 
lime,  frequently  disengage  sulphun:tted  hydrogen  by  decom- 
position of  the  sulphate  in  presence  of  organic  compounds. 

Other  waters  emit  odors  depending  on  the  soil  through 
which  they  have  passed. 

Taste. — The  character  of  a  mineral  water  can  seldom  be 
determined  by  its  taste,  for  this  frequently  depends  on  con- 
ditions which  bear  no  relation  co  its  medical  properties. 

Of  the  various  waters,  sulphur-waters  possess  a  more  decid- 
ed taste  than  any  others,  depending  on  the  presence  of  sulphu- 
retted-hydrogen gas.  This  taste,  however,  is  mora  properly 
an  odor,  rendered  more  perceptible  in  swallowing  the  gas.  In 
addition,  these  w.vters  are  frequently  bitter  to  the  taste,  due 
to  sulphates  of  soda  and  magnesia,  or  chloride  of  magnesium ; 
or  they  i  'e  salty,  due  to  chloride  of  sodium. 

Alkaline  waters,  when  containing  the  alkaline  carbonates 


m 


24 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


1,1.  f 


in  large  proportion,  possess  a  peculiar  taste  which  cannot  be 
more  definitely  designated  than  by  terming  it  alkaline.  Waters 
of  this  class,  however,  frequently  evolve  large  quantities  of 
carbonic-acid  gas,  giving  to  them  a  pungent  and  agreeable 
taste,  and  entirely  disguising  the  alkaline  savor. 

Saline  waters  necessarily  possess  the  taste  of  table-salt, 
though  this  is  sometimes  entirely  masked  by  large  propor- 
tions of  carbonic-acid  gas. 

Chalybeate  waters  usually  present  an  inky  or  styptic  taste, 
decided  in  proportion  to  the  absence  of  other  constituents. 

Calcic  waters  are  often  sweet  to  the  taste,  especially  if 
they  contain  considerable  carbonate  of  lime.  This  taste  is 
very  marked  in  the  Old  Sweet  Springs  of  Virginia. 

Texture. — ^This  word,  as  applied  to  water,  is  intended  to 
represent  the  sensation  of  harshness,  or  smoothness,  which  it 
imparts  when  in  contact  with  the  skin.  It  is  only  when  the 
feeling  is  peculiarly  bland  and  soft  that  it  has  been  noticed. 

Certain  waters  possess  a  smooth  texture  in  a  remarkable 
degree.  While  immersed  in  them  the  entire  surface  of  the 
body  seems  as  though  covered  with  a  bland  oil ;  the  fingers, 
when  rubbed  together,  are  unctuous,  as  though  they  had  been 
anointed,  and  this  peculiar  sensation  of  smoothness  fi-equently 
remains  for  some  time  after  leaving  the  bath.  The  Warm 
Springs  of  Virginia  are  notably  possessed  of  this  quality. 

The  cause  of  this  unctuosity  is  unknown.  It  has  been  at- 
tributed to  the  presence  of  silicate^  in  large  proportion,  to  the 
monosulphuret  of  sodium,  and  to  organic  matter.  Durand- 
Fardel  thinks  it  is  due  to  organic  matter.  He  says :  "  It  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  it  is  precisely  those  waters  of  the  Pyr- 
enees, richest  in  organic  matter,  which  are  the  most  unc- 
tuous." *  Some  authors  suppose  it  arises  from  a  combination, 
between  the  acid  secretions  of  the  skin  and  the  bases  of  the 
water,  forming  a  kind  of  soap. 

Temperature, — Many  theories  have  been  proposed  at  dif- 
ferent ages,  explaining  the  elevated  temperature  pospessci 
by  many  mineral  springs.     In  the  early  part  of  this  centur-', 

»  "Dictioiuiairedes  Eaux  Mbioroles,"  1. 1.,  p.  691. 


■■>e' 


fa 


rc.-i 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


25 


the  chemical  theory  had  many  adherents.  Philosopners  who 
embraced  this  theory  believed  that  within  the  interior  of  the 
earth,  beneath  each  thermal  spring,  was  a  sort  of  chemical 
laboratory  in  which  alkaline  metals  were  being  oxidized  by 
water,  and  large  volumes  of  heat  thereby  generated.  Bischof, 
who  persistently  combated  the  chemical  theory  till  it  fell, 
showed  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  such  chemical  action 
k,o  continue,  with  perfect  regularity,  for  thousands  of  years. 

The  theory  uniformly  received  at  the  present  '^«y  attributes 
tho  heat  of  springs  to  the  interior  heat  of  the  earth,  which 
pp.,  ^<?s  every  portion  of  the  globe.  Springs  proceeding  from 
grcu «  ueptlis  partake  of  the  heat  of  the  point  from  which  they 
arise;  passing  thence,  by  devious  fissures,  they  break  forth 
under  the  most  varied  circumstances — at  the  summits  of  moun- 
tains or  in  the  depths  of  valleys,  under  a  tropical  sun  or  in 
the  frigid  zone.  The  borings  of  artesian  wells  supply  indu- 
bitable proof  of  the  correctness  of  this  theory. 

It  has  been  found  that  at  a  certain  point  below  the  surface 
of  the  earth — varying  according  to  the  zone  and  constitution 
of  the  soil — the  temperature  is  invariable  throughout  the  year. 
At  Paris  this  point  is  thirty  feet  deep ;  but,  after  this  point  is 
passed,  the  /Mr.porature  of  the  earth  steadily  increases  with 
the  desc^Tl.  'Vao  rate  of  increase  is  1°  Fahr.  for  every  fifty 
or  fiftv-i  m  f.  1  The  artesian  well  of  Grenelle,  n?ar  Paris, 
is  1,600  feel  ^oep,  and  the  temperature  of  the  water  flowing 
from  it  81.8"  iViiii. ;  that  of  Passy  is  1,731  feet  deep,  and  the 
temperature  of  the  water  83°  Fa'  .  ^  that  of  Neusalzwerk,  near 
Minden,  in  Prussia,  is  2,094  fee.  md  the  temperatire  89° 
Fahr. ;  that  of  Mondorf,  in  Luxemburg,  2,378  feeh,  and  the 
temperature  108.5°  Fahr.  In  the  United  States,  the  artesian 
well  at  T  ouisville,  Ky.,  is  2,086  feet  deep,  and  the  temperature 
at  the  bc.'om  i^  the  well  is  86.5°  Fahr. ;  the  artesian  well  at 
Charles* c  -  ,  S.  C,  is  1,350  feet  deep,  and  the  temperature  of  the 
water  is  87°  Fahr. 

It  will  bo  seen,  from  the  figures  given,  tliat  the  temperature 
of  water  flowing  from  great  depths  is  uniformly  elevated.  The 
t(Mnperaturo,  however,  is  not  alwaj'^s  in  proportion  to  the  depth 
2 


I  'Ui 


^fi  1 


^  Mi 


J  k 
If 


II 


26 


MINERAL  SPRINGS, 


of  the  well.  This  arises  from  the  fact  that  water  flowing  from 
the  bottom  of  the  well  may  intermingle  with  colder  water  from 
the  strata  above,  producing  a  lower  temperatmre  than  would 
be  expected ;  or  the  vein  of  water  supplying  the  well  may 
arise  from  a  much  greater  depth,  giving  an  unusually  high 
temperature,  as  is  probably  the  case  in  the  Charleston  well. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  theory  of  hot  springs  now 
accepted  was  advanced  ap  early  as  the  third  century  by  St. 
PaLricus,  probably  Bishop  of  j  sa.  He  was  asked  the  cause 
of  boiling  water  flowing  from  !  ?arth,  and  replied :  "  Fire  is 
nourished  in  the  clouds  and  in  the  interior  of  the  earth,  as 
Etna  and  other  mountains  near  Naples  may  teach  you.  The 
subterranean  waters  rise  as  if  through  siphons.  The  cause  of 
hot  springs  is  this :  waters  which  are  more  remote  from  the 
subterranean  fires  are  colder,  while  those  which  rise  nearer  the 
fire  are  heated  by  it,  and  bring  with  them  to  the  surface  which 
W3  inhabit  an  insupportable  degree  of  heat."  * 

Having  explained  the  origin  of  springs  from  meteoric  water, 
it  is  needless  to  consider  minutely  the  slight  variations  in  the 
temperature  of  cold  springs.  They  depend  on  the  source  oi 
the  water,  whether  from  melting  glaciers  or  summer  showers, 
whether  flowing  superficially  through  alluvial  earth,  or  deeply 
through  ledges  of  limestone  or  masses  of  granite. 

Electricity. — ^In  seeking  for  an  explanation  of  the  remedial 
action  of  thermal  mineral  waters,  it  has  been  claimed  that  their 
efficacy  is  due  to  some  mysterious  electrical  action.  That  hot 
water,  and  water  containing  a  large  proportion  of  saline  in- 
gredients, conducts  electricity  more  readily  than  pure  water 
has  been  clearly  demonstrated  by  Prof.  Kastner.  According 
to  Keller  and  BaumgE  tner,  the  mineral  water  of  Gastein  acts 
more  powerfully  on  the  magnetized  needle  of  a  multiplier  than 
distilled  or  ordinary  water.°  Baumgartner  and  Roller  state 
that  the  decomposition  of  Gastein  water  by  the  electrical  cur- 
rent gives  unusual  results :  while  ordinary  water  separates  into 
two  volumes  of  hydrogen  and  one  volume  of  oxygen,  this 


»  Humboldt's  "Cosmos,"  Bohn's  edition,  vol.  1.,  p.  221. 
9  Althaus's  "Spas  of  Europe,"  Ix)ndon,  1862,  p.  CO. 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


21 


water  yields  three  volumes  of  hydrogen  to  one  of  oxygen.' 
This  result,  however,  is  probably  due  to  the  salts  contained  in 
the  water,  and  not  to  any  peculiarity  of  the  water  itself.  Per- 
fectly pure  water,  in  a  vessel  of  pure  gold,  suffers  hardly  any 
decomposition  under  the  action  of  a  powerful  battery ;  but,  if 
a  salt  or  acid  be  introduced,  the  separation  takes  place  imme- 
diately. Griffin  thinks  that  the  salt  forms  the  decomposing 
agent,  not  by  increasing  the  conducting  power  of  the  water, 
but  by  being  acted  upon.'  He  further  states  that,  "  in  certain 
cases,  depending  on  the  kind  of  salt  that  is  submitted  to  elec- 
trolysis, and  upon  the  concentration  of  the  solution,  there  is 
found  to  be  a  deficiency  in  the  quantity  of  oxygen.  The  rea- 
son of  this  deficiency  is,  that  part  of  the  water  escapes  com- 
plete decomposition.  H,HO  is  converted  into  H  and  HO. 
The  latter  is  the  peroxide  of  hydrogen." '  It  is  probable  that 
this  is  the  explanation  of  the  peculiar  decomposition  of  Gas- 
tein  water  (if  any  such  peculiarity  there  be),  and  that,  in- 
stead of  an  excess  of  hydrogen,  there  is  really  a  deficiency  of 
oxygen.*  ■ 

Electricity  in  excessively  minute  proportions  may  be  de- 
veloped by  the  falling  of  a  spout  of  hot-springs  water  on  th(} 
surface  of  the  body ;  but  only  to  be  detected  by  a  wonderfully 
sensitive  multiplier,  one  which  would  show  electricity  to  be 
developed  by  every  vito-chemical  change  that  occurs  in  the 
human  organism.  Until  something  more  definite  can  be  dis- 
covered, it  is  necessary  to  reject  all  hypotheses  attributing 
cures  to  the  electrical  action  of  waters. 

Magnetism. — Within  the  past  three  years  a  number  of  ar- 
tesian wells  have  been  bored  in  Michigan,  which  are  claimed 
by  the  proprietors  to  be  magnetic,  that  is,  the  water  is  sup- 
posed to  be  impregnated  with  magnetism.  A  careful  inves- 
tigation of  the  question,  however,  reveals  the  fact  that  there 

•  Durand-Fardd's  "  Dictionnairo  des  Eaux  Mlnerales,"  Paris,  1860, 1. 1.,  p.  591. 
s  "Chemistrj'  of  Non-MetalUc  Eltnuonts,"  London,  1800,  p.  2S4. 

»  Op.  cit,  p.  23a 

♦  Althaus's  "  Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  85,  says :  "  Tlio  assertion  of  Messrs.  Baumpartncr  and 
llesslcr  has  been  shown,  by  numerous  subsequent  analyses,  to  bo  without  any  foundutioo 
whatever." 


tu 


1^' 


m 


28 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


is  no  fixed  magnetism  in  the  water,  but  that  the  iron  tubmg 
of  the  well  is  highly  magnetic.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
iron  placed  in  a  perpendicular  position  becomes  more  readily 
magnetic  in  Michigan  than  in  many  other  portions  of  the 
earth,  and  the  fact  is  worthy  of  investigation.  An  observation 
made  by  the  author  in  August,  1871,  at  the  Geyser  Spring, 
Saratoga,  an  artesian  well,  140  feet  deep,  showed  no  such  evi- 
dence of  magnetism  as  was  found  at  St.  Louis,  Michigan. 

The  wells  which  first  attracted  attention  as  magnetic  wore 
St.  Louis,  Eaton  Rapids,  Alpena,  and  Spring  Lake.  The 
claim  of  magnetism  for  these  waters  was  received  with  mingled 
credulity  and  incredulity.  Thousands  suffering  with  paralytic 
complaints  journeyed  hundreds  of  miles  at  great  inconvenience, 
frequently  to  be  disappointed.  Some,  however,  improved  and 
rei'dily  gave  certificates  of  cure  by  the  waters,  the  result  be- 
ing always  attributed  to  magnetism. 

•  During  September,  1871,  the  author  visited  the  famed  St. 
Louis  well.  When  thirty  mile.'  away,  persons  were  readily 
found  who  would  testify  to  the  magnetism  of  the  water,  for 
they  had  magnetized  knife-blades  in  their  pockets  that  would 
pick  up  a  pin,  caused  by  holding  the  knife-blade  for  fifteen 
minutes  in  the  flowing  magnetic  water.  Arrived  at  the  well, 
there  were  large  numbers  who  would  swear  to  the  magnetism 
of  the  water.  The  following  experiments  were  made : 
■  Observation  I. — I  took  my  penknife  and  tested  a  blade 
with  a  compass,  to  discover  whether  it  was  magnetic.  Placed 
on  either  side  the  north  or  south  pole  of  a  compass,  it  attracted 
the  needle  1^° ;  it  would  not  attract  a  needle.  I  then  held  it 
one-half  hour,  by  the  watch,  in  the  water,  as  it  flows  from  a 
horizontal  tube  attached  to  the  main  tube  of  the  well.  At  the 
expiration  of  the  time  I  tested  it  with  the  compass  and  needle, 
but  found  no  perceptible  change  in  its  conditions.  Result  of 
this  experiment,  negative. 

Observation  IL— Descended  a  flight  of  steps,  about  six 
feet,  to  the  point  where  the  main  tube  of  the  well  emerges 
from  the  ground.  Here  the  joining  of  the  tube  is  not  perfect, 
and  there  is  an  overflow  of  water  between  the  lower  or  en- 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


29 


ly 


ig» 


casing  portion  and  tlie  upper.  Placed  the  same  blade  in  this 
overflowing  water,  at  a  distance  of  four  inches  from  the  main 
tube,  and  let  it  remain  for  half  an  hour,  the  blade  being  in  a 
horizontal  position.  At  the  end  of  that  time  tested  it  with 
the  compass.  It  slightly  repelled  the  north  end  of  the  com- 
pass-needle, and  attracted  the  south  end — moved  it  about  3°. 
Result  favors  magnetism  of  the  water,  if  the  tube  itself  is  not 
magnetic;  but,  the  tube  being  magnetic,  the  result  is  still 
negatim^  as  it  is  well  known  that  a  strongly-magnetic  body 
will  cause  magnetism  by  induction  in  steel,  when  placed  in 
close  proximity  for  that  length  of  time. 

Observation  III. — Rubbed  the  same  knife-blade  on  the 
main  tubing  for  ten  minutes.  It  was  then  powerfully  mag- 
netic, repelling  the  north  end  of  the  compass-needle,  driving 
it  half-way  around  the  dial,  and  attracting  the  south  end  so 
that  by  a  slight  manoeuvre  the  compass-needle  would  rotate 
in  a  circle.  The  conclusion  is,  that  the  tiibe  is  magnetic  in  a 
high  degree. 

Observation  IV. — ^Took  a  quart-bottle  of  water  fresh  from 
the  spring ;  removed  it  beyond  the  influence  of  the  tube,  where 
the  compass-needle  settled  to  the  north.  Then  tested  it  with 
the  compass  on  every  side,  but  the  needle  was  not  perceptibly 
affected — ^T  should  have  had  a  very  sensitive  needle.  The  in- 
ference, nevertheless,  is  that  the  water  is  not  magnetic. 

Observation  V. — Placed  the  compass  in  different  positions 
about  the  well,  at  the  distance  of  seven  feet,  and  found  the 
north  end  sensibly  deflected  to  the  well ;  while,  at  a  radius  of 
three  feet,  the  north  end  is  powerfully  deflected  to  the  well  in 
whatever  position  it  is  placed.  When  elevated  above  it,  the 
north  end  of  the  needle  dips  downward.  The  inference  is,  that 
this  effect  is  due  to  the  magnetism  of  the  tube. 

The  above  experiments  are  not  of  themselves  conclusive, 
but  a  report  on  the  mineral  springs  of  Michigan,  by  a  com- 
mittee of  the  State  Medical  Society,  is  exceedingly  satisfactory. 
The  committee  consisted  of  Dr.  H.  O.  Hitchcock,  Prof.  S.  C 
DuflBeld,  and  Prof.  R.  C.  Kedzie.  The  duty  of  investigating 
the  magnetism  of  the  wells  was  assigned  to  Prof.  Kedzie.    In 


\-tk\i 

Vim 


\m 


80 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


^i 


his  report  he  first  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  water  is  a 
(liamagnetic  body.  All  substances  have  been  divided  by  in- 
vestigators into  magnetic,  or  those  susceptible  of  magnetism, 
and  diamagnetic,  or  those  possessed  of  a  resistance  to  mag- 
netism. Edraond  Becquerel  has  found  that  if  we  represent 
the  magnetic  power  of  iron  as  1,000,000,  the  diamagnetic 
power  of  water  is  3 ;  that  is,  it  has  a  force  300,000  times  less 
than  iron,  and  thus  one  of  resistance  to  magnetism. 

To  determine  whether  water  floAving  through  a  magnetic 
tube  may  carry  magnetic  force  with  it.  Prof.  Kedzie  made  the 
following  experiment :  He  first  magnetized  an  iron  tube,  by 
applying  it  to  a  strong  horseshoe  magnet.  Through  this  tube 
he  caused  a  stream  of  water  to  flow,  and  thence  through  a 
porcelain  tube  'n  which  a  steel  bar  was  placed.  The  water 
flowed  in  this  w^ay,  through  a  magnetized  tube  over  a  steel 
bar,  for  one  hour,  without  developing  any  magnetic  condition 
in  the  bar. 

It  was,  however,  objected  that  tb3  water  of  these  springs 
contains  iron  in  solution,  which  may  have  an  influence  in  pro- 
ducing a  magnetic  condition  of  the  water,  while  the  water,  in 
the  test  made,  contained  no  iron.  To  obviate  this  objection 
Prof.  Kedzie  repeated  the  experiment,  substituting  water  con- 
taining four  ounces  of  sulphate  of  iron  to  the  gallon,  and,  in- 
stead of  a  single  horseshoe  magnet,  he  used  a  combination  of 
horseshoe  magnets  known  as  a  magnetic  battery.  In  this  way 
the  iron  tube  was  so  strongly  maf;netized  that  iron  filings, 
sifted  over  it,  arranged  themselves  over  the  surface,  standing 
out  like  stiff  bristles;  "yet,  on  passing  the  solution  of  sul- 
phate of  iron  through  a  tube  thus  magnetized,  and  over  a  steel 
bar  in  a  glass  tube,  for  an  hour,  no  development  of  magnetism 
■  in  the  steel  bar  could  be  detected." 

Ha,  'ig  reached  the  conclusion  that  the  magnetism  of  the 
Michigan  wells  is  confined  to  the  iron  tubing.  Prof.  Kedzie 
sums  up  the  matter  as  follows : 

"  The  question  now  arises.  Does  this  magnetic  property  of 
these  tubes  arise  from  any  magnetic  quality  or  other  pecu- 
liarity in  the  water  flowing  through  these  tubes  ?    I  answer, 


I 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


81 


No  !  Iron  tubes  of  the  same  dimension,  placed  in  a  vertical 
position,  whether  sunk  in  the  ground,  or  erected  in  the  air, 
or  suspended  in  water,  would  exhibit  the  same  phenomena. 
Water,  flowing  through  them  or  not,  would  have  no  appre- 
ciable influence  in  this  magnetism.  This  is  well  shown  hy  the 
attempted  artesian  well  at  Charlotte^  which  has  not  reached 
flowing  water,  but  is  only  a  vertical  tube  sunk  in  the  soil ; 
yet,  it  is  magnetic  just  the  same  as  the  flowing  wells.^^  ^ 

The  latter  portion  of  the  report  is  devoted  to  combating 
the  statements  in  favor  of  magnetism  of  the  waters  made  by 
other  writers.  The  conclusion  is,  that  these  waters  are  not 
magnetic,  are  not  susceptible  of  magnetism,  and  cannot  pro- 
duce magnetism.  The  phenomena  of  magnetism  observed  at 
the  wells  are  entirely  due  to  induction,  caused  by  the  highly- 
magnetic  condition  of  the  tube ;  and  the  magnetism  of  the  tube 
is  only  a  usual  result  of  terrestrial  magnetism. 

These  conclusions  should  not,  however,  detract  from  the 
actual  value  of  the  wells  of  Michigan.  Many  of  the  waters  are 
strongly  impregnated  with  active  medicinal  salts,  and  are  ex- 
ceedingly valuable  therapeutic  agents. 

»  "Transactions  of  tb«  State  Medical  Society  of  Michigan,"  1871,  p.  40. 


% 


m 


CHAPTER   III. 


CLASSIFICATION. 


In  the  study  of  mineral  waters  a  classification  becomes 
necessary,  in  order  that  their  application  to  the  treatment  of 
disease  may  be  systematically  considered.  Several  methods 
have  been  proposed.  They  have  been  classified  according 
to  their  geological  origin,  their  geographical  location,  their 
therapeutic  action,  and  their  chemical  constitution.  For  med- 
ical purposes  the  geological  or  geographical  classification  is 
almost  valueless,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  action  of  mineral 
waters  is  not  so  far  advanced  that  they  can  be  reliably 
grouped  according  to  their  therapeutic  action.  The  chemical 
classification  has  met  with  most  favor.  Of  this  system  there 
are  two  prominent  ones,  the  German  and  the  French.  We 
give  them  below : 


The  German  Classification? 


(  1.  Simple  carbonated. 
L  AlkaHne j  3.  Alkaline. 

(  3.  Alkali  and  common  salt. 
II.  Glauber  salt. 

!1.  Pure. 
2.  Alkaline  and  saline. 
3.  Earthy  and  saline. 

( 1.  Simple. 
rV.  Common  salt j  3.  Concentrated. 

__   _  '3.  With  bromine,  or  iodine. 

V .  Epsom  salt. 

>  L':<^phersotf8  "Baths  and  Wella  of  Europe,"  London,  1869,  p.  94 


CLASSIFICATION. 


33 


VI.  Sulphur. 

VII.  Earthy  and  calcareous. 
VIII.  Indifferent. 

The  French  Classijicatlon.^ 

oil,  (  With  salts  of  sodium. 

Sulphur  waters -i  ,,  .  , 

(  V/  ith  salts  of  lime. 

(  Simple. 
Chloride  of  sodium  waters.  \  With  bicarbonates. 

(  Sulphuretted. 

(  Bicarbonate  of  soda. 

Bicarbonated  waters ■<  Bicarbonate  of  lime. 

(  Mixed  bicarbonates. 

Sulphate  of  soda. 
Sulphate  of  lime. 
Sulphate  of  magnesia. 
^  Mixed  sulphates. 

(  Bicarbonated. 
Ferrnginous  waters •<  Suljiliatcd. 


Sulpliated  waters, 


(  With  salts  of 


manganese. 


A  chemical  classification,  however,  docs  not  convey  a  def- 
inite idea  of  the  medical  action  of  a  water.  In  the  French 
classification,  under  sulpliated  waters,  the  sulphate  of  soda, 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  sulphate  of  lime  waters,  are  grouped 
together,  the  first  two  being  purgative  in  action,  while  the 
latter  is  not.  The  thermal  waters,  as  a  class,  are  ignored.  In 
the  German  classification  therapeutic  requirements  are  more 
perfectly  fulfilled,  though  there  is  the  objection  that  the  Glau- 
ber salt  and  Epsom  salt  waters  are  separated  into  distinct 
classes,  whereas  their  action  is  almost  identical — they  are  both 
purgative  waters.     The  indifferent  waters  are  all  thermal. 

In  the  classification  arranged  for  this  work  I  have  endeav- 
ored to  obviate  these  objections.     It  partakes  both  of  the 

»  "Dictionnaire  dea  Eaux  MlncJrales,"  Paria,  1860,  t.  i.,  p.  463. 


1        '  ■  :Mj 


a4 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


chemical  system  and  the  therapeutic  system.  The  waters  of 
each  class  have  a  similar  action,  varied  however  by  minor  dif- 
ferences, which  are  to  a  considerable  degree  indicated  by  the 
subdivisions.  In  the  application  of  this  or  any  other  classi- 
fication, it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  determine  to  which  class  a 
spring  should  be  assigned,  from  the  fact  that  none  of  its  in- 
gredients may  especially  predominate.  Waters  included  under 
the  subdivision  Pure  are  only  comparatively  so,  the  ingre- 
dients, other  tlian  those  distinctive  of  the  class,  existing  in 
minute  proportions.  Thus  a  pure  alkaline  water  may  contain 
large  quantities  of  the  alkaline  carbonates,  but  it  can  contain 
only  very  small  proportions  of  chloride  of  sodium  or  other 
salts.  The  class  Thermal  waters  may  embrace  waters  which, 
as  to  their  chemical  constituents,  belong  to  one  of  the  other 
classes.  The  action  of  such  waters,  aside  from  their  ther- 
mality,  is  indicated  by  the  subdivisions  to  which  they  belong. 
It  is  rare,  however,  for  thermal  waters  to  contain  a  large  pro- 
portion of  mineral  ingredients. 


Classification. 

(  1.  Pure. 
I.  Alkaline  waters . .  j  2.  Acidulous,  (carbonic  acid). 

(  3.  Muriated  (chloride  of  sodium). 

II.  Sp.line  waters  (  ^'  ^"''<^- 

(chloride  of  sodium)  j  ^- ^^^^^^"^• 

(  3.  lodo-bromated. 

(  1.  Alkaline. 

III.  Sulphur  waters. . .  j  2.  Salhie  (chloride  of  sodium). 

(  3.  Calcic. 

'1.  Pure. 
2.  Alkaline, 

IV.  Chalybeate  waters  J  3.  Sahne  (chloride  of  sodium). 

4.  Calcic. 

5.  Aluminous. 


CLASSIFICATION. 


35 


( 1.  Epsom  salt  (sulphatcof  magnesia). 
V.  Purgative  waters .  ]  2.  Glauber  salt  (sulphate  of  soda). 

(  3.  Alkaline. 

(  1.  Limestone  (carbonate  of  lime). 
VI.  Calcic  waters. . . .  |  ^^  Gypsum  (sulphate  of  lime). 

1.  Pure. 

2.  Alkaline. 
VII.  Thermal  waters. .  \  3.  Saline  (chloride  of  sodium). 

4.  Sulphur. 

5.  Calcic. 


•?;  ( 


I 


CHAPTER   IV. 


ACTION   OF  MINERAL  WATEES. 

Many,  and,  in  this  country,  perhaps  the  majority  of  vis- 
itors at  springs  journey  thither,  not  because  of  any  specific 
malady  with  which  they  are  afflicted,  but  to  obtain  relief  and 
rest  from  the  haraisolng  cares  of  business,  or  the  not  less  ex- 
acting demands  of  societ3^  They  go  there  for  diversion ;  they 
wish  to  leave  for  a  time  the  dusty  and  travelled  highway  of 
life,  and  wander  in  the  shaded  by-paths.  After  a  month  or 
two  passed  at  the  springs  they  return  home  refreshed  and  re- 
cuperated, possessed  of  a  vigor  they  may  not  have  known  for 
years.  Have  the  mineral  waters  produced  this  effect  ?  No. 
The  same  renewal  of  life  would  have  resulted  had  they  so- 
journed anywhere  amid  pure  air,  beautiful  scenery,  and  cheer- 
ful society. 

The  influences  wliich  thus  prove  restorative  to  those  who 
are  not  the  subject  of  disease,  also  contribute  to  the  cure  of 
those  who  are  really  sick.  But,  from  acknowledging  that 
change  of  air,  scene,  and  exercise,  take  part  in  the  salutary 
result  in  disease,  we  nre  apt  to  overleap  this  legitimate  con- 
clusion, and  deny  that  spring-water  has  had  any  agency  in 
benefits  that  have  accrued.  Nothing  could  be  more  unwise, 
and  nothing  ruore  inconsistent  with  foots  and  the  testimony  of 
those  who  are  regarded  as  the  best  authoiity  in  the  practice 
of  medicine. 

The  history  of  bathing-resorts,  in  the  first  chapter  of  this 
book,  shows  that  mineral  waters  have  been  held  in  high  esteem 
as  remedies  both  by  the  civilized  and  uncivilized  of  every  ago. 
Are  we  to  regard  this  as  a  mere  whim  of  humanity,  and  affirm 
that  in  all  past  time  they  have  but  pursued  a  phantom  ?    No. 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


37 


It  is  our  duty  to  investigate  the  question.  Undoubtedly  there 
is  an  atmosphere  of  quackery  surrounding  springs  in  this  coun- 
try, which  is  exceedingly  repulsive  to  the  scientific  physician. 
The  ''cure-all"  style  of  advertisement,  pursued  by  many  pro- 
prietors of  springs,  has  contributed  largely  to  bring  odium 
upon  mineral  waters.  Hopeless  invalids  have  been  induced 
to  take  long  journejrs  to  springs  in  no  way  adapted  to  their 
disease.  Our  obligations,  however,  are  only  increased  by  these 
abuses,  and  we  should  be  prepared  to  give  the  sick  reliable 
information. 

In  the  study  of  mineral  waters  it  is  difficult  to  eliminate 
the  causes  which  contribute  to  the  cure  of  the  patient.  Change 
of  air  has  n  most  remai'kable  effect  in  many  diseases.  The 
well-known  disease,  asthma,  is  an  illustration  of  this  fact.  A 
physician,  who  is  the  subject  of  this  harassing  complaint,  tells 
us  that  when  he  leaves  the  city  he  is  relieved  of  the  oppres- 
sion which  he  continually  experiences,  but.  on  'lis  return,  it 
again  fixes  itself  upon  him.  If  atmospheric  conditions  have 
so  j.-reat  an  influence  in  a  disease  which  for  .us  so  clear  an  index, 
how  many  diseases  arc  there,  not  so  m.anifest]y  affected  by 
these  changes,  but  which  are  nevertheless  in  a  great  degree 
under  their  influence !  We  do  not  speak  of  pure  and  impure 
air  as  usually  considered,  but  also  of  the  many  shades  of  dif- 
ference produced  by  various  kinds  of  vegetation,  by  exhala,- 
tions  from  forests,  by  vapors  from  rivers  and  seas,  and  by  the 
tenuity  of  the  atinosphere  at  different  heights  above  the  surface 
of  the  earth.  The  extent  to  which  vegetative  exhalations  per- 
vade the  atmosphere  are  clearly  appreciated  as  we  ne;ir  the 
shores  of  America,  in  spring-time,  after  a  transatlantic  voyage. 
Long  before  land  is  in  sight,  the  fragrance  of  woods  and  flowers 
is  so  strong  that  we  can  imagine  ourselves  within  the  precinct 
of  a  well-kept  garden  in  full  bloom.  On  the  other  hand,  as 
we  approach  the  sea-shore  from  inland,  we  can  plainly  detect 
the  odor  of  salt-water  long  before  the  ocean  is  in  view.  Tlie 
influence  of  mountain  air  in  disease  has  never  been  closely 
studied.  That  it  is  peculiarly  tonic  and  bracing,  and  purer 
than  the  air  at  lower  levels,  is  undoubted ;  but,  at  the  limited 


I: 


h 


88 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


elevation  of  resoxts  in  this  country,  the  difference  in  density 
can  have  no  appreciable  effect.  In  Europe  there  is  a  tendency 
to  regard  great  altitudes  as  favorable  for  consumptives,  and 
persons  affected  with  this  disease  are  recommended  to  choose 
winter  residences  at  elevations  from  two  to  five  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  care  being  taken,  however,  that  the 
climate  of  such  places  is  dry,  and  the  sky  bright  and  cheerful. 
They  doubtless  attain  in  this  way  the  same  object  which  we 
do  in  sending  consumptives,  in  the  early  stages,  to  Minnesota. 

Change  of  scene  is  another  agency  in  the  cure  of  certain 
diseases,  which  renders  it  difficult  to  estimate  the  actual  in- 
fluence of  mineral  waters. 

Those  who  are  well  experience  a  lightness  and  buoyancy  of 
spirit,  a  positive  rest  and  recreation,  when  they  exchange  the 
monotonous  routine  of  business  for  the  always  varying  views  of 
a  pleasure-tour.  How  far  the  diseases  of  the  hypochondriacal, 
the  melancholic,  and  the  overtasked,  are  favorably  influenced 
by  the  journey  to  a  summer  resort,  and  the  mirthful  society 
congregated  there,  it  is  impossible  to  determine.  But  these 
auxiliaries  of  mineral-water  treatment  will  never  modify  or 
eradicate  the  gouty  or  rheumatic  diathesis,  they  will  not  ar- 
rest the  formation  of  gall-stones,  they  will  not  cure  catarrh  of 
the  bladder,  or  relieve  diabetes,  all  of  which  the  waters  them- 
selves will  do. 

It  is  objected  by  some  that,  when  a  mineral  water  is  ad- 
vised, we  do  not  know  exactly  what  was  prescribed.  In  reply, 
it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the  fact  that  all  our  remedies — 
of  organic  origin — are  compound  drugs  of  multiple  ingredients, 
many  of  the  constituents  being  unknown.  Especially  is  this 
true,  at  the  present  day,  of  assafcetida,  castor,  and  valerian ; 
and  yet  we  employ  these  medicines  without  hesitation.  Pre- 
vious to  the  present  century  the  active  princi])le  of  no  vege- 
table drug  was  known,  and  yet  many  of  them  were  used  as 
skilfully  as  to-day.  Opium  was  introduced  into  practice,  and 
its  value  defined,  by  men  who  knew  nothing  of  morphia,  nar- 
cotino,  codeia,  thebaine,  narceine,  meconine,  and  meconic  acid, 
its  principal  chemical  constituents.     Far  be  it  from  me  to 


i< 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


39 


y 

y 


It 


decry  the  value  of  these  discoveries ;  let  it  only  be  remembered 
that  there  was  a  time  when  medical  men  knew  nothing  of 
them,  and  yet  the  virtue  of  the  drug  was  the  same  as  to-day. 
So,  in  the  case  of  mineral  waters,  we  may  not  be  able  to  dis- 
cover their  exact  ingredients,  or  decide  the  action  of  so  many 
chemicals  in  one  solution ;  but  we  should  not,  on  this  account, 
rv^fuse  to  employ  them  if  reliable  evidence  of  their  efficacy  can 
be  adduced. 

In  the  study  of  mineral  waters  artificial  preparations  will 
FiOt  be  considered.  They  may  serve  a  good  purpose  in  some 
instances,  but,  as  a  rule,  they  bear  little  resemblance  to  the 
natural  waters.  They  are  usually  pleasant  carbonated  drinks, 
with  a  proportion  of  alkalies,  iron,  or  Epsom  salts,  according  as 
these  ingredients  may  predominate  in  the  water  of  the  spring 
which  they  are  supposed  to  represent.  Chemists  do  not  claim 
absolute  accuracy  for  their  analyses  of  waters ;  the  combina- 
tion of  the  elements  is  always  empirical.  How,  then,  even 
when  the  most  scrupulous  adhesion  to  details  is  observed 
(which  seldom  or  never  occurs),  can  manufacturers  of  these 
preparations  produce  an  imitation  iCentical  in  action  th  the 
spring- water  ? 

Water  is  the  most  important  inorganic  constituent  of  the 
body.*  It  forms  two-thirds  of  its  substance,  and  is  in  more  or 
less  intimate  combination  with  every  organ,  bone,  or  tissue. 
Chemically  speaking,  we  are  only  so  much  water  in  combina- 
tion with  varied  proportions  of  carbon,  oxygen,  hydrogen, 
nitrogen,  chloride  of  sodium,  phosphate  of  lime,  carbonate  of 
lime,  carbonate  of  soda,  etc.  It  is,  however,  an  exceedingly 
mobile  constituent ;  it  is  continually  discharged  from  the  body, 
and  continually  renewed,  so  that,  while  any  given  tissue  or 
organ  of  the  body  maintains  about  the  same  proportion,  it 
does  not  for  any  length  of  time  retain  the  same  particles  of 
water. 

When  water  is  taken  into  the  stomach  it  enters  the  circu- 
lation immediately.  It  is  first  absorbed  by  the  gastric  veins, 
and  thence  passes  directly  to  the  portal  vein,  and  this  blood- 


' 


l!  ; 


I' 


»  Fliut's  "Physiology  of  Man,"  p.  80. 


40 


MINEILiL  SPRINGS. 


vessel  usually  contaius  more  water  than  any  other.  Certain 
conditions  of  the  water,  however,  regulate  the  rapidity  of  this 
absorption.  If  an  immoderate  quantity  is  taken  at  once,  a 
sensation  of  weight  is  produced,  the  absorbents  are  gorged  by 
the  excess  of  water,  endosraosis  is  almost  prevented,  and  the 
process  proceeds  but  slowly.  Again,  the  temperature  of  water 
influences  its  digestion.  Water  much  warmer,  or  consider- 
ably cooler,  than  the  blood  readily  penetrates  the  absorbents, 
while,  if  exactly  the  same  temperature,  it  produces  nausea  and 
is  frequently  rejected.  If,  however,  the  temperature  verges 
on  the  extreme  in  either  direction,  the  water  is  not  tolerated, 
for  then  the  vitality  of  the  mucous  niembrane  is  imperilled. 
When  water  entering  the  stomach  is  highly  charged  with  min- 
eral salts,  it  is  absorbed  but  slowly. 

.  When  ordinary  drinking-water  is  taken  in  large  quantities, 
it  acts  principally  as  a  diuretic.  It  largely  increases  the 
amount  of  urine  discharged,  and  the  quantity  of  urea,  phos- 
phates, sulphates,  and  chlorides,  is  also  augmented.*  If  the 
temperature  of  the  air  is  somewhat  elevated,  the  water  also 
acta  as  a  diaphoretic.  It  seldom  passes  off  by  the  intcs- 
iiaes.  These  effects  pertain  to  all  kinds  of  water  taken  in 
large  quantities,  and  are  not  peculiar  to  mineral  waters,  as  is 
often  imagined.  Prof.  Liebig  tells  us :  "  If  a  tumbler  of  about 
four  ounces  of  ordinary  water,  which  is  poorer  in  salines  than 
the  blood,  is  taken  every  ten  minutes  before  breal^fast,  a  quan- 
tity of  colored  urine  will  be  discharged  after  the  second  tum- 
bler, which  nearly  corresponds  to  the  quantity  of  water  taken 
in  the  first  tumbler ;  and,  if  twenty  tumblers  are  taken  one 
after  another,  there  may  be  nineteen  discharges  of  urine,  which, 
at  last,  becomes  almost  colorless,  and  then  contains  hardly 
more  salines  than  the  water  which  was  drunk." 

A  familiar  illustration  of  the  rapidity  of  the  absorption  and 
elimination  of  water  is  found  in  the  tippler's  ready  method  of 
sobering  himself,  after  taking  too  much  wine.  He  goes  to  the 
nearest  fountain,  and  drinks  one  or  two  quarts  of  water.  It 
enters  the  blood  immediately,  dilutes  the  alcohol  there,  and 

»Altbaus's  "Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  160. 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


41 


he 

cer 

;r- 

|ts, 

Id 

res 

Jd, 


passes  off  freely  by  the  kidneys,  removing  the  alcohol  with  it, 
so  that  in  ten  minutes  the  man  is  perfectly  sober. 

It  has  been  observed  by  T>r.  Genth  that,  if  large  quantities 
of  water  are  taken  in  twenty-four  hours  (four  thousand  cubic 
centimetres),  the  temperature  of  the  body  falls,  the  pulse  be- 
comes slower,  and  the  number  of  inspirations  per  minute  are 
diminished.^ 

The  temperature  of  water  drank  also  bears  a  relation  to  its 
notion  on  the  system  as  well  as  its  absorption;  thus,  cold 
water  increases  the  peristaltic  motion  of  the  stomach  and  in- 
testines, while  hot  water  does  not  produce  this  effect.  For 
this  reason  certain  mineral  waters  may  purge  when  taken  cold, 
but  will  not  do  so  when  hot. 

Hosier,''  who  instituted  a  series  of  experiments  relative  to 
the  action  of  water,  found  a  difference  of  action  at  different 
ages.  Tiie  effects  were  more  decided  and  lasting  in  children 
than  in  adults.  If  water  was  administered  for  a  considerable 
time,  the  metamorphosis  of  tissue  proceeded  much  more  rap- 
idly in  persons  of  feeble  constitution  than  in  the  vigorous. 
He  also  found  that  in  those  instances  in  which  the  appetite 
was  indulged  (for  it  was  usually  increased),  the  waste  of  tissue 
was  compensated,  and  the  person  did  not  lose  in  weight.  In 
some  cases  the  action  of  the  water  was  more  diaphoretic  than 
diuretic.  - 

The  action  of  mineral  waters  may  be  divided  into  the  im- 
mediate  and  the  remote. 

The  immediate  action  is  that  which  results  within  twenty- 
four  hours  after  it  is  taken.  It  may  present  as  a  stimulant^ 
sedative,  or  eliminant,  according  to  the  constitution  of  the 
water.  The  first  impression  of  a  mineral  water  is  that  which  is 
exercised  upon  the  stomach.  Waters  cold  in  temperature, 
containing  considerable  carbonic-acid  gas  and  alkaline  in  con- 
stitution, will  prove  sedative,  both  to  that  organ  and  the  arte- 
rial system,  while  hot  waters  and  those  liighly  charged  with 


»  Altbaus's  "Spaa  of  Europe,"  p.  161. 

'  "  Untersuchungen  fiber  den  Elnfluss  dos  innorllchen  Gobrauchos,"  etc. 
1857.    Quoted  from  Althaus. 


Oottingen. 


'I 
11 


42 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


sulphuretted  hydrogen  will  prove  stimulant.  Certain  sulphur- 
waters,  containing  considerable  organic  matter,  are  decidedly 
sedative  in  action,  reducing  the  frequenc}^  of  the  pulse.  The 
eliminant  action  results  from  thu  oflFect  of  the  waters  on  the 
intestines,  kidneys,  and  skin.  Waters  containing  chloride  of 
sodium,  sulphate  of  soda,  or  sulphate  of  magnesia,  in  large 
proportion,  act  readily  on  the  intestines.  The  alkaline  and 
calcic  waters  prove  diuretic,  some  of  them  stimulating  the  kid- 
neys in  a  marked  manner.  Certain  waters  are  cathartic  or 
diuretic,  according  to  the  mode  of  administration.  Thus,  a 
water  containing  a  comparatively  small  amount  of  purgative 
salts,  with  other  constituents,  such  as  sulphate  of  lime  and 
carbonates,  will  prove  actively  cathartic  if  taken  in  doses  of 
two  or  three  glasses  before  breakfast ;  but,  if  the  same  quan- 
tity be  equally  distributed  through  the  day  in  small  portions, 
it  will  produce  a  copious  flow  of  urine,  while  the  intestines 
will  be  unaffected.  Although  pure  water  when  taken  in  large 
quantities  tends  to  produce  diaphoresis,  yet  there  are  some 
mineral  waters  that  affect  the  integumentary  excretories  in  a 
marked  degree.  Such  are  the  sulphur-waters.  This  action  is 
promoted  if  the  temperature  of  the  surrounding  atmosphere 
is  high,  and  retarded  if  it  is  low. 

Mineral  waters  also  produce  stimulation  or  sedation  when 
applied  externally.  The  results  obtained  in  this  way  depend 
more  on  the  temperature  of  the  water  than  any  action  it  pos- 
sesses as  a  medicated  agent.  However,  it  is  undoubted  that 
water  containing  a  large  proportion  of  carbonic-acid  gas  is 
thereby  rendered  directly  stimulant  to  the  skin,  and  waters 
highly  impregnated  with  organic  constituents — those  that  are 
unctuous  or  oleaginous  in  texture — ^prove  sedative. 

The  remote  action  of  a  mineral  water  is  its  alterative  effect. 
And  this,  in  the  majority  of  diseases,  is  by  far  the  most  impor- 
tant quality. 

Alteratives  are  medicines  which,  in  appropriate  doses,  mod- 
ify the  nutrition  of  the  body  without  producing  any  antece- 
dent phenomena.'    This  is  precisely  the  result  obtained  by  the 

*  Stlll6'fl  "ThorapeutlcB  and  Materia  Medlca,"  1804,  vol.  11.,  p.  629. 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


43 


0 

e 
f 
e 
d 

d- 

lor 
a 
e 

id 

)f 

Il- 
ls, 


long-continued  use  of  mineral  waters  in  moderate  doses.     How 
this  occurs  is  readily  understood  when  we  consider  the  consti- 
tution of  the  body.     As  has  been  before  stated,  we  are  only 
so  much  water  in  combination  with  varied  proportions  of  car- 
bon, oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  chloride  of  sodium,  phos- 
phate of  Hme,  carbonate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  soda,  etc.    The 
water  thus  combined  maybe  termed  the  water  of  constitution^ 
answering  the  same  purpose  in  maintaining  the  body  in  form 
that  the  water  of  crystallization  does  in  continuing  a  crystal 
in  its  integrity.     But,  although  the  amount  of  water  in  the 
body  is  about  the  same,  it  is  continually  being  replaced,  a  por- 
tion being  discharged  and  a  corresponding  portion  received. 
For  the  ordinary  purposes  of  quenching  thirst  we  imbibe  waters 
containing  a  very  minute  quantity  of  mineral  ingredients ;  but 
when  we  repair  to  a  mineral  fountain  for  the  cure  of  diseaso 
we  drink  freely  of  water  containing  double,  treble,  quadruple, 
and  even  a  hundred  times,  the  quantity  and  number  of  chemi- 
cal constituents.     The  water  thus  introduced,  slowly  and  regu- 
larly, penetrates  every  blood-vessel,  capillary,  and  tissue  of 
the  bodily  structure,  gradually  replacing  the  water  of  consti- 
tution, and  by  its  diflferent  chemical  affinities  changing  the 
molecular  organism.     It  is  not  maintained  that  all  of  the  con- 
stituents of  the  mineral  water  are  retained ;  doubtless  an  al- 
most infinitesimal  quantity  is  incorporated  each  day ;  but  in 
the  course  of  weeks  there  is  a  decided  and  radical  result — an 
alterative  effect — manifested  by  increased  metamorphosis  of 
tissue,  by  elimination  of  poisonous  elements,  by  the  cure  of 
disease.    If  too  long  continued,  however,  a  cachectic  state  will 
result  similar  to  that  produced  by  the  prolonged  administra- 
tion of  other  alterative  agents  after  the  full  effect  has  been 
produced. 

All  mineral  waters  produce  an  alterative  action.  Is  there 
any  difference  in  this  action  as  it  results  from  various  waters  ? 
We  answer,  unhesitatingly.  Yes.  The  alterative  effect  of  dif- 
ferent classes  of  waters  varies,  just  as  the  alterative  action  of 
iodine,  arsenic,  or  mercury.  Each  acts  on  diverse  portions  of 
the  blood  and  tissues.    The  alterative  effect  of  alkaline  waters 


ii. 
Mi 


44 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


exhibits  itself  in  a  reduction  of  the  fibrinous  element  of  the  blood 
— in  a  modification  pf  the  processes  which  produce  lithio  acid. 
Saline  waters  exert  their  influence  most  decidedly  on  the  glan- 
dular system.  Sulphur-waters  tend  to  the  skin.  Chalybeate 
waters  aflect  the  red  globules  of  the  blood.  In  like  manner 
we  may  expect  variations  in  the  alterative  action  of  the  sub- 
divisions of  the  different  classes.  And,  although  our  knowl  ■ 
edge  in  this  direction  is  not  as  specific  as  desirable,  still  there 
is  sufficient  to  amply  establish  the  varied  alterative  action  of 
mineral  waters. 

When  mineral  waters  are  taken  in  excessive  quantities  for 
some  time,  there  is  a  kind  of  revolt  of  the  system  known  as 
.  the  had  sturm^  or  bath-fever.  There  is  diminished  appetite,  a 
sense  of  excessive  fatigue,  excitement  of  the  pulse,  heat  of  the 
skin,  and  sometimes  giddiness.  While  this  feverish  condition 
testifies  the  constitutional  action  of  the  water,  it  is  in  no  way 
necessary  or  desirable  in  the  treatment  of  disease.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  ptyalism  produced  by  hydrargyrum ;  the  nausea 
dryness  of  the  throat,  and  irritation  of  the  eyelids,  caused  by 
arsenious  acid,  and  the  pustular  eruption  resulting  from  iodine. 
When  this  irritant  action  of  a  mineral  water  shows  itself,  it  is 
necessary  to  diminish  the  quantity  taken,  or  entirely  suspend  it 
for  several  days. 

The  action  of  thermal  waters  containing  but  a  small  propor- 
tion of  mineral  constituents  is  undoubtedly  due  to  stimulation 
of  the  excretory  function  of  the  skin.  A  consideration  of  the 
process  followed  at  these  establishments  enables  us  to  under- 
stand how  cures  are  produced  in  this  way.  In  many  of  them 
the  following  or  a  similar  routine  is  followed :  The  patient  first 
enters  a  warm  or  hot  bath,  where  he  remains  for  some  minutes 
until  the  capillaries  of  the  skin  are  thoroughly  congested. 
While  there  he  places  any  painful  or  contracted  joint  or  neu- 
ralgic portion  of  the  body  under  a  spout  of  hot  water.  From 
the  warm  bath  he  proceeds  to  the  vapor-room,  where  he  is 
siUTounded  with  hot  vapor  of  high  temperature.  During  his 
stay  in  this  apartment  he  drinks  freely  of  hot  water,  and  per- 
spiration pours  from  the  integument.    Thence  he  passes  to  a 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


45 


)0d 

liau- 
fcate 
Iner 
fub- 
Ivvl. 
^ere 

of 


retiring-room,  where  he  reclines  on  a  cot  well  wrapped  in  a 
blanket.  There  he  remains  for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes, 
most  of  the  time  in  a  bath  of  perspiration,  and  the  process  is 
complete.  A  bath  of  this  kind  is  repeated  every  day  or  every 
other  day  for  weeks.  Is  it  surprising  that  under  these  condi- 
tions the  metamorphosis  of  tissue  proceeds  with  excessive 
rapidity ;  that  changes  are  wrought  in  a  few  weeks  which  in 
the  ordinary  course  would  occupy  years  ?  The  entire  system 
is  drenched  with  warm  water;  it  is  thoroughly  washed  out, 
and  in  these  copious  sweats  uric  acid,  syphilitic  poison,  and 
other  materials  of  disease,  are  expelled. 

Profuse  warm  and  hot  bathing  is  sometimes  followed  by 
an  eruption  on  the  surface  of  the  skin  known  as  psydracia 
thermalis^  the  had  friesel^  or  la  poussee.  It  is  accompanied 
with  slight  feverishness,  fulness  of  the  head,  and  other  symp- 
toms similar  to  those  described  above  in  bath-fever.  These 
eruptions  also  occur  in  some  instances  as  a  result  of  the  inter- 
nal use  of  mineral  waters.  They  were  at  one  time  thought 
necessary  to  the  curative  action  of  thermal  waters*  Experi- 
ence, however,  has  proved  the  fallacy  of  this  idea,  unless  it 
be  in  some  instances  of  inveterate  skin-disease,  when  these 
bath  eruptions  seem  to  cure  the  original  malady  by  substitU' 
tion. 

We  cannot  close  this  chapter  more  appropriately  than  by 
quoting  the  words  of  the  lamented  Trousseau — a  man  pos- 
sessed of  a  calm,  judicial  and  philosophic  mind — distinguished 
for  accurate  knowledge  in  every  department  of  medicine — the 
r.iost  brilliant  practitioner  of  this  century : 

"  Whatever  may  be  said  of  them,  mineral  waters  are  not 
simple  medicaments ;  whatever  may  be  the  predominant  min- 
eralizing agent  as  demonstrated  by  analysis,  it  acts  not  alone. 
Nature,  in  combining,  with  the  more  or  less  notable  elements 
which  chemistry  may  isolate,  other  exceedingly  variable  ingre- 
dients, and  principles  which  have  not  yet  been  discovered,  has 
done  for  this  mineralized  agent  that  which  we  seek  to  imitate 
each  day  in  our  prescriptions  when  we  endeavor  to  reenforce 
or  diminish  the  effect  of  a  medicinal  substance  by  associating 


1 


11 


46 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


others  with  it.    In  making  due  allowance  always  for  the  par- 
ticular phenomena  which  may  remit  from  the  action  of  such 
or  such  elements  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  a  mineral 
watery  we  should  not  attribute  to  a  single  principle^  however 
dominant  it  appears  in  the  chemical  analysis^  all  the  proper- 
ties of  the  watery  and  clinical  experience  only  cati  permit  us 
to  judge.^    This  is  so  exceedingly  true  that  dyspepsias  allied 
to  a  grave  cachectic  state — I  do  not  now  speak  of  paludal 
cachexia — are  admirably  modified  by  very  diflFerent  waters,  by 
those  of  Vichy  or  Pougues ;  by  those  waters  in  which  the 
mineralizing  principle  escapes,  so  to  speak,  chemical  analysis ; 
such  as  the  waters  of   PlombiSres  and  Bagn6res-de-Bigorre. 
Although  we  range  PlombiSres  in  the  class  of  sulphated  soda- 
waters  and  Bigorre  in  that  of  sulphated  calcic,  they  have  a 
mineralization  so  feeble  in  appearance  that  the  predominance 
of  such  or  such  of  their  elements  is  lost,  and  renders  their 
classification,  so  to  speak,  artificial.     In  comparing  them  with 
the  waters  of  the  Seine  taken  at  different  points  near  Paris, 
with  those  of  Arcueil  or  those  of  the  artesian  wells  of  Gre- 
nelle,  we  find  the  advantage  with  the  latter,  relatively  at  least, 
to  the  waters  of  Plombi6res.    But,  considering  the  results  of 
medical  experience,  we  know  that  the  waters  of  the  Seine 
have  no  other  effect  than  to  occasion  a  slight  diarrhoea  in 
some  individuals  not  habituated  to  their  use,  and  which  wc 
know  not  how  else  to  attribute  than  to  the  salts  of  soda,  to 
the  chlorides  which  they  contain  in  very  small  quantity.  They 
have  never  been,  that  I  know  of,  inscribed  in  the  very  volumi- 
nous catalogue  of  mineral  waters.     In  placing  them  thus  in 
parallel  with  the  waters  of  Plombidres,  of  Bagn6res-de-Bi- 
gorre — I  will  add,  with  the  waters  of  Neris  or  of  Mont  Dore, 
which  are  hardly  more  mineralized  than  they — far  be  it  from 
my  thought  of  forgetting  for  an  instant  the  efficacy  of  these 
justly-celebrated  thermals.'      PlombiSres    and    Bagn6res-de- 
Bigorre,  in  the  particular  disease  which  occupies  us,  in  virtue 
of  an  action  which  escapes  us  and  which  I  know  not  how  to 

1  The  italics  are  not  In  the  original 
•        '  ThoBO  waters  arc  used  Intornall/  In  dyspepsias. 


ACTION  OF  MINERAL  WATERS. 


47 


ir- 
\ch 
ml 
Jcr 
\er- 
\us 
led 
lal 

|by 

he 


explain,  triumph  over  rebellious  dyspepsias.  Under  their 
salutary  influence  the  appetite  revives,  the  constitution  is  re- 
organized; patients  affected  with  dropsy,  with  visceral  en- 
gorgement, arrive  at  Plombi6rcs  or  at  Bigorre  in  a  deplorable 
state,  and  depart,  after  a  single  season,  in  a  condition  notably 
ameliorated,  and  are  often  cured  in  a  manner  altogether  un- 
expected." * 

> "  Cllalquo  Mcdicalo,"  Paris,  1808,  t  111.,  pp.  08,  69, 


I 

If. 


f'  i; 

r  (H 


CHAPTER   V. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 

Some  writers  on  mineral  waters  almost  entirely  ignore  their 
chemical  constituents,  finding  in  the  fact  that,  when  analyzed, 
we  cannot  explain  all  of  their  effects — an  argument  against 
any  consideration  of  this  portion  of  the  subject.  Fortunately, 
those  who  would  thus  place  a  seal  on  investigation  are  but  a 
small  minority.  Although  it  will  readily  be  conceded  that  an 
analysis,  however  accurate,  in  the  present  state  of  science,  will 
not  always  indicate  the  diseases  to  which  the  water  is  applica- 
ble, still,  in  the  majority  of  instances,  it  forms  an  exceedingly 
valuable  guide — one  which  cannot  be  overlooked.  And,  if  we 
are  ever  thoroughly  to  comprehend  the  action  of  mineral 
waters,  the  discovery  lies  in  this  direction.  Since  the  dis- 
covery of  iodine  and  its  virtue  in  scrofula,  its  salts  have  been 
detected  in  many  mineral  waters  which  had  long  been  consid- 
ered valuable  in  that  disease. 

It  is  nevertheless  true  that  the  combinations  of  the  ele- 
ments, as  shown  in  analyses,  are  altogether  empirical.  The 
chemist  first  determines  the  bases — the  amount  of  magnesia, 
soda,  potassa,  lime,  alumina ;  then  the  acids  and  gases — the 
carbonic  acid,  sulphuric  acid,  silicic  acid,  chlorine,  iodine  ;  and, 
after  each  of  these  elements  is  separated,  he  combines  them 
according  to  approved  formula?,  giving  the  result  in  so  many 
grains  of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  potassa,  chloride 
of  sodium,  iodide  of  sodium,  etc.  Yet,  although  the  chemist 
may  have  performed  his  work  most  faithfully,  still  there  are 
unknown  quantities  that  elude  his  search,  appearing  in  the 
analysis  under  the  designations  loss,  organic  matter,  or  extrac- 
tive matter.  These  facts,  however,  only  show  that  chemical 
science  is  not  perfect. 

The  process  by  which  rain-water  dissolves  salts  from  rocks 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


40 


ill  passing  through  the  earth,  was  alluded  to  in  a  previous 
chapter.  Sulphates  and  chlorides,  which  form  a  hirgo  purl  o; 
many  rocks,  are  readily  dissolved  by  pure  water.  When  vsau  » 
becomes  largely  impregnated  with  carbonic  acid  and  oxygen, 
its  solvent  power  is  exceedingly  increased ;  so  much  so  that 
there  are  no  rocks  that  can  altogether  resist  its  action.  Quartz, 
granite,  and  basalt,  are  decomposed  by  carbonated  water.  It 
has  been  shown  by  M.  Struve  that  carbonated  water,  by  driv- 
ing out  silicious  acid,  decomposes  silicates  under  a  moderate 
pressure.  He  eflFected  a  decomposition  of  silicates  of  soda  and 
potash  by  treating  Bohemian  basalt,  phonolite  and  felspar 
with  carbonated  water.*  Although  iron  and  lime  arc  insolu- 
ble as  carbonates,  they  are  soluble  as  bicarbonates ;  and,  if  the 
water  contain  n.  sufficient  quantity  of  carbonic  acid,  these  in- 
gredients arc  (iiosolved.  If  water  containing  sulphate  of  lime 
meets  carbonate  of  mugnesia,  the  carbonic  acid  combines  with 
the  lime  and  the  sulphuric  acid  with  the  magnesia,  and  thus  a 
soluble  sulphate  of  magnesia  is  formed.  From  such  facts  we 
readily  comprehend  how  waters  originally  pure  become  im- 
pregnated with  many  foreign  ingredients  in  passing  through  the 
earth.  A  most  conclusive  experiment,  showing  that  the  con- 
stituents of  mineral  waters  depend  on  the  strata  through  which 
they  pass,  was  made  by  M.  Struve.  At  Bilin,  in  Bohemia, 
there  is  an  alkaline  mineral  spring,  the  composition  of  which 
is  given  below.  Struve  took  a  quantity  of  clink-stone  from 
the  same  locality,  pulverized  it,  and  subjected  it  to  the  action 
of  carbonated  water,  under  a  pressure  of  two  atmospheres, 
with  the  following  result : " 


Bllln  (Bohemia), 
One  pint  contalni^ 

Natural  Water. 

ArtlBcial  Water. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Grains. 
22.7 
1.1 
8.0 
2.8 
l.T 
«.l 
0.8 

Grains. 
21.9 

"          magnesia 

1.1 

"          limo 

4.4 

Gblofide  of  sodium 

1.9 

Sulohate  of  notassa 

1  6 

"        soda 

Silica 

4.8 
0.6 

Total 

87.7 

8G.2 

1  Althaua'a  "  Sbob  of  Europe,"  p.  69. 

8 

9 

IMd,  p.  CO. 

H     -'^'Wl 


60 


MINERAL  SPilTNGS. 


As  a  rule,  the  qu.v.itity  of  ingredients  in  mineral  waters 
continues  the  same  frc  m  year  to  year/     An  illustration  of  this 
fact  is  found  in  our  own  country  in  the  Congress   Spring,  of 
Saratoga.     The  analysis  of  that  water,  given  under  Saratoga 
Springs,  was  made  by  Prof.  Cliandler,  in  1871,  and  it  en- 
tirely agrees  in  the  essential  points  with  an  analysis  of  the 
same  water  made  in  1832  by  Dr.  J.  II  Steel— thirty-nine  years 
ago.     However,  there  are  a  few  instances  on  record  of  remark- 
able variation.     This  is  the  case  with  the  springs  of  Saxan,  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland.     These  waters  were  ana- 
lyzed in  1844  by  M.  Morin,  who  then  reported  that  they  con- 
tained no  iodine.     In  1852,  however,  they  were  analyzed  by 
Baron  Cesati  and  Dr.  Pigaut,  wlio  found  considerable  iodine. 
M.  Pyr  Morin  then  gave  them  closer  investigation,  and  has 
discovered  that,  in  regard  to  this  constituent,  they  change  not 
only  from  year  to  year,  but  from  day  to  day,  and  from  hour  to 
hour.     Thus,  Avithin  the  same  day  the  amount  of  iodine  was 
found  at  one  time  to  be  0;  at  another,  0.17;  and  at  another, 
0.31  to  10,000  parts  of  water.     On  another  occasion  four  dif- 
ferent examinations  were  made  in  the  same  day,  and  the  record 
was  thus :  0.61,  0.57,  0.17,  and  0 ;  and  at  another  day  tlve  rec- 
ord ran  thus:  0.98,  0.47,  0.67,  and  0.     The  largest  amount 
ever  found  was  2.25  in  10,000  parts  of  water.     And  this  same 
spring  also  varies  in  other  constituents.     Such  a  result  as  here 
described  is,  hoAvever,  altogether  exceptional. 

Sudden  changes  are  sometimes  due  to  earthquakes,  show- 
ing the  immediate  connection  of  springs  with  fissures  in  the 
earth.  During  the  earthquake  of  Lisbon  the  water  of  Top- 
litz,  in  Bohemia,  assumed  a  reddish-yellow  appearance,  which 
lasted  for  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  at  the  same  time  the  springs 
of  Clifton,  in  Gloucestershire,  England,  became  turbid.  At 
the  time  of  the  earthquake  in  1690,  the  water  of  Gastein  be- 


»  Humboldt  says :  "  The  hottest  of  all  permanent  sprlnprs  (bc-tweon  203'  and  200")  arc  like- 
wise. In  a  most  romarkablo  doffroe,  tho  purest,  and  such  as  hold  in  solution  the  smallest 
quantity  of  mineral  substances.  Their  tempoi-aturo  appears,  on  tho  whole,  to  be  less  con- 
stant than  that  of  sprtaas  between  Hi'  and  165*,  which,  In  Europe  at  hfit,  have  main- 
tained in  a  most  romarkablo  manner  their  inmriablUtij  of  heat  anil  miner. Uco-itentit  dnr- 
Ing  the  last  fifty  or  sixty  ye'i«."— (Cosmos,  Bohn's  English  edition,  vol.  I.,  pp.  21S,  2l!t.) 


T 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


61 


rs 
is 


came  white  and  clayey.  In  1765,  after  an  earthquake,  the 
fresh-water  well  of  Castel  Aliicri,  in  Piedmont,  became  charged 
with  sulphurous  vapors  and  salines,  and  so  remained  till  1808, 
when,  after  another  earthquake,  its  former  freshness  returned. 
Many  mineral  waters  precipitate  a  portion  of  their  constit- 
uents when  they  issue  from  the  earth,  thus  forining  deposits. 
This  result  is  due  to  the  escape  of  gases  from  the  water,  to  the 
cooling  of  hot  waters,  and  to  other  chemical  changes  arising 
from  contact  with  the  air.  Prominent  examples  of  such  de- 
posits are  seen  in  the  cones  about  the  orifices  of  the  recently- 
discovered  geysers  in  Wyoming  Territory ;  at  the  Peubla  Hot 
Springs,  Humboldt  County,  Nevada;  at  the  High  Rock  Spring, 
Saratoga,  and  the  Red  Sweet  Springs,  Virginia.  They  almost 
invariably  consist  of  carbonates,  sulphates,  or  silicates  of 
earthy  bases. 

CARBONATES  AND  BICAEBONATES. 

Nearly  all  mineral  springs  contain  a  proportion  of  carbon- 
ates ;  and  in  s'^ir.o  springs  they  are  found  in  large  quantity. 
In  such  instances  they  give  to  the  water  its  characteristic 
properties.  Thus,  if  the  carbonates  are  those  of  potassa,  soda, 
magnesia,  or  lithia,  the  water  is  alkaline ;  if  the  base  of  the 
carbonate  is  lime,  the  waters  are  calcareous,  and  frequently 
form  largo  deposits  of  tufa  on  the  rocks  and  material  with 
which  they  come  in  contact.  A  remarkable  example  of  the 
presence  of  this  carbonate  is  found  in  the  spring  of  the  Alabas- 
ter Cave,  near  Sacramento,  California.  The  alkaline  carbon- 
ates are  formed  \v'hen  carbonated  waters  pass  over  or  through 
rocks  containing  alkaline  silicates,  as  granite,  syenite,  basalt, 
etc.  Many  of  the  carbonates  are  but  slightly  soluble  in  the 
form  of  simple  carbonates ;  but,  when  by  the  presence  of  a 
largo  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  bicarbonates  are  formed,  they 
dissolve  readily.  However,  in  the  analyses  published  in  this 
work,  the  result  is  always  given  as  carbonates,  in  order  that 
uniformity  may  be  secured  for  the  purpose  of  comparison. 

Carbonate  of  Soda. — This  salt  is  in  the  form  of  transpar- 
ent and  colorless  prismatic  crystals,  having  a  stronglj'  alkaline 


SI,'! 


52 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


taste.  The  Ji-carbonate  exists  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder. 
They  both  render  water  alkaline  in  reaction.  In  medicinal 
doses  the  carbonate  of  soda  first  diminishes  the  secretions,  but 
subsequently  in<;reases  them,  the  urine  being  most  susceptible 
to  its  influence.  It  appears  that  the  action  on  the  discharge 
of  urine  is  to  augment  the  watery  portion  without  increasing 
the  amount  of  urea.  Under  its  use  the  uric  acid  almost  dis- 
appears, subsequently  to  reappear,  although  the  medicine  be 
continued.  The  free  acids  of  the  urine,  however,  are  replaced 
by  earthy  phosphates.  This  carbonate  also  increases  the  alka- 
linity of  the  blood.  It  should  be  remembered  that  the  blood, 
the  saliva,  the  bile,  the  milk,  and  the  secretions  from  the  mu- 
cous membrane,  are  normally  alkaline.  In  some  disej»sc5,  how- 
ever, they  become  acid,  and  the  alkaline  carbonates  are  prob- 
ably efiScient  in  the  treatment  of  these  diseases  by  the  tendency 
to  neutralize  this  condition.  It  is  also  asserted  that  a  continued 
use  of  the  alkalies  reduces  the  quantity  of  fibrine  in  the  blood. 

The  diseases  in  which  this  medicine  has  been  found  useful 
are  as  follows :  In  dyspepsia  accompanied  with  acidity  of  the 
stomach  and  intestinal  secretions ;  in  diabetes,  bicarbonate  of 
soda  has  in  some  instances  caused  sugar  to  entirely  disappear 
from  the  urine,  and  has  reestablished  the  general  health ;  in 
lithiasis,  that  condition  which  tends  to  the  formation  of  uric 
acid,  gravel,  and  calculus,  the  administration  of  the  bicarbon- 
ate in  highly-carbonated  water  has  given  good  results. 

Carbonate  of  potassa  is  white,  inodorous,  and  crystallizes 
with  difficulty ;  it  is  usually  met  with  in  a  granular  state,  and 
has  great  affinity  for  water.  In  mineral  waters  it  occurs  in 
the  form  of  a  i«-carbL  nate.  This  salt  forms  colorless,  trans- 
parent, octahedral  crystals,  of  a  saline  and  caustic  taste, 
readily  soluble  in  water.  It  is  not  found  in  mineral  waters  in 
large  quantity,  though  there  is  reason  to  believe  it  is  more 
frequently  present  than  is  usually  reported. 

In  its  action  on  the  system  the  bicarbonate  of  potassa  is 
antacid  and  diuretic,  and  is  used  in  the  same  diseases  as  the 
carboni^te  of  soda.  It  has  most  frequently  been  employed  to 
prevent  the  formation  of  lithio-acid  deposits  in  the  urine. 


: 


1^ 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


53 


e 


*j 


Carbonate  of  magnesia  is  a  fine  white  powder,  possessing 
a  slight  earthy  taste  and  no  odor.  It  is  more  frequently  found 
in  waters  originating  in  secondary  and  tertiary  formations  than 
in  primitive.  It  is  a  mild  laxative,  and  a  good  palliative  in 
acid  or  sour  stomach,  heart-burn,  and  sick-headache,  especially 
if  the  person  is  constipated.  It  has  been  used  successfully  to 
check  the  formation  of  acid  gravel,  and  has  been  considered 
superior  to  the  alkaline  salts  of  soda  and  potassa. 

Carbonate  of  Lime. — ^The  most  familiar  form  of  this  sub- 
stance is  chalk.  It  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  south 
of  England  and  north  ox  France.  As  an  ingredient  in  mineral 
waters  it  occurs  most  frequently  in  those  having  their  source 
in  the  secondary  and  tertiary  formations. 

The  action  of  the  carbonate  of  lime  is  altogether  different 
from  the  carbonates  above  described.  They  are  evacuant, 
diuretic,  and  promotive  of  secretion ;  while  the  latter  dimin- 
ishes the  secretions  and  causes  constipation,  though  at  the 
same  time  being  alkaline  in  action.  It  is  analogous  in  its 
effects  to  lime-water.  This  preparation  has  powers  useful  in 
chronic  bronchitis  and  chronic  diarrhoea.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  over  a  hundred  years  ago  lime-water  was  vaunted  as 
a  remedy  in  calculous  affections,  and,  according  to  the  best 
testimony,  with  good  reason.*  Though  not  a  curative,  it  is  a 
valuable  palliative  in  these  disorders.  Many  springs  in  this 
country  which  have  long  possessed  a  merited  reputation  for 
the  relief  of  calculous  diseases  are  chiefly  impregnated  with 
carbonate  of  lime,  associated  with  a  large  quantity  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas. 

Carbonate  of  lithia  is  deposited  from  a  solution  in  the 
form  of  small  prisms.  It  dissolves  in  one  hundred  parts  of 
cold  water,  but  more  readily  when  the  water  is  charged  with 
carbonic  acid.  The  solution  is  alkaline.  This  salt  comports 
itself  in  most  respects  like  the  carbonate  of  soda.    It  has 


J  w 


I 


>  StIllc'B  "Tliorapcutlcs  nnd  Materia  Medica,"  vol.  1.,  pp.  308, 804,  says:  "There  can  M  no 
doabt  that  it  Is  a  rcmcily  too  much  negflectcd  at  tho  present  timo  as  a  palliativo  for  stone. 
*  *  ■  There  is  eotne  reason  to  believe  that  uric-acid  gravel  may  be  dissolved  and  eliminated 
under  its  use.*' 


^!i 


54 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


beeu  especially  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  uric-acid 
erravel  and  gout.  It  was  brought  to  notice  by  Alexander  Ure, 
who  found  that  it  united  with  uric  acid  much  more  readily 
than  carbonate  of  soda  or  potassa,  and  that  the  urate  of  lithia 
is  the  most  soluble  of  all  the  urates ;  hence,  when  the  excess 
of  Lric  acid  in  the  body  forms  this  salt  with  lithia,  it  passes 
off  rtadily  by  the  urine.  It  is  not  usually  found  in  mineral 
waters  in  large  quantities. 

Carlonate  of  Strontia. — This  salt  is  found  in  mineral  wa- 
ters only  in  tmall  quantities,  and  in  the  form  of  bicarbonate. 
In  action  it  is  similar  to  the  corresponding  salt  of  magnesia. 

Carbonate  of  iron  is  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  possessing 
a  ferruginous  taste.  It  is  without  smell.  Iron  is  not  found  in 
this  form  in  mineral  waters,  but  as  a  protocarbonate  or  bicar- 
bonate. 

The  salts  of  iron  administered  internally  in  st'^.U  quanti- 
ties are  dissolved  by  the  gastric  juice  and  enter  the  blood. 
They  increase  the  appetite,  promote  digestion,  impart  redness 
to  the  blood-globules  and  augment  their  number.  The  person 
who  may  have  been  depressed  and  languid  recovers  strength 
and  spirit  under  their  influence.  In  large  quantities,  and  con- 
tinued for  a  long  time,  digestion  is  impaired,  constipation  en- 
sues, and  the  fasces  are  blackened. 

If  iron  is  diminished  in  the  blood,  the  lips  are  pale,  the 
face  is  white  and  anaemic,  the  mind  is  depressed,  and  energy 
fails.  From  this  fact  we  can  appreciate  the  value  of  chalyb- 
eate mineral  waters  in  treating  ansemic  conditions.  Owing 
to  the  minute  subdivision  of  the  iron  in  mineral  water,  it 
readily  enters  the  blood. 

Carbonate  of  manganese  is  of  a  roeered  or  brownish 
color.  In  mineral  waters  it  is  found  as  a  bicarbonate.  It  is 
not  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  exists  in  but  small  proportion. 
Medicinally  it  comports  itself  much  like  the  salts  of  iron. 


CHLORIDES. 


Nearly  all  mineral  waters  contain  chlorides  in  greater  or 
less  proportion.    The  fact  that  they  enter  so  largely  into  the 


ss 

3S 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


55 


composition  of  soil,  rocks,  and  vegetable  and  animal  life,  read- 
ily explains  their  almost  universal  presence  in  mineral  waters. 

Chloride  of  sodium,  or  table-salt,  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  chlorides.  It  exists  in  the  blood,  the  bones, 
and  the  muscles,  in  large  quantity,  and  is  essential  for  their 
integrity ;  and  there  is  no  solid  or  fluid  in  the  body,  except 
the  enamel  of  the  teeth,  that  does  not  contain  this  chloride  in 
some  proportion.  From  this  fact  we  readily  appreciate  why 
salt  is  such  a  universal  condiment.  It  is  consumed  in  large 
quantities,  each  person  taking  from  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  to 
an  ounce  each  day,  though  there  is  considerable  variation  in 
this  regard  in  dififerent  nations.  Russians  are  said  to  consume 
two  ounces  and  more  per  day.  This  large  amount,  which  is 
continually  introduced  into  the  system,  is  voided  with  the 
urine,  leaving  the  absolute  quantity  the  same. 

The  necessity  of  table-salt  is  illustrated  by  the  experiments 
of  Wundt.  After  having  eaten  food  for  three  da3'S  unsea- 
soned with  salt,  he  found  the  urine  had  become  neutral,  and 
contriined  albumen.  On  returning  to  salted  food,  the  urine  re- 
gained its  normal  condition  in  two  days.  Salt  is  an  important 
element  in  cell-formation;  it  is  found  in  all  exudations;  so 
much  so  that  in  pneumonia,  when  exudation  is  active,  chloride 
of  sodium  disappears  entirely  from  the  urine,  to  reappear  when 
the  process  ceas^^o.  It  is  also  known  to  exercise  a  direct  effect 
on  the  grov^tli  of  the  hair.  When  an  animal  does  not  receive 
a  proper  quantity  of  salt,  the  hair  becomes  rough  and  wiry,  and 
the  beast  betrays  signs  of  feebleness  and  ill-condition.  So 
necessary  is  it  to  them,  that  in  the  wild  state  they  frequent 
"  salt-licks  "  (saline  springs)  to  obtain  a  sufficient  supply. 

Chloride  of  sodium,  in  moderate  quantities,  increases  the 
flow  of  the  gastric  juice  and  the  bile ;  and,  by  its  antiseptic 
properties,  prevents  putrefactive  changes  in  the  intestinal  ac- 
tion of  the  intestines,  producing  fluid  motions ;  it  is  aperient, 
but  not  cathartic.  The  quantity  of  urea  in  the  urine  is  also 
augmented.  Barral  found  that  when  larger  amounts  of  salt 
than  usual  were  taken,  the  weight  of  urea  excreted  increased 
from  2.84  grammes  to  6.02,  and  even  9.42  grammes,  in  twen- 


I  in 


R-1 


t; 


^!  :      i4 


I 


mm 

> 


56 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


#■        »" 


ty-four  hours,  from  which  we  may  conclude  that  salt  in  large 
quantities  hastens  the  disintegration  of  tissue.  The  result  of 
the  use  of  salt  in  large  quantities  is  to  cause  considerable  irri- 
tation of  the  stomach  and  intestines ;  to  increase  the  flow  of 
urine,  which  is  accompanied  with  burning  along  the  course  of 
the  ureters ;  and  to  excite  the  generative  organs.  The  secre- 
tion of  the  mucous  nembrane  of  the  bronchial  tubes  is  also  de- 
cidedly increased. 

Chloride  of  potassium  is  analogous  to  chloride  of  sodium, 
both  in  its  properties  and  medical  qualities,  but  is  found  only 
in  small  quantities  either  in  the  body  or  in  springs. 

Chloride  of  magnesium  occurs  in  many  mineral  waters. 
It  forms  one  of  the  chief  constituents  of  the  waters  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  It  is  the  bittern  of  salt-works.  Medicinally,  it  has  been 
used  as  a  cholagogue  cathartic. 

Chloride  of  calcium  is  exceedingly  soluble,  and  occurs 
principally  in  saline  waters.  In  medicine,  it  has  been  used 
in  scrofulous  humors,  glandular  obstructions,  and  general  de- 
bility. 

Chloride  of  iron  is  a  comparatively  rare  ingredient  of 
mineral  waters.    It  is  astringent  and  tonic. 

Chloride  of  caesium  is  a  chemical  curiosity,  detected  in 
1860,  in  the  saline  mineral  waters  of  DUrckheim,  by  Kirchhoif 
and  Bunsen.  The  discovery  of  this  unknown  compound  was 
made  by  spectrum  analysis.  Having  determined  in  this  way 
the  presence  of  an  unknown  element  in  these  waters,  they  pro- 
ceeded to  isolate  it  by  direct  experiment.  For  this  purpose 
they  evaporated  over  105,000  pounds  of  the  water,  and  were 
enabled  to  procure  a  small  quantity  of  the  chloride.  From 
this  chloride  they  determined  the  physical  character  of  caesium. 
Caesium  is  the  most  electro-positive  element  at  present  known ; 
its  atomic  weight  is  123.4.  In  the  spectrum  it  is  recognized 
by  two  sky-blue  lines — hence  the  name. 

Since  its  discovery  it  has  been  found  in  comparatitrely  largo 
quantities  in  the  mineral  waters  of  Baden-Baden  and  Bour- 
bonne-les-Bains ;  also,  in  the  mineral  known  as  lepidolite, 
found  at  Hebron,  Maine. 


> 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


67 


Chloride  ofntbidium  is  a  similar  chemical  curiosity  found 
in  mineral  waters.  It  is  much  like  chloride  of  potassium  in 
its  properties. 

SULPHATES. 

The  sulphates  are  frequently  found  in  mineral  waters. 
They  are  active  medicinal  agents;  and  the  two  known  as 
Epsom  and  Glauber  salts  are  familiar  to  every  one.  Occur- 
ring in  mineral  waters  in  considerable  quantity,  they  give  to 
them  a  bitter  taste  and  purgative  action. 

Sulphate  of  soda,  popularly  known  as  Glauber  salts,  is 
found  in  a  number  of  mineral  waters.  Next  to  chloride  of 
sodium,  it  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  native  salts.  The 
popular  name  is  derived  from  a  German  chemist  who  first  dis- 
covered its  artificial  mode  of  preparation.  It  is  a  white  crys- 
talline salt,  bitter  and  nauseous  in  taste,  and,  taken  in  doses 
of  half  an  ounce,  produces  watery  purgation.  It  is  derived 
from  basalt,  porphyry,  felspar,  mica,  granite,  and  other  rocks. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia,  usually  known  as  Epsom  salts,  is  a 
transparent  crystalline  salt,  having  a  bitter,  nauseous,  and  sa- 
line taste.  The  name — Epsom — is  derived  from  a  spring  in 
England  of  that  name,  from  which  it  was  originally  prepared. 
It  is  a  mild  and  efiicient  watery  purgative.  When  dissolved, 
however,  in  a  large  quantity  of  water,  this  salt,  as  well  as  the 
sulphate  of  soda,  tends  to  act  on  the  kidneys,  increasing  the 
flow  of  urine.  As  a  mineral,  it  occurs  in  serpentine,  marl, 
clay,  slate,  and  limestone. 

Sulphate  of  lime,  or  gypsum,  is  not  found  in  large  quan- 
tity in  mineral  waters,  from  the  fact  that  not  more  than  twenty 
grains  will  dissolve  in  a  pound  of  pure  water.  It  does  not 
occur  in  crvstalline  rocks,  but  is  found  in  red  sp.iiusi.one  and 
the  fissures  of  porphyry,  basalt,  and  granite.  It  if.  not  employed 
medicinally.  Deposited  from  spring-waters,  it  forms  a  hard 
coating  on  foreign  substances ;  and  twigs  and  leaves  thus  cov- 
ered are  popularly  termed  petrifactions — an  error,  however,  as 
the  internal  substance  is  not  changed  into  stone. 

Sulphate  ofpotassa  is  a  bitter,  purging  salt,  similar  to  the 


i 


ti 


35. 


\ 


08 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


sulphates  of  soda  and  magnesia.  It  is  not  a  frequent  constit- 
uent  of  mineral  waters. 

Sulphate  of  iron  is  found  in  the  waters  of  springs  flowing 
through  rocks  containing  sulphuret  of  iron.  It  is  a  greenish 
crystalline  salt,  exceedingly  astringent  in  action  and  to  the 
taste.  It  is  seldom  present  in  mineral  waters.  Examples, 
however,  are  found  in  the  Alum  Springs  of  Virginia,  and  the 
Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs  of  New  York. 

Sulphate  of  alumina  is  usually  found  associated  with  the 
sulphate  of  iron.  It  is  a  crystalline  salt,  exceedingly  soluble 
in  water,  and  of  a  styptic  taste.  In  medicine,  the  preparations 
of  alumina  are  principally  employed  as  astringents,  though 
testimony  is  not  wanting  of  their  remedial  value  in  diseases 
of  a  diflferent  type,  such  as  chronic  bronchitis,  chronic  diar- 
rhoea, whooping-cough,  and  lead-colic. 

IODIDES. 

Although  the  iodides  occur  in  mineral  waters  only  in  small 
quantity,  they  undoubtedly  influence  their  curative  properties 
in  a  marked  degree.  Indeed,  certain  springs  were  long  cele- 
brated for  the  cure  of  scrofula,  goitre,  and  analogous  affec- 
tions, their  efficacy  being  unexplained  till  the  discovery  of 
iodine,  its  effects  in  these  diseases,  and  finally  its  presence  in 
the  waters.  Rilliett,  of  Geneva,  has  described  the  effects  of 
iodine  in  small  and  long-continued  doses.  The  symptoms  arc 
rapid  emaciation — the  appetite,  however,  continuing  good  and 
even  being  increased — nervous  palpitations  of  the  heart,  de- 
bility, depression  of  spirits,  and  sleeplessness.  In  this  ema- 
ciation the  various  glands  are  most  affected,  and  goitres  have 
disappeared  in  a  few  days  when  the  symptoms  were  fully 
developed.  Such  effects  have  resulted  even  from  a  sea-side 
residence  and  the  iodic  exhalations  of  salt-water,  but  more 
frequently  from  the  minute  proportions  of  iodine  in  certain 
mineral  waters.* 

Iodide  of  potassium  usMdiWy  appears  in  semi-transparent 
cubical  crystals,  of  a  saline,  penetrating,  and  bitter  taste. 

»  8tilI6'8  "  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medlca,"  vol.  VL,  p.  788. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


59 


I  i  In 


iiit- 


lish 
I  the 
ties, 
the 

I  the 
ible 
ions 


There  is  seldom  more  than  a  trace  to  be  found  in  mineral  wa- 
ters. This  is  the  preparation  most  frequently  employed  for 
procuring  the  alterative  effects  of  iodine  in  various  diseases, 
such  as  scrofula,  chronic  rheumatism,  tertiary  syphilis,  goitre, 
etc.,  etc. 

Iodide  of  sodium  is  the  form  in  which  iodine  is  most 
frequently  found  in  mineral  waters.  There  is  seldom  as  much 
as  one-fifth  of  a  grain  of  the  salt  to  a  pint  of  water ;  but  even 
this  minute  proportion  is  sufficient  to  produce  the  alterative 
efltects  of  iodine.  This  salt  in  all  its  characteristics  resembles 
the  iodide  of  potassium  above  described,  and  is  remedial  in 
the  same  diseases. 

BROMIDES. 

These  salts  exist  in  somewhat  larger  proportion  than  the 
iodides.  The  combination  which  is  most  frequently  found  is 
that  of  bromide  of  magnesium.  This  salt  occurs  in  strong 
saline  waters.  The  bromides,  when  given  in  small  doses  and 
long  continued,  are  alterative  in  their  effect,  and  in  some  cases 
reduce  enlargements  of  lymphatic  glands,  the  spleen,  liver, 
ovaries,  and  uterus,  but  are  not  equal  to  the  iodides  for  this 
purpose.*  They  are  principally  used  to  allay  nervous  irita- 
bility. 

PHOSPHATES. 

These  occur  in  minute  proportion  in  many  springs.  The 
minerals  from  which  they  are  derived  are  basalt,  mica,  granite, 
dolomite,  slate,  chalk,  and  many  other  formations.  The  phos- 
phates vary  in  action  according  to  the  base  with  which  the 
phosphoric  acid  is  combined :  thus  the  phosphate  of  soda  is  a 
mild  cathartic,  possessing  but  little  taste ;  the  phosphate  of 
iron  is  a  tonic,  and  the  phosphate  of  lime  is  recommended  in 
scrofulous  affections. 

SILICATES. 

Silica  is  found  in  some  proportion  in  almost  all  springs, 
but  in  much  larger  quantity  in  thermal  than  in  cold  springs. 
Silicates  have  been  supposed  to  impart  to  certain  waters  the 

»  8tllI6's  "  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Mcdlca,"  vol.  U.,  p.  769. 


Si  %  -A 
'  -b  t ,  [■■ 

■;■:-.;  )'H 
A:    -    i 

H 


60 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


peculiar  unctuous  texture  which  they  possess.     The  medical 
action  of  these  salts  has  never  been  investigated. 

BOBACIC   ACID. 

This  acid  is  sometimes  found  in  considerable  quantity  in 
springs  rising  in  volcanic  districts.  In  Southern  California 
there  is  a  lake  from  which  borax— borate  of  soda — may  be 
obtained  in  unlimited  quantity.  Borate  of  soda  is  an  alka- 
line salt  used  externally  as  a  cosmetic ;  internally  it  has  proved 
decidedly  emmenagogue  and  ecbolic.  It  has  also  been  recom- 
mended for  the  purpose  of  dissolving  lithic-acid  gravel. 

FLUORIDES. 

Salts  of  fluohydric  acid  have  been  found  in  mineral  springs 
in  minute  quantities.  They  are  derived  from  mica,  Icpidolite, 
and  hornblende.    Their  medicinal  action  is  unknown. 


]SriTRATES. 


Occasionally,  salts  formed  by  nitric  acid  are  found  in  min- 
eral waters.  The  nitrates  of  soda  and  potassa,  in  moderate 
doses,  are  diuretic  in  action;  in  large  doses,  purgative. 


AESENIC. 

In  a  few  mineral  waters  minute  quantities  of  this  substance 
are  found.  It  may  also  be  mentioned  that  traces  of  antimony ^ 
zinCy  coppery  tin^  lead^  etc.,  are  sometimes  detected.  Arsenic, 
in  very  minute  doses,  is  an  alterative  medicine  of  decided  value. 
It  is  efficacious  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  rheumatism,  inter- 
mittent fever,  and  scaly  diseases  of  the  skin. 

OBGANIG   ACIDS. 

In  a  number  of  mineral  waters  crenio  and  apocrenic  acids 
are  found.  They  contain  no  nitrogen,  and  are  the  product  of 
the  decomposition  of  humus.  In  some  instances  they  form 
soluble  compounds  with  soda,  potassa,  and  iron.  Their  medici- 
nal action  has  not  been  studied. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


61 


OBGANIO  SUBSTANCES. 

In  the  sulphur-waters  of  the  Pyrenees,  in  France,  three 
peculiar  organic  substances  have  been  discovered.  They  are 
interesting  to  us,  from  the  fact  that  several  springs  in  this 
country  of  marked  properties  contain  similar  ingredients. 
They  are  described  as  follows :  * 

Bar^ginCy  or  Bydroain^  of  Lamhron. — If  certain  sulphur- 
waters  be  evaporated  to  dryness,  a  brownish-yellow  residue  is 
left  which  is  blackened  on  the  application  of  heat,  and  at  the 
same  time  disengages  a  small  quantity  of  ammonia.  This 
substance  is  found  to  be  an  organic  azotized  matter,  and  is 
called  barkgine  from  the  springs  of  Bareges,  in  which  it  was 
first  detected.  The  name  hydrosin  is  more  appropriate,  as 
disconnecting  it  from  any  particular  spring  or  supposed  qual- 
ity. A  solution  of  it  precipitates  the  salts  of  lead  abundantly, 
and  gives  a  white  precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver,  which  al- 
most immediately  assumes  a  reddish  tint.  This  substance 
corresponds  to  the  sidfurhydrine  of  Oazin  and  the  pyr^nkine 
of  Fontan.' 

Glairine, — ^This  is  an  amorphous  deposit,  sometimes  trans- 
parent and  sometimes  opaque.  It  is  soft  and  unctuous  to  the 
touch,  and  is  deposited  in  the  reservoirs  where  the  water  accu- 
mulates. It  is  insoluble.  Anglada  thought  it  to  be  identical 
with  bar^gine ;  but  the  solubility  of  the  latter  and  the  insolu- 
bility of  the  former  is  of  itself  distinctive.  Glairine,  though 
containing  nitrogen,  is  not  one  of  those  neutral  nitrogenized 
substances  termed  albuminoids.  It  contains  more  carbon  and 
hydrogen,  but  less  oxygen  and  nitrogen.  Bouis,  in  burning 
certain  specimens  of  glairine,  has  found  as  much  as  eighty 
parts  of  silicious  residue  in  a  hundred. 

Sulfuraria. — ^This  is  a  confervoid  growth  formed  in  sul- 
phur^waters  the  temperature  of  which  is  below  132°  Fahr. 
Examined  under  the  microscope,  it  presents  the  appearance  of 
smooth,  transparent,  cylindrical  tubes,  filled  with  roundish 

*  The  description  of  these  substances  is  mostly  compiled  fW>m  the  "  Nouveaa  Diction- 
DAire  de  MMecine  et  de  Ghirurgie.^'    Paris,  1870,  tome  xii.,  p.  240. 

•  Lefort's  "  Traite  de  Chimie  Hydrologique."    Paris,  1669,  p.  804. 


>  I 


!^ 


m 


62 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


globules,  and  often  containing  animalcules.  Access  of  air  to 
the  water  is  indispensable  to  the  formation  of  sulfuraria.  In 
composition  it  is  analogous  to  glairinc,  and  when  burned  leaves 
a  large  amount  of  silic:«jua  *cjiiuuc. 

Besides  the  above-named  organic  substances,  a  number  of 
microscopic  alg£e  have  been  described.*  The  tnonas  sulfuraria ^ 
elliptical  in  form,  from  -^  to  j^  of  a  millimetre  in  diameter, 
and  spotted  with  red,  are  supposed  to  pertain  especially  to 
calcic  sulphur-waters.  The  oscillairea  are  greenish  filiform 
bodies,  from  5  to  30  millimetres  in  breadth,  and  varying  in 
length  in  the  same  proportion.  Each  filament  is  composed  of 
a  diaphanous  and  almost  mucilaginous  tube,  enclosing  a  series 
of  minute  disks  covered  with  green  matter,  and  which  appear 
susceptible  of  contraction  and  dilatation  in  the  direction  of 
the  axis.  The  galUonella  ferruginea  are  of  rectilinear,  cylin- 
drical form,  varying  in  dimensions  from  y^jVjr  to  ts^s  of  a 
line,  of  a  rusty  color,  almost  always  homogeneous,  though  oc- 
casionally presenting  at  intervals  cells  of  diverse  forms.  Some- 
times they  give  a  rusty  color  to  the  water  in  which  they  are 
found. 

That  the  presence  of  these  organic  constituents — especial- 
ly those  first  named,  hydrosin  and  glairinc — exercise  an  influ- 
ence in  the  action  of  the  mineral  waters  in  which  they  occur 
in  large  proportion,  we  cannot  well  doubt ;  but  precisely  what 
this  influence  is,  has  not  yet  been  determined.  Durand-Fardel 
says :  "  It  is  probable  they  give  to  such  waters  a  sedative  ac- 
tion ;  but  more  by  simple  contact  than  by  physiological  action. 
Indeed,  waters  which  contain  the  largest  proportion  of  organic 
matter  in  solution  are  generally  less  exciting  than  others,  and 
possess  even  sedative  properties  in  humid  and  pruriginous 
dermatoses  and  in  neuropathic  conditions." '  In  this  country, 
the  Red  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia  have  long  been  reputed 
as  sedative  to  the  arterial  system,  when  taken  internally.  They 
contain  an  unusually  large  proportion  of  organic  matter. 

*  "Dictionnaire  O^n^role  dea  Eaux  Mln6rale8,"  tome  U.,  p.  150. 
»  Op,  cit^  tome  U.,  p.  479. 


' 


to 
lln 

res 

lof 


CUEMIOAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


CAKBONIC    ACID. 


ea 


Carbonic  acid  is  an  exceedingly  heavy  gas,  being  one  and 
a  half  times  heavier  than  air.  For  this  reason  it  accumulates 
in  wells  and  mines,  and  in  rooms  gravitates  to  the  floor.  It 
will  not  support  combustion.  A  light  is  immediately  extin- 
guished in  an  atmosphere  largely  impregnated  with  this  gas. 

Carbonic  acid,  in  some  proportion,  is  found  in  almost  all 
spring- water,  and  even  in  rain  and  river  water  it  is  present. 
The  bright  sparkle  of  certain  waters  and  wines,  and  the  pleas- 
ant acescent  taste,  is  due  to  this  gas.  Indeed,  water  entirely 
deprived  of  carbonic  acid  is  altogether  unpalatable.  Some 
spring-waters  are  so  strongly  charged  with  it  in  the  depths  of 
the  earth,  that  when  they  escape  they  are  projected  many  feet 
in  the  air.    The  Geyser  Spring,  of  Saratoga,  is  an  example. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that  a  gas,  which,  taken  into  the  stom- 
ach in  moderate  quantities,  is  agreeable  and  healthful,  should 
prove  a  deadly  poison  when  inhaled.  A  mixture  of  forty  parts 
of  oxygen,  forty-five  parts  of  nitrogen,  and  only  fifteen  parts 
of  carbonic  acid,  is  sufficient  to  destroy  life.  Tlie  symptoms 
are  as  follows :  First,  a  sensation  of  heat  pervades  the  entire 
body,  the  face  is  flushed,  and  the  forehead  covered  with  per- 
spiration. In  a  short  time  the  heat  becomes  excessive,  the 
face  is  intensely  red  or  of  a  deathly  pallor ;  dizziness  follows, 
the  person  totters  in  movement,  and  falls  asphyxiated. 

The  pleasant  and  cooling  effects  of  carbonated  water,  when 
drunk,  are  familiar  to  nearly  every  one  in  this  country,  where 
drinking  it  in  the  form  of  soda-water  is  so  universally  practised 
during  the  summer  months.  In  moderate  quantities,  it  stimu- 
lates the  flow  of  saliva,  aids  digestion,  slightly  accelerates  the 
pulse,  renders  the  mind  clear  and  the  person  chaerful.  The 
imbibition,  however,  of  large  quantities  causes  sickness,  vomit- 
ing, headache,  vertigo,  a  tottering  gait,  and  even  asphyxia. 
Liebig  tells  us  such  results  have  especially  followed  after 
drinking  large  quantities  of  fermenting  white  wine,  which  on 
being  introduced  into  the  stomach  evolves  large  quantities  of 
carbonic  acid,  which  enters  the  blood  immediately,  and  has 
produced  death  in  some  instances. 


G4 


MI1^5RAL  SPRINGS. 


Batliing  in  water  highly  charged  with  carbonic  acid  produces 
peculiar  effects.     The  first  sensation  observed,  if  the  water  is 
below  86°  Fahr.,  is,  that  the  water  is  colder  than  would  be  ex- 
pected from  feeling  it  with  the  hand  before  entering.     When 
in  the  bath,  millions  of  minute  gas-bubbles  cover  the  body, 
producing  a  pricking  or  burning  sensation,  especially  noticed 
on  the  scrotum,  the  nipples,  and  the  labia.     Many  persons  feel 
this  burning  for  several  hours  after  the  bath.     During  the 
bath,  the  pulse  becomes  fuller,  but  not  accelerated.     The  gen- 
erative organs  are  powerfully  stimulated.    A  bath  of  this  kind 
is  said  to  have  an  especial  effect  on  the  bladder.     Patients 
who  may  sit  in  an  ordinary  warm-water  bath  for  half  an  hour 
without  desire  to  pass  the  urine,  are  compelled  to  do  so  after 
a  few  minutes'  stay  in  the  carbonic-acid  water  bath.*    On  leav- 
ing a  bath  of  this  kind,  persons  in  health  feel  exceedingly 
exhilarated,  and  the  inclination  for  muscular  activity  is  decid- 
edly increased  ;  those  who  are  seuii-paralytic  arc  said  to  walk 
more  briskly. 

SULPIIUKETTED  IIYDKOGEN". 

Next  to  carbonic  acid,  this  gas  is  most  frequently  found  in 
the  waters  of  mineral  springs.  It  is  an  exceedingly  important 
constituent,  and  possesses  decided  influence  over  the  action 
of  waters  in  which  it  exists  in  large  proportion.  It  frequently 
issues  from  the  earth  in  the  neighborhood  of  semi-active  vol- 
canoes, and  is  probably  evolved  througl}  the  decomposition 
of  sulphurets  by  hot  water.  In  some  springs  its  presence  is 
due  to  the  double  decomposition  of  sulphates,  in  the  presence 
of  organic  matter.  Y/hen  sulpliurctted  hydrogen  comes  in 
contact  v/ith  the  air,  it  is  readily  changed,  the  hydrogen  com- 
bines with  oxygen,  and  sulphur  is  precipitated,  "giving  to  the 
water  a  milky  appearance. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  an  irrcspirable  gas,  quickly  pro- 
ducing death  if  inhaled  in  considerable  quantity.  However, 
when  largely  diluted  with  air,  it  may  be  inhaled,  a,nd  in  this 
way  has  been  used  medicinally.     The  first  symptom  of  the 

Althuus'a  "Spaaof  Europo,"  p.  190. 


CHEMICAL  CONSTITUENTS. 


65 


poisonous  action  of  the  gas  is  a  small  and  feeble  pulse,  indi- 
cating depression  of  the  heart's  action,  together  with  a  sen- 
sation of  excessive  feebleness.  Taken  internally,  in  water,  in 
moderate  quantities,  it  increases  the  activity  of  the  intestines 
and  augments  the  perspiration.  If  the  water  is  highly  charged 
with  the  gas,  agitation,  sleeplessness,  and  nervous  excitement, 
are  produced  in  some  persons,  similar  to  that  resulting  from 
strong  coffee.  Small  quantities  of  the  gas,  applied  to  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  eyes 
stimulate  the  secretions. 


nose,  and  bronchial  tubes, 


CABBURETTED   HYDROGEN. 

This  is  the  ordinary  burning-gas  used  in  cities.  It  escapes 
from  some  springs  in  large  quantity,  and  is  utilized  for  lighting 
the  premises  and  heating  water  for  the  baths.  It  is  not  used 
medicinally. 

OXYGEN    AND    NITROGEN. 

These  gases  exist  in  small  quantities  in  nearly  all  springs, 
not,  however,  in  such  proportions  as  decidedly  to  affect  their 
medicinal  action. 


i  1 


CHAPTER    VI. 


THEEAPEUTICS. 

In  pursuing  this  most  important  branch  of  our  subject,  we 
will  treat  separately  of  each  disease  in  which  mineral  waters 
prove  beneficial,  and  refer  to  the  classes  of  water  adapted  to 
them.  A  large  number  of  maladies  are  immediately  elimi- 
nated from  consideration  when  we  state,  as  a  rule  always  to 
be  remembered,  that  mineral  waters  are  only  appUcahU  to  the 
treatment  of  chronic  diseases. 

In  the  course  of  many  chronic  diseases  there  arc  times 
when  the  malady  is  in  abeyance,  and  the  patient  is  apparently 
well;  while  at  other  periods  it  manifests  itself  in  all  its  severity. 
The  well  known  disease,  gout,  is  an  illustration.  During  the 
paroxysms,  it  presents  all  the  characteristics  of  an  acute  dis- 
ease; but  ir?  the  intervals  the  person  seems  to  enjoy  good 
health,  though  liable  to  be  overwhelmed  at  any  time  with  an 
attack.  These  intervals  may  be  termed  periods  of  inactivity. 
IVie  approptriate  time  for  using  a  mineral  water  is  Juring  the 
inactivity  of  the  disease.  However,  this  rule  will  not  apply 
to  all  chronic  diseases,  for  some  of  them  present  no  intervals 
of  this  kind.  But  it  is  always  to  be  remembered  that  mineral 
waters  should  not  be  given  wlien  the  patient  is  feverish  and 
the  pulse  excited;  tlios/?  symptoms  should  fir«t  be  allayed. 


CONSTITUTIONAL   AND   GENERAL   DISEASES. 

Under  this  title  are  embraced  cachectic  diseases,  depend- 
ing on  a  peculiar  vice  or  condition  of  tli'f  fluids  and  y/>lid8  of 
the  body — diseases  which  are  frequently  hereditary ;  and  zy- 
motic diseases,  due  to  a  specific  poison  introduced  into  tli^ 
blood  from  without,  cither  by  direct  contac;t  or  by  br(  iit)>ing 


we 
tcrs 

to 
iml- 

to 
the 


THERAPEUTICS.  |f 

an  atmosphere  charged  with  the  infecting  poison.  Although 
they  frequently  present  local  manifestations,  they  do  not  uni- 
formly affect  the  same  portions  of  the  body ;  and  the  person  is 
in  a  condition  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  part  of  the 
organism  will  testify  to  the  morbid  state  of  the  body. 

Bheumatism, — This  is  a  disease  so  familiar  to  every  one 
that  little  need  be  said  concerning  its  peculiarities.  It  is  well 
known  that  acute  may  eventuate  in  chronic  rheumatism,  and 
that  those  who  in  early  life  have  been  afflicted  with  the  former 
are  very  liable,  as  years  advance,  to  become  subjects  of  the 
latter. 

Of  chronic  rheumatism  there  arc  three  varieties.  That 
ordinn  ^-vy  met  with  is  known  as  chronic  articular  rheumatism. 
In  this  u  :  lady,  one  or  more  joints  are  the  seat  of  more  or  less 
intense  pain,  for  months  or  years ;  a  pain  which  is  increased 
by  motion  or  pressure.  The  joints  may  be  swollen,  but  there 
is  seldom  heat  or  redness.  After  the  disease  has  continued  a 
long  time,  the  joint  may  become  stiffened — a  result  due  not 
only  to  thickening  of  the  adjoining  structures,  but  also  to 
want  of  motion. 

A  second  form  of  rheumatism  is  called  deforming  rheuma- 
tism^ the  rh/imatlsDie  nouiux,  of  French  authors.  It  is  sel- 
dorai  a  result  of  acute  rheumatism,  and  is  more  frequently 
observed  in  females  than  males.  It  usually  attacks  the  joints 
of  the  hand  and  foot,  invading  them  one  by  one.  Tlie  joint 
attacked  is  the  scat  c^  almost  continuous  pain,  though  't  is 
not  often  severe.  It  Ix'/jomes  gradually  enlarged,  and,  on 
close  examination,  it  will  >>e  found  that  the  extremity  of  the 
bone  is  increased  in  size,  afi«'l,  in  some;  instances,  a  bony  for- 
mation has  ocour/ed  vrithin  the  joint,  uniting  the  opposite 
synovial  surfaces.  The  fingers  at  the  sain/-  time  becoine  per- 
manently flexed,  and  frequently  a  sli/l'i  dislocation  occurs, 
which,  wljon  the  hand  is  considerably  involved,  gives  u  dis- 
f/^/'d  an^J  knotty  iippe  >riui('4i.  The  joints  of  the  hand  most 
ffO/ffiM^ly  aUiU']irnl  are  i^t^^'  (A  tlw;  first,  middle,  and  ring 
finger,  whUc  the  thumb  and  iittk  1im$(tit  are  frequently  un- 
Wuchcd.     In  ilne  iiM,  tlM?  (^Ofti-ixje  k  «»j)ecially  the  scat  of 


68 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  disease.  The  disease  is  not,  however,  limited  entirely  to 
the  hand  and  foot.  Sometimes  the  hip-joint  is  affected  by 
preference.  A  peculiarity  of  the  disease  is,  that  it  almost  in- 
variably attacks  the  corresponding  joints  on  the  opposite  sides 
of  the  body  at  the  same  time. 

This  form  of  rheumatism  should  be  distinguished  from  the 
enlargement  of  gout,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded.  In 
malformation  of  the  joint  from  gout  there  are  chalky  deposits 
of  urates,  while  in  this  disease  the  appearance  of  the  joint 
results  from  osseous  enlargement  of  the  extremity  of  the 
bone.  In  gout  the  lower  extremities  are  chiefly  affected,  while 
in  this  disease  it  is  the  upper.  Women  are  most  frequently 
the  subjects  of  this  malady,  while  gout  principally  occurs  in 
men. 

A  third  form  of  chronic  rheumatism  may  be  mentioned, 
termed  muscular  rheumatism.  This  form,  as  its  name  impli-^s, 
affects  the  muscles  and  sheaths.  It  is  a  much  milder  form 
than  either  of  those  described,  and  seldom  occasions  perma- 
nent stiffness  or  contractions. 

The  treatment  applicable  to  the  different  forms  of  chronic 
rheumatism  does  not  vary  materially.  In  all,  the  thermal 
waters  should  be  chosen.  These  waters  act  more  by  heat  than 
by  their  constituents.  The  temperature  of  the  baths  need  not 
be  high ;  from  95°  to  100°  Fahr.  is  sufficiently  warnn,  when  the 
rheumatism  is  of  the  ordinary  chronic  articular  kind.  The 
duration  of  the  bath  should  be  about  fifteen  minutes  at  first ; 
and  the  time  may  be  gradually  extended  till,  toward  the  ter- 
mination of  the  treatment,  the  patient  may  remain  an  hour  or 
more.  A  course  of  baths  usually  consists  c£  thirty  in  succes- 
sion ;  and,  if  these  are  insufficient,  it  is  best  to  suspend  their 
use,  to  be  again  resumed  a  few  months  later."  A  blanket* 
sweat  after  the  bath  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  aicxihary. 
Particular  care  is  necessary  that  cold  be  not  taken  at^er  the 
bath. 

In  cases  of  deforming  rheumatism  and  chronic  articular 
rheumatism,  complicated  with  stiffening  of  the  joints,  baths 

•  Niemoycr'e  "  Text  Cook  of  Mtuicmc,"  American  edition,  vol.  ii..  p.  4S9. 


of  the  te 
the  hot 
may  var} 
the  effec 
also  reco 
ing  reso 
have  the 
the  sand 
The  pati 
ertheles! 
uate  the 
by  each 
Fahr. 
peated 
two  hoi 
same  d 
the  san 
commei 
sand,  tl 
perceiv 
One 
in  rhcu 
classes 
ncrvou 
seeme( 
tempe 
ncrvoi 
tion  o 
G 
la  r  gel 
to  th( 
aciM 
In  ch 
and  i 
joint; 
fn.H\ii 


il:  . 


I  to 

)V 

lil- 
ies 

le 

in 
[ts 

It 
le 


THERAPEUTICS. 


69 


of  the  temperature  mentioned  should  be  used,  but  the  use  of 
the  hot  douche  should  be  added.  The  temperature  of  this 
may  vary  from  106°  to  120°  Fahr.,  according  to  the  case  and 
the  eflFect  produced.  In  deforming  rheumatism,  Trousseau 
also  recommends  douches  of  hot  sand  as  efficacious  in  promot- 
ing resolution  and  subduing  pain.  He  says:  "We  should 
have  the  patient  plunge  the  affected  part  in  hot  sand,  or  let 
the  sand  fall  upon  it  at  as  high  a  temperature  as  possible. 
The  patients  complain  of  a  painful  sensation  of  burning ;  nev- 
ertheless we  can  always,  by  the  aid  of  the  thermometer,  grad- 
uate the  temperature  according  to  the  degree  of  heat  tolerated 
by  each  patient.  This  temperature  may  be  from  140°  to  158° 
Fahr.  The  douches,  or  local  baths  of  hot  sand,  should  be  re- 
peated from  two  to  three  times  per  day,  and  during  one  or 
two  hours.  It  is  important  that  the  sand  be  maintained  at  the 
game  degree  of  temperature — a  condition  easy  to  obtain,  as 
the  sand  cools  slowly,  and  is  always  easily  replaced  when  it 
commences  to  cool.  In  following  this  rule  in  the  usage  of  hot 
sand,  the  patient  soon  obtains  notable  relief,  and  it  is  easy  to 
perceive  a  rapid  diminution  in  the  articular  engorgements."  ' 

One  distinction  may  be  made  in  the  use  of  thermal  waters 
in  rheumatism.  It  is  this  :  Rheumatics  are  divided  into  two 
classes — those  of  the  lymphatic  temperament  and  those  of  the 
nervous.  In  the  former,  waters  rich  in  the  sulphurets  have 
seemed  to  produce  the  best  results,  and  baths  of  the  higlier 
temperature  are  usually  indicated;  while  in  the  latter — the 
nervous  temperament — waters  containing  but  a  small  propiv- 
tion  of  constituents,  and  of  moderate  heat,  are  preferable. 

Gout  is  the  malady  of  bo?i-vivaiits,  those  who  indulge 
largely  in  the  pleavsures  of  tlie  table,  and  inherit  a  tendency 
to  the  affection.  There  an*  several  forms  of  the  disease.  In 
acute  gout^  the  paroxysms  are  attended  with  excessive  pain. 
In  chronic  (/out,  the  attacks  are  accompanied  with  less  pain 
and  f<  ver,  but  may  continue  for  weeks  and  months,  and  several 
i^>tnt*  may  be  attacked  at  the  same  time.  This  form,  also,  is 
frc^juenlh  ■•coompanitHl  with  chalky  deposits  of  urates  in  the 

»  "iTlnlqiio  MoJkuU',"  Trousseau,  ♦omo  iii.,  p.  881. 


it 

■    s 


10 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


joints.  The  anomalous  or  atonic  form  is  one  into  vvhicli 
persons,  previously  the  subjects  of  acute  gout,  fall ;  an  enfee- 
bled condition,  accompanied  by  muscular  weakness,  dyspepsia, 
excessive  perspirations,  and  increased  sensitiveness ;  and  sliglit 
errors  in  diet,  excitement,  exposure  to  cold,  or  changes  of 
weather,  produce  severe  pains  in  one  or  more  joints,  resembling 
the  beginning  of  an  acute  attack  of  gout,  but  which  is  never 
fully  developed.  There  may  also  be  gout  in  the  stomach,  in 
the  heart,  in  the  brain,  and  other  internal  organs,  but  such 
complications  are  rare. 

An  attack  of  acute  gout  is  one  of  the  most  painful  affec- 
tions which  the  human  body  endures.  "A  person  of  full 
habit  and  easy  circumstances,  a  free  liver,  complains  for  some 
days  of  diminished  appetite,  of  somnolence,  and  of  inaptitude 
of  the  mind ;  usually  of  jovial  disposition,  he  becomes  irasci- 
ble, and  the  urine  is  found  to  deposit  a  red  or  brick-dust  sedi- 
ment. On  the  day  of  the  attack,  however,  these  precursory 
symptoms  subside.  He  retires  at  night  and  sleeps  tranquilly ; 
but  toward  two  or  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  he  awakes 
with  u  sensation  of  pain  in  one  of  the  groat-toes.  He  changes 
tlic  position  of  his  foot,  hoping  to  obtain  relief,  but  no  ameli- 
oration follows ;  the  pain  increases  slowly  but  surely  in  se- 
verity, till,  linallj'',  the  toui^h  of  the  covering  is  unbearable,  and 
the  slightest  jar  of  the  room  or  bod  aggravates  the  pain,  which 
he  compares  to  a  nail  being  driven  into  the  joint,  to  tearing 
asunder  of  the  ligaments,  to  the  clinching  of  a  vice  at  the 
utmost  pressure — in  short,  exhausts  the  vocabulary  of  painful 
comparisons.  The  skin  is  hot,  the  pulse  bounding.  Toward 
morning  the  pain  moderates,  and  when  day  dawns  he  iccls 
little  or  no  pain,  and  passes  a  comparatively  easy  day.  The 
seat  of  the  pain  is  red  and  swollen.  Toward  evening,  how- 
ever, the  pain  recommences,  and  during  the  night  the  previous 
tortures  arc  repeated,  again  to  subside  in  the  morning.  And 
each  night,  for  as  many  as  eight  nights  it  may  be,  these  pains 


recur. 


i5 


In  tills  disease  there  is  always  a  condition  known  as  the 
"uric  acid  dUiUies's;"  the  l)lojd  is  charond  with  uric  acid,  but 


1 


icil 

lee- 

pia, 

fht 

lof 

VCT 

in 


TDERAPEUTICS. 


5ri 


whetlier  it  is  the  primary  cause,  or  only  a  phenomenon  in  the 
course  of  the  disease,  is  unknown.  The  burden  of  testimony 
points  to  the  excess  of  uric  acid  as  the  cause,  this  excess, 
however,  depending  on  a  disturbance  in  the  processes  of  as- 
similation. The  patient  seems  to  do  well  as  long  as  the  uric 
acid  is  freely  excreted  by  the  kidneys ;  but  when  the  urinif- 
erous  tubules  are  plugged  by  deposits  of  urates,  and  the  flow 
of  urine  is  impeded,  au  attack  of  gout  is  the  result. 

In  treating  this  malady  by  mineral  waters,  an  imperative 
rule  is,  that  waters  should  only  he  used  during  intervals  of  the 
attack,  and  as  far  distant  from  a  preceding  or  succeeding  at- 
tack as  we  can  determine. 

For  the  acute  or  regular  gout,  the  alJcaUne  loaters  are  pref- 
erable to  all  others,  those  rich  in  carbonate  of  soda.  Former- 
ly, a  chemical  theory  obtained  that  the  alkalies  neutralized  the 
excess  of  uric  acid  present ;  but  this  has  long  since  been  aban- 
doned. The  tendency  of  these  waters  is  to  lessen  the  severity 
of  the  attacks  and  lengthi  n  the  interval  between  them ;  but, 
if  continued  too  long,  there  is  great  danger  that  regular  gout 
may  be  converted  into  the  chronic  form,  or  that  some  impor- 
tant internal  organ  may  become  the  seat  of  the  disease.  Trt)r.s- 
seau  tells  us :  "I  know  of  no  medication  more  perilous  th;in 
that  of  these  v.-aters"  (Carlsbad,  Vich}',  Vals,  etc.),  "adminis- 
tered without  reserve,  without  discernment,  without  regard  to 
individual  conditions  of  health,  of  the  form  of  the  gout,  with- 
out attention  whether  the  paroxysm  has  been  long  enough 
past,  or  whether  a  new  attack  is  imminent.  .  .  ,  Are  you  to 
imderstand  by  this  that  I  proscribe  their  employment  ?  As- 
suredly, no ;  and  I  believe,  with  M.  Durand-Fardel,  in  their 
elficacious  action,  but  within  a  restricted  limit.  As  a  general 
rule,  alkaline  waters  should  not  be  taken  more  than  ten  or 
twelve  days  in  succession,  and  in  very  small  quantities  at  a 
time.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  return  to  the  spring  each  month 
for  the  time  that  I  have  mentioned."  ^  This  method  of  using 
waters  is,  however,  impracticable  for  most  persons.     It  shows, 

circumspection  their  action  should 


grc: 


"CHuiquo  M6dlcalo,"  tome  ill.,  p.  857. 


>1' 


bJ 


12 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


be  guarded  in  this  disease.  Authorities  agree  on  this  point: 
Whoever  pursues  a  course  of  alkaline  waters,  should  be  cau- 
tioned  not  to  deluge  the  system  with  the  water,  but  to  drink 
with  great  moderation ;  three  ordinary  glasses  per  day  of  the 
stronger  waters  being  amply  sufficient.  Frequently,  one  or 
two  seasons  of  these  waters  will  render  a  gouty  subject  com- 
paratively free  from  attacks,  provided  the  person  is  exceed- 
ingly cautious  in  his  table  habits,  eating  meat  but  once  a  day, 
not  partaking  of  wine  or  beer,  and  restricting  his  diet  chiefly 
to  vegetables  and  soups.  While  taking  alkaline  waters,  it  is 
not  unusual  for  a  moderate  paroxysm  of  gout  to  be  excited. 
In  this,  however,  there  is  no  cause  for  alarm,  a  temporary  sus- 
pension of  the  water  being  all  that  is  indicated. 

In  regular  gout  the  use  of  baths  is  contra-indicated  as  a 
rule.  Durand-Fardel  says :  "  The  treatment  of  acute  gout  is 
altogether  internal ;  however,  baths  may  be  employed  in  the 
absence  of  all  actual  manifestations  of  gout,  and  provided 
there  is  no  tendency  to  irregular  manifestations  of  the  malady 
toward  the  head  or  chest.  .  .  .  The  usage  of  douches  is 
always  to  be  dreaded."  ' 

In  chronic  gout  saline  waters  are  indicated,  those  rich  in 
chloride  of  sodium.  And  in  this  condition  the  same  care  in 
the  use  of  waters  is  to  be  observed  as  in  regular  gout.  The 
saline  waters  are  especially  useful  in  lymphatic  temperaments. 

The  favorable  effects  of  the  classes  of  waters  named,  in 
relieving  gout,  is  supposed  by  Niemeyer  to  depend  on  the  re- 
duction of  plethora  due  to  a  misproportion  -between  supply 
and  demand  in  the  body, "  whether  the  plethora  depend  solely 
on  hypertrophy  of  the  blood,  i.  e.,  an  increase  of  its  cellular 
elements,  and  a  certain  density  of  the  intercellular  substance 
(the  serum  of  the  blood),  or  on  an  accompanying  absolute  in- 
crease of  the  amount  of  blood  contained  in  the  body.  It  is 
very  interesting  to  note  that  the  beneficial  effect  of  these  nat- 
ural mineral  waters  on  plethora,  which  has  been  long  known, 
and  which  far  exceeds  that  of  ordinary  water,  agrees  with  the 
observations  of  C.  Schmidt  and  Vogel,  according  to  which  the 


'  "Dlctionnalro  des  Eaux  Minfirnles,"  tome  ii.,  p.  89. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


73 


It: 
lau- 
ink 
;he 

or 
>in- 
led- 

>% 

is 
id. 
US- 


amount  of  albumen  in  the  serum  of  the  blood  is  inversely  pro- 
portional to  the  amount  of  salt."  * 

In  cases  of  anomalous  or  atonic  gout,  those  presenting 
general  cachexia,  the  reducing  course  of  treatment  should  be 
abandoned.  The  patient  may  take  more  freely  of  nutriment, 
and  a  little  wine  may  be  permitted.  The  waters  then  indi- 
cated are  the  chalybeates,  or  the  chloride  of  sodium  waters, 
containing  considerable  iron.  The  author  just  quoted  says : 
"  It  is  always  better  to  let  the  patient  use  the  ferruginous  al- 
kaline-saline and  alkaline-muriatic  mineral  waters,  such  as 
Eger,  Kissingen,  or  Homburg,  than  to  prescribe  simple  ferru- 
ginous waters  or  preparations  of  iron."  He  adds :  "  In  the 
later  stages  of  the  disease,  the  akrato-thermal  springs — Wild- 
bad,  Gastein,  PfaflFers,  etc.  [hot  waters,  containing  but  a  very 
small  proportion  of  ingredients — W.],  are  very  serviceable. 
We  may  have  the  patient  drink  of  these  waters  and  bathe  in 
them ;  perhaps  the  infarctions  obstructing  the  tubules  may  be 
carried  away  by  the  former,  and  the  kidneys  washed  out,  as  it 
were ;  while  the  latter  have  the  most  beneficial  eflfect  on  the  in- 
flammation of  the  joints."  '  In  using  these  last-named  waters 
in  this  stage  of  the  disease,  we  should  remember  the  tendency 
of  the  malady,  when  too  much  interfered  with,  to  leave  the 
joints  and  attack  some  more  vital  part,  and  their  effects  should 
therefore  be  closely  scrutinized. 

With  the  precautions  mentioned,  thermal  waters  in  the 
form  of  baths  and  douches  may  be  employed  with  great  bene- 
fit for  the  purpose  of  removing  gouty  deposits. 

Syphilis. — For  this  frightful  disease,  the  ravages  of  which 
are  so  much  to  be  dreaded,  there  is  no  absolute  cure.  K  men 
knew  the  perils  of  the  disease,  they  would  perhaps  more  care- 
fully guard  against  the  contraction  of  a  malady  which  often 
renders  old  age  a  burden,  and  manifests  its  effects  even  to 
children's  children.  We  have  said  there  is  no  absolute  cure — 
no  condition  in  which  we  can  say  the  patient  will  never  have 
symptoms  of  the  virus  which  has  penetrated  his  system ;  nev- 
ertheless, under  the  use  of  proper  remedies,  the  patient  may, 


I  "  Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol.  ii,,  p.  604. 
4 


«  Ibid,  vol.  ii.,  p.  505. 


;ii 


u     ■ 


mmmmm 


14 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


to  all  external  appearance,  be  entirely  cured,  and  may  suffer 
little  inconvenience  from  the  disease. 

What  is  the  value  of  mineral  waters  in  this  disease  ?  Ri- 
cord  has  affirmed  that  mineral  waters  are  insufficient  by  them- 
selves to  arrest  the  progress  of  the  syphilitic  virus ;  and  this 
view  is  sanctioned  by  the  most  competent  observers — Vidal, 
Sigmund,  Michaelis,  Constantin  James,  and  Durand-Fardel. 
All,  however,  agree  that  in  many  instances  they  are  a  valuable 
auxiliary;  that  in  certain  cases  the  action  of  anti-syphilitic 
remedies  is  thereby  rendered  more  reliable ;  that  while  using 
mineral  waters  the  system  is  much  more  tolerant  of  the  action 
of  these  medicines ;  and  that  ill  effects  from  the  previous  im- 
proper use  of  them  are  obviated.  An  additional  value  of 
mineral  waters,  especially  the  sulphur-waters,  in  this  disease, 
is  as  a  diagnostic  criterion.  While  using  them  it  frequently 
occurs  that  persons  who  considered  themselves  free  from  the 
disease,  have  observed  with  alarm  the  appearance  of  the  old 
malady  in  the  form  of  skin-disease.  It  seems  that,  however 
latent  the  disease,  its  manifestation  is  developed  by  sulphur- 
waters;  and,  as  a  rule,  persons  suspected  of  syphilis,  who 
pursue  a  course  of  these  waters  without  any  symptoms  super- 
vening, may  be  considered  free  from  the  disease.  But  in  this, 
as  in  many  medical  problems,  we  do  not  arrive  at  mathemati- 
cal certainty.  Ricord  tells  us  there  are  instances  of  persons 
following  a  complete  course  of  mineral-water  treatment  with- 
out any  trace  of  the  disease  being  manifested,  and  yet  the 
following  summer  there  has  been  a  reappearance  of  the  symp- 
toms. 

All  classes  of  mineral  waters  have  been  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  syphilis ;  and,  doubtless,  they  have  proved  useful,  in 
greater  or  less  degree,  by  their  alterative  action,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  other  medicines.  Durand-Fardel  says:  "It  appears 
beyond  question  that  the  association  of  mineral  waters  with 
specific  medication  is  well  adapted  to  overcome  the  resistance 
which  the  morbid  constitution  of  some  individuals  oppose 
thereto.  Most  frequently  this  is  a  state  of  anaemia  and  gen- 
eral debility — a  mingled  consequence  of  the  disease  and  the 


THERAPEUTICS. 


76 


treatment,  in  face  of  which  the  mercurials  and  iodide  of  potas- 
sium are  inactive  or  dangerous.  .  .  .  A^  e  will  with  difficulty 
find  a  better  combination  of  agencies  capable  of  restoring  the 
organism  enfeebled  by  the  diathesis,  or  under  the  prolonged 
influence  of  alteratives.  The  adjoining  circumstances  of  alti- 
tude— air  and  sunlight — add  to  the  remedial  efficacy  of  the 
sulphurous  and  chloride  of  sodium  waters,  already  indicated. 
We  exclude  neither  the  marine  treatment ;  neither  mother- 
waters  (concentrated  saline  waters) ;  neither  the  processes  of 
hydrotherapy.  The  internal  use  of  chalybeate  waters,  and 
of  those  which,  as  Challes,  Saxon,  or  Wildegg,  are  sensibly 
iodurated,  recommends  itself  in  certain  conditions." ' 

The  method  of  treatment  which  has  received  most  favor  in 
this  country,  when  springs  are  resorted  to,  is  that  by  hot  baths. 
This  manner  of  elimination,  by  exciting  all  the  emunctories  of 
the  system  in  an  unusual  degree,  highly  commends  itself.  In 
this  way  changes  of  tissue  are  wrought  in  a  few  weeks  that 
would  otherwise  require  years ;  and,  along  with  the  d^briSj 
the  S3rphilitic  poison  is  expelled.  And,  when  sulphur  and  sa- 
line waters  are  employed,  the  hot  bath  cannot  well  be  dis- 
pensed with;  indeed,  at  all  springs  where  this  disease  is 
treated,  it  is  an  important  auxiliary.  The  various  highly-min- 
eralized waters  which  are  efficacious,  probably  act  by  the  force 
that  is  imparted  to  specific  medicines  already  absorbed  in  pre- 
vious courses  of  treatment. 

Metallic  Poisoning, — Workers  in  various  metals  are  sub- 
ject to  various  symptome,  both  of  the  digestive  and  nervous 
systems,  due  to  the  slow  absoiption  of  the  metal  through  the 
skin  and  lungs,  producin,.:  a  condition  of  chronic  poisoning. 
Painter's  colic  is  an  ordinary  form  of  this  poisoning  by  lead, 
while  that  form  of  paralysis,  known  as  "  wrist-drop,"  is  a  fur- 
ther development  of  the  disease.  We  may  also  class  certain 
cases  of  syphilis  that  have  been  overtreated  by  mercurials  un- 
der this  head. 

The  w.aters  which  prove  most  efficacious  in  these  conditions 
are  those  of  the  sulphur  class ;  and,  if  they  be  thermal^  so  that 

1  Op.  dt,  tome  U.,  pp.  818, 814. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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WIISTIR,N.Y.  MSM 

(716)t73-4S03 


.-6^ 


76 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  elimination  of  the  metal  may  be  aided  by  hot  baths,  so 
much  the  more  are  they  appropriate.  As  a  subsequent  meas- 
ure in  antemic  and  debilitated  patients,  the  chalybeate  waters 
will  frequently  prove  beneficial. 

Diabetes  Mellitus.— Not  every  case  in  which  sugar  is  found 
in  the  lu-ine  is  a  true  case  of  diabetes  mellitus ;  for  there  are 
sometimes  healthy  persons  in  whom  a  small  proportion  of  su- 
gar in  the  urine  is  an  occasional  condition ;  but  they  present 
none  of  the  early  characteristics  of  the  disease — such  as  in- 
creased thirst,  passage  of  immoderate  quantities  of  urine,  ex- 
aggeration of  appetite,  and  feebleness  of  vision. 

When,  however,  we  have  to  do  with  a  clear  case  of  sac- 
charine diabetes,  what  is  the  value  of  mineral  waters  in  the 
treatment?  We  answer  that,  in  many  instances,  they  are  un- 
equivocal, though,  at  the  same  time,  it  must  be  added  that  as 
far  as  observed  they  are  but  palliative.  The  waters  which 
have  given  evidence  of  utility  are  the  alkaline  and  calcic 
waters — those  rich  in  carbonates  of  soda,  magnesia,  etc.  The 
treatment  by  alkaline  waters  has  been  followed  with  much  ad- 
vantage for  many  years  at  Vichy,  in  France,  and  Karlsbad,  in 
Germany.  Of  the  alkaline-saline  thermals  of  Karlsbad,  Nie- 
meyer  says :  "  In  our  present  state  of  knowledge,  a  course  of 
waters  at  Karlsbad  is  the  measure  which  should  deserve  the 
chief  reliance  as  a  remedy  for  diabetes  mellitus."  * 

During  the  use  of  these  waters  the  quantity  of  sugar  ex- 
creted is  remarkably  diminished,  and  all  trace  sometimes  dis- 
appears ;  the  inordinate  thirst  is  also  relieved,  and  the  patient 
improves  in  strength.  By  successive  seasons  at  these  springs, 
together  with  proper  attention  to  diet  and  exercise,  the  course 
of  the  malady  has  been  stayed  for  years.  Neither  should  bal- 
neary measures  be  omitted — a  course  of  baths  stimulating  the 
functions  of  the  skin  proves  a  valuable  adjunct.  In  this  coun- 
try the  same  beneficial  results  have  followed  the  use  of  alka- 
line and  calcic  waters ;  and  this  has  led  proprietors  of  recently- 
discovered  springs  tn  exaggerate  their  efficacy  in  this  disease. 
Let  it  be  understood,  however,  that  positive  relief  may  be  ob- 

>  "Text-Book  of  Medldne,"  American  edition,  vol.  U.,  p.  760. 


( 


THERAPEUTICS. 


11 


I,  so 

3as- 
\tei'3 

md 
[are 

su- 
knt 

in- 
icx- 


tained  by  alkaline  waters  more  certainly  than  by  any  other 
remedy.  But  we  should  not  forget  that  the  administration  of 
the  alkaline  remedies  of  the  shops  sometimes  procures  similar 
results,  though  not  equally  satisfactory. 

These  waters  are  only  to  be  resorted  to  in  the  first  and 
second  stages  of  the  disease,  before  pulmonary  phthisis  or 
other  profound  lesions  complicate  the  case.  When  these  su- 
pervene, the  malady  is  beyond  the  resource  of  medical  art. 

Intermittent  Fever. — There  is  no  evidence  showing  that 
the  paroxysms  of  intermittent  fever  can  be  arrested  by  the  use 
of  mineral  waters.  In  cases  of  paludal  cachexia,  however,  they 
may  modify  the  general  condition  of  the  system,  so  that  appro- 
priate remedies  will  readily  yield  the  desired  result.  Under 
their  use  the  chronic  engorgements  of  the  liver  and  spleen, 
produced  by  repeated  paroxysms,  are  often  entirely  relieved. 
The  waters  most  highly  recommended  are  the  alkaline — those 
strong  in  alkaline  carbonate?  * — and  containing  a  certain  propor- 
tion of  iron.  Saline  waters  also  produce  favorable  results ;  hot 
baths,  in  some  instances,  change  an  obstinate  quartan  or  septan 
into  a  tertian,  which  readily  yields  to  the  usual  treatment. 

Chronic  Dysentery. — Probably  no  country  has  ever  known 
more  of  this  terrible  disease  than  our  own — a  disease  that, 
during  the  late  war,  decimated  the  forces  by  invalidism  and 
death,  and  sent  many  home  to  linger  through  a  life  of  anxiety 
and  pain — some  of  whom  are  living  at  this  day,  continually 
harassed  by  the  malady. 

The  disease  in  the  army  was  due  to  exposure,  fatigue,  pal- 
udal miasm,  and  a  diet  devoid  of  fresh  meat  and  vegetables. 
The  effect  of  miasm  and  a  scorbutic  diet  has  been  clenriy  de- 
monstrated. But,  after  the  patient  is  entirely  removed  from 
the  influence  of  these  productive  causes,  there  remains  nn  ul- 
cerated, inflamed,  and  irritable  condition  of  the  colon,  which 
continues  almost  indefinitely.  This  same  irritable  and  ulcere 
ated  condition  of  the  colon  sometimes  occurs  in  civil  life  as  a 
sequel  of  acute  dysentery.  The  milder  forms,  unaccompanied 
by  ulceration,  are  known  as  chronic  diarrhcea. 

I  TrouBseau^s  "  Cliniqne  M6dloaIe,"  tome  111.,  p.  57. 


'1;i 


78 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


The  treatment  of  this  disease  has  proved  exceedingly  un- 
satisfactory ;  many  drugs  giving  temporary  velief,  but  a  slight 
cold  or  error  in  diet  bringing  it  back  with  its  former  force. 
The  ulcerated  and  inflamed  surfaces  are  in  the  condition  of  a 
chronic  ulcer,  externally,  which  may  for  a  time  be  inactive, 
but  does  not  heal.  Many  mineral  waters  in  this  country  are 
claimed  to  be  a  remedy  for  this  condition.  Those,  however, 
which  possess  the  most  unequivocal  testimony  in  their  favor 
are  the  so-called  alum-waters  of  Virginia,  which  are  well 
worthy  of  trial  in  a  disease  so  difficult  of  ciu-e. 

Anasarca^  or  dropsy,  not  being  a  disease,  but  a  symptom 
of  disease,  it  is  not  necessary  to  treat  of  it  separately.  It  may 
be  remedied,  in  some  instances,  by  waters  that  relieve  the  con- 
dition on  which  it  depends. 

Cancer. — Tliere  is  no  reliable  record  of  cm-e  of  this  dis- 
ease by  mineral  waters,  though  there  are  undoubted  instances 
of  considerable  amelioration  of  symptoms.  Cases  of  lupus 
and  chronic  ulcers  have  no  doubt  healed  under  their  use,  and 
hence  has  arisen  the  claim  of  cure  for  cancer.  The  waters 
which  have  attracted  most  attention  in  this  disease  are  those 
of  Sheldon,  Vermont.  Under  the  description  of  these  waters 
this  question  is  discussed. 

Scrofula. — In  this  malady,  or  class  of  maladies,  the  best 
authorities  bear  uniform  testimony  in  favor  of  the  value  of 
mineral  waters.  There  are  two  classes  of  scrofulous  persons ; 
those  of  slender  frame,  with  accelerated  pulse  and  overactive 
nervous  system,  and  those  who  are  clumsy  and  thick-set,  with 
enlarged  nose  and  upper  lip,  and  in  whom  the  adipose  tissue 
is  strongly  developed,  the  heart-action  slow,  and  the  nervous 
system  obtuse.  It  is  to  this  last  class  that  mineral  waters  are 
best  adapted. 

First  among  waters  for  the  relief  of  scrofula  are  the  saline. 
Durand-Fardel  says:  "It  is  necessary  to  thoroughly  under- 
stand the  following  rule  of  practice.  Whenever  we  wish  to 
remedy  profound  and  confirmed  scrofulous  affections,  such  as 
show  the  constitutional  dyscrasia  in  the  most  unmistakable 
manner,  it  is  to  waters  strongly  mineralized  by  chloride  of 


THERAPEUTICS. 


19 


jght 
(rce. 
If  a 
live, 
I  are 

^er, 
jvor 

7ell 


sodium  that  we  must  resort."  *  These  waters  are  used  both 
internally  and  in  the  form  of  baths.  The  strong  brine-bath, 
formed  by  concentration  of  saline  waters,  is  especially  useful. 
Speaking  of  these  baths,  after  giving  the  indications  for  cod- 
liver  oil,  Niemeyer  says :  "  It  is  far  more  difficult  to  furnish 
definite  instruntions  for  the  use  of  the  brine-baths,  whose  anti- 
scrofulous  virtues  enjoy  a  reputation  almost  as  great  as  that 
of  cod-liver  oil.  We  know  too  little  about  the  action  of  these 
baths,  and  about  the  effect  which  they  produce  upon  nutrition, 
and  the  advantages  derived  from  the  salt,  iodine,  and  bromine, 
which  they  contain,  to  enable  us  to  determine  upon  theoreti- 
cal principles  where  they  are  indicated,  and  where  they  are 
unlikely  to  do  good.  .  .  .  Hence  there  is  no  resource  but 
to  send  persons  who  have  in  vain  tried  cod-liver  oil,  and  other 
anti-scrofulous  remedies,  to  Kreutznach,  Ischel,  Kosen,  or  Wit- 
tekind,  or  some  similar  watering-place,  in  the  hope  that  they 
may  be  among  those  to  whom  the  baths  will  exhibit  their  anti- 
scrofulous  virtues,  which  are  by  no  means  illusory." ' 

Sea-bathing  also  enters  appropriately  into  the  treatment 
of  certain  conditions  of  scrofulous  habit.  Here  the  action  is 
complex,  for,  adjoined  to  immersion  in  the  saline  waters  of 
the  ocean,  we  have  the  continuous  inhalation  of  sea-air.  Sea- 
baths  seem  best  adapted  to  those  conditions  in  which  the 
scrofulous  diathesis  is  not  fully  developed.  When  the  dys- 
crasia  is  well  marked,  and  inveterate  local  manifestations  are 
exhibited,  they  do  not  answer  so  good  a  purpose. 

Sulphur-waters  are  deemed  especially  applicable  to  those 
forms  of  scrofula  accompanied  by  lesions  of  the  skin,  known  as 
scrofulides.  For  these  scrofulous  diseases  of  the  skin  Hardy 
tells  us,  "  in  the  form  of  baths  mineral  waters  possess  a  happy 
influence ;  the  sulphur-waters,  and,  above  all,  those  which  are 
very  rich  in  sulphur ;  good  success  is  also  obtained  by  the 
bromo-iodated  waters."  * 

In  this  country,  besides  waters  of  the  classes  named,  the 


I 


in 


I  "  Diotlonnaire  06n6rale  des  Eaux  Mln^ralos,^  tomo  ii.,  p.  749. 
•  "Text-Book  of  Mediclue,"  American  edition,  vol.  ii.,  p.  747. 
a  Mj^^QB  sur  la  Scrofole  et  les  ScroMdes,"  Paris,  18M,  p.  9). 


I 


fV' 


80 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Rockbridge  Alum  and  the  Healing  Springs  of  Virginia  enjoy 
considerable  and  well-deserved  reputation  in  the  treatment 
of  scrofula.  The  last-named  is  especially  adapted  to  those 
cases  accompanied  with  ulceration  of  the   skin   or  mucous 

membrane. 

In  the  cure  of  scrofula  by  mineral  waters,  a  cure  cannot  be 
accomplished  by  a  short  season  of  two  or  three  weeks.  It  is 
frequently  necessary  to  remain  at  the  springs  for  two  or  three 
months,  and  perhaps  to  return  the  succeeding  season  to  com- 
plete the  cure. 

Anoemia  is  the  condition  in  which  the  red  globules  of  the 
blood  are  diminished  in  quantity,  and  the  other  constituents 
are  altered  in  character.  It  is  not  a  disease  in  itself,  but  the 
result  of  many  morbid  conditions,  especially  such  as  prevail  in 
numerous  chronic  diseases.  Whenever  the  treatment  of  anae- 
mia is  the  prominent  indication  in  the  course  of  a  chronic  disease, 
chalybeate  waters  should  be  selected,  choosing  those  which, 
because  of  the  additional  constituents  besides  the  iron,  are  ap- 
plicable to  the  cure  of  the  disease  by  which  anaemia  has  been 
induced. 

Chlorosis.  —  This  condition  is  to  be  distinguished  from 
anaemia,  associated  with  other  diseases,  such  as  phthisis  pul- 
monalis,  albuminuria,  dyspepsia,  syphilis,  etc.  The  deficiency 
of  the  cellular  elements  of  the  blood — the  red  blood-globules — 
is  the  prominent  characteristic,  the  number  decreasing  so  that 
they  may  not  amount  to  one-half  the  usual  quantity,  while  the 
other  elements  of  the  blood  remain  normal.  In  anaemia,  as  a 
result  of  disease,  not  only  is  the  number  of  globules  reduced, 
but  the  constituents  of  the  blood  are  altered  in  character  and 
quantity.  Chlorosis  is  essentially  a  disease  of  early  woman- 
hood, and  is  in  some  unknown  way  connected  with  the  pro- 
cess of  development.  The  skin  and  mucous  membranes  are 
of  a  pallid  hue,  accompanied  in  some  instances  by  a  yellow- 
ish or  greenish  tint.  The  remedy  above  all  others  is  iron, 
and,  when  it  is  desirable  to  send  patients  suflFering  from  this 
disease  to  the  springs,  the  chalybeate  waters  are  to  be  chosen. 
The  change  of  scene,  and  air  and  exercise,  asscjiated  with  a 


3y 
tit 

se 
us 


le 

>s 


f 


THERAPEUTICS. 


81 


season  at  the  springs,  contribute  largely  to  the  eftect  of  the 
waters.     Sea-bathing  is  also  of  marked  utility  in  these  cases. 

DISEASES   OF  THE  NERVOUS   SYSTEM. 

Hemiplegia,  or  paralysis  of  one  side  of  the  body  from  cere- 
bral apoplexy,  is  one  of  the  most  frequent  forms  of  paralysis. 
The  recovery  in  these  cases  is  a  work  of  Nature,  and  not  of 
medicine,  though  by  the  proper  use  of  mineral  waters  the  pro- 
cess may  be  aided  in  some  instances.  After  an  apoplectic  at- 
tack, not  severe  enough  to  destroy  life,  the  communication 
between  the  brain  and  muscles  is  interrupted  by  the  blood-clot 
pressing  upon  the  intervening  nervous  filaments,  or  one  side 
of  the  brain  itself  may  be  so  pressed  upon  that  impulse  is  not 
generated,  and,  as  a  consequence,  we  have  entire  suspension 
of  motion  of  that  portion  of  the  body  over  which  the  impli- 
cated structures  preside.  Sensation  is  also  abolished.  Soon 
after  the  first  effects  of  the  apoplectic  seizure  have  passed 
away,  including  the  inflammatory  fever,  which  is  a  result  of 
the  injury  to  the  brain-substance,  the  condition  of  the  patient 
begins  slowly  to  improve,  the  more  fluid  portions  of  the  clot 
are  gradually  absorbed,  the  pressure  on  the  nerve-filaments 
is  lessened,  and,  as  a  result,  sensation  is  perhaps  altogether 
restored,  and  motion  partially.  This  process  occupies  months. 
At  a  certain  point,  however,  the  improvement  ceases,  the  fluid 
portions  of  the  clot  have  been  absorbed,  and  there  remains  a 
shrunken  nodule  which  is  but  slightly  susceptible  of  absorp- 
tion. It  is  just  at  this  point  that  mineral  waters  may  prove 
useful.  By  promoting  metamorphosis  of  tissue,  they  may  still 
further  advance  the  absorptive  process.  For  this  purpose 
saline  waters  are  preferred,  with  common  consent,  for,  while 
they  promote  the  process  of  resolution,  they  do  not  stimulate 
the  nerve-centres,  as  is  the  case  with  strong  sulphur-waters.* 
Waters  feebly  mineralized,  and  of  elevated  temperature,  also 
produce  good  results  in  hemiplegia.  In  commending  these 
thermal  waters,  Niemej'er  says :  "  We  must  not  hope  that  the 
destroyed  filaments  of  the  brain  will  be  restored  by  the  use 

*  "  Dictionnaire  06n^ra1e  dos  Eanx  Min6ra1eR,"  tome  ii.,  p.  498. 


M 


'I'll 


I  -■! 


82 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


of  these  waters,  but  experience  shows  that,  at  these  places 
(Wildbad,Ga8tein,Pfaflfer8),  both  cerebral  and  spinal  paralysis 
often  improve;  probably  this  improvement  is  due  to  the  favor- 
able influence  of  the  baths  on  the  inflammation  about  the  clot, 
and  on  that  portion  of  the  paralysis  due  to  it." ' 

Mineral  waters  should  not,  then,  be  resorted  to  soon  after 
an  apoplectic  seizure,  but  a  certain  length  of  time  should 
elapse.  As  a  general  rule,  about  the  fifth  or  sixth  month  after 
the  attack  is  the  most  favorable  time  for  the  use  of  mineral 
waters.'  In  this  disease  waters  are  used  both  internally  and 
externally.  The  nearer  to  the  attack  the  stronger  is  the  indi- 
cation for  the  internal  use  of  waters,  and  more  especially  the 
laxative  salines.  In  this  manner  it  may  be  hoped  that  absorp- 
tion will  be  advanced.  Later,  however,  when  all  that  can  be 
gained  in  this  way  has  been  obtained,  warm  douches  should 
be  employed,  expecting  thereby  to  stimulate  the  peripheric 
nerves  and  arouse  the  inactive  muscles.  Nothing,  however,  is 
to  be  gained  when  the  hemiplegic  paralysis  is  of  some  years' 
standing,  and  the  muscles  will  not  respond  to  the  stimulation 
of  the  electric  current. 

Paraplegia^  or  loss  of  motion  in  the  lower  extremities,  is 
due  either  to  functional  derangement  or  organic  disease  of  the 
spinal  cord.  It  is  in  the  first  form  only  that  we  are  to  expect 
favorable  results  from  treatment  by  mineral  waters.  When 
paraplegia  is  a  result  of  rheumatism,  syphilis,  venereal  excess, 
or  chronic  metallic  poisoning,  we  may  expect  some  success 
from  their  use.  In  the  paraplegia  consecutive  to  accouche- 
ment. Prof.  Siebold  strongly  recommends  the  waters  of  TOp- 
litz,  in  Bohemia  (thermal  waters,  from  100°  to  120°  Fahr.). 

The  waters  which  have  proved  most  efficacious  in  paraple- 
gia are  those  of  the  thermal  class.  They  are  used  both  as  a 
bath  and  douche.  The  mode  of  employing  the  waters  of 
Wildbad,  in  Austria  (91°  to  100°  Fahr.),  in  paraplegia,  is  thus 
described  by  Constantin  James :  "  They  first  administer  baths 
of  from  ten  to  fifteen  minutes ;  then  they  au-^ment  the  dura- 

»  "Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  vol.  il.,  p.  202. 

>  "Guide  aoz  Eaux  Min6rales,"  Constantin  James,  p.  410. 


il 

i!  f 


r 


THERAFEUnOS. 


88 


tion  so  as  finally  to  arrive  at  baths  of  an  hour,  which,  how- 
ever, they  shorten  or  suspend  altogether  the  moment  symptoms 
of  reaction  are  manifest.  It  is  usually  between  the  first  and 
second  week  that  benefit  commences  to  be  experienced.  At 
this  period  they  sometimes  begin  the  use  of  the  douche,  of 
which  the  volume  and  the  fall  should  possess  but  a  very  feeble 
degree  of  percussion.  By  the  discreet  application  of  the 
douche,  the  good  eflfects  of  the  waters  are  much  aided."  * 

In  paraplegia  due  to  syphilis,  or  chronic  metallic  poisoning^ 
we  may  appropriately  apply  those  thermal  waters  which,  be- 
sides heat,  contain  ingredients  that  act  directly  .n  eliminating 
the  original  cause  of  the  disease. 

It  is  perhaps  best  to  repeat  that  paraplegia  is  only  bene- 
fited when  there  is  no  organic  lesion  of  the  spinal  cord.  If 
the  muscles  of  a  paraplegic  do  not  respond  on  testing  them 
with  the  electric  current,  and  the  limbs  are  diminished  in  size, 
we  can  hope  for  no  remedial  effect  from  mineral  waters. 

Locomotor  ataxia  is  characterized  by  an  inability  to  prop- 
erly control  the  movements  of  the  limbs  in  walking,  though 
muscular  force  remains.  It  is  due  to  organic  changes  in  the 
posterior  columns  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  spinal  cord,  and 
is  little  influenced  in  its  unfavorable  course  by  treatment  of 
any  kind.  Trousseau,  however,  recommends  sulphur-batha* 
and  Niemeyer  favors  thermal  waters^  not  with  expectation  of 
cure,  but  as  giving  relief.  Niemeyer  says:  "There  is  no 
doubt  that  tabes  patients  have  been  decidedly  benefited  by 
the  treatment  at  these  places  (Wildbad,  Gastein,  Ragaz,  PfUf- 
fers,  Toplitz,  etc.)."  ' 

Neuralgia. — In  the  treatment  of  neuralgia  we  have  fre- 
quently to  do  with  what  may  be  termed  a  neuralgic  constitu- 
tion— one  in  which  the  nerves  are  in  an  irritable  state,  and 
readily  impressed  by  external  influences.  This  nervous  condi- 
tion is  almost  invariably  accompanied  by  an  asthenic  state  of 
the  system ;  and,  that  we  may  relieve  the  neuralgias  to  which 

1  "Guide  aux  Eaux  Mln^rales,"  p.  244. 
»  "Cllulquo  M6uicale,"  tome.U.,  p.  660 
3  "  Text-Book  of  Mediciii<V'  American  edition,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2T0. 


84 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


these  persons  are  subject,  we  must  address  our  remedies  to 
the  general  condition.  For  this  purpose,  light,  air,  and  exer- 
cise, arc  exceedingly  important.  And  to  these  we  may  add  the 
use  of  baths  and  mineral  waters,  by  no  means  second  in  im- 
portance. The  thermal  waters  are  those  which  most  frequently 
produce  favorable  results ;  not  those  of  a  high  degree  of  heat, 
but  such  as  are  of  moderate  temperature,  and  where  there  are 
facilities  for  taking  prolonged  warm  baths  and  douches  of 
varying  temperature.  It  should  be  added,  however,  that  in 
some  atonic  cases  most  benefit  is  derived  from  a  sudden  and 
short  immersion  in  a  cold  bath,  or  by  the  use  of  transition 
douches.  Chalybeate  waters  are  also  valuable  in  anaemic  cases. 
Seorhaths  prove  exceedingly  effective  in  many  instances. 

The  various  local  neuralgias,  such  as  facial,  brachial,  and 
sciatic,  are  often  dependent  on  rheumatism,  syphilis,  or  metal- 
lic poisoning.  It  is  in  rheumatismal  cases  that  the  best  results 
are  obtained ;  and  indeed  it  is  the  cure  of  these  cases  that  has 
given  to  many  thermal  springs  the  great  reputation  they  pos- 
sess in  this  disease.  When  the  neuralgia  is  a  result  of  syphilis, 
we  trtat  this  condition ;  and  when  it  arises  from  metallic  poi- 
soning, the  sulphur-waters  are  of  decided  benefit.  A  favorite 
and  valuable  method  of  treating  sciatic  neuralgia  is  by  the 
warm  or  hot  douche.  Especially  has  this  proved  beneficial 
when  there  is  chronic  inflammation  of  the  nerve  or  ncrvc- 
sheaths. 

HYSTEEIA. 

This  disease  is  too  often  considered  by  the  laity  as  a  whim 
of  a  foolish  woman,  instead  of  a  derangement  of  the  nervous 
system,  which  it  really  is.  Of  the  many  kinds  of  treatment 
to  which  we  are  frequently  compelled  to  resort,  that  of  a 
sojourn  at  an  appropriate  watering-place  affords  hope  of  relief. 
If  the  patient  be  chlorotic,  she  should  be  recommended  to 
chalybeate  waters,  especially  those  where,  by  their  elevated 
temperature,  there  are  facilities  for  pursuing  a  course  of  baths. 
Sulphur  waters  also  prove  beneficial,  by  their  reconstituent 
property,  choosing  those  which  are  sedative  in  action  and  are 


r- 


THEBAFEUTIGS. 


80 


'» 


adapted  for  bathing.    The  prominent  advantages  of  a  life  at 
the  sea-side  and  sea-bathing  should  not  be  forgotten. 

HYPOCHONDRIA. 

Those  who  have  had  occasion  to  treat  this  disease  are 
well  aware  of  the  many  dilemmas  in  which  we  are  placed,  in 
order  to  satisfy  the  craving  of  the  patient  for  something  new 
in  the  way  of  treatment,  and.  at  the  same  time  to  prescribe  a 
remedy  that  may  really  tend  toward  removing  the  rnalady. 
Under  such  circumstances,  we  may  recommend  these  patients 
to  certain  mineral  springs  with  the  expectation  that  they  will 
be  benefited,  temporarily,  at  least.  The  waters  that  prove 
most  useful  are  the  saline  and  purgative  waters.  They  should 
be  rich  in  carbonic  acid,  so  that  they  agree  with  the  stomach. 
Their  efficacy  depends  on  their  favorable  influence  on  engorged 
abdominal  viscera,  which  frequently  occupy  a  causative  rela- 
tion to  this  disease.  When  dyspepsia  forms  a  prominent  feat- 
ure, the  saline  waters  are  to  be  preferred.  Niemeyer  says : 
"The  benefit  often  derived  from  the  springs  of  Karlsbad, 
Marienbad,  and  Kissingen  [purgative  and  saline  waters — W.], 
in  the  treatment  of  this  affection,  is  no  doubt  mainly  due  to  the 
beneficial  effect  exerted  by  these  waters  upon  diseases  of  the 
gastric  organs,  which  so  frequently  prove  a  source  of  hypochon- 
driasis." * 

DISEASES   OF  THE   HEABT. 

This  class  is  named  only  to  remark  that  organic  lesions  or 
changes  of  the  heart  are  in  no  wise  relieved  by  mineral  wa- 
ters ;  on  the  contrary,  there  is  so  much  danger  from  their  use 
that,  as  a  rule,  they  should  be  avoided.  Functional  derange- 
ments, however,  such  as  palpitation,  are  frequently  relieved, 
not  by  any  direct  action  upon  the  heart,  but  by  their  favorable 
influence  on  the  malady  on  which  palpitation  depends,  as  dys- 
pepsia, anaQmia,  chlorosis,  etc. 

DISEASES   OF  THE   RBSPIRATOBY  SYSTEM. 

Chronic  Laryngitis. — ^This  disease  is  otherwise  known  as 

^  Op.  eit.^  vol.  ii^  p.  898. 


m 


86 


MINERAL  SPRINGS 


clergy marC 8  sore-throat,  chronic  laryngeal  catarrh,  etc.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane lining  the  pharynx  and  larynx.  The  secretion  from  this 
membrane  may  be  increased  in  quantity,  but  vitiated,  becom- 
ing an  acrid  and  viscid  discharge,  or  it  may  be  almost  entirely 
suspended,  causing  the  throat  to  feel  exceedingly  dry  and  un- 
comfortable. The  mucous  membrane  also  becomes  thickened, 
the  vocal  cords  included,  and  a  harsh  and  hoarse  voice  is  pro- 
duced, or  it  may  be  almost  altogether  lost.  The  disease  usually 
commences  in  the  pharynx,  and  extends  to  the  larynx.  It  is, 
however,  seldom  noticed  in  the  early  stages,  as, until  the  voice 
begins  to  be  involved,  the  patient  is  seldom  alarmed. 

In  this  disease  mineral  vraters  occupy  a  deservedly  high 
position  as  a  curative  agent.  Those  most  frequently  useful 
are  the  sulphur-waters  rich  in  sodium,  and  the  alkaline  waters 
rich  in  chloride  of  sodium.  In  speaking  of  Eaux  Bonnes,  typ- 
ical waters  of  the  sulphuretted-sodium  kind,  Durand-Fardel 
observes :  "A  long  experience  has  proved  that  their  usage,  al- 
most exclusively  internal,  in  doses  progressively  increasing, 
produces  happy  eflfects,  especially  in  lymphatic  subjects  slightly 
impressionable,  and  when  the  affection  assumes  a  passive 
character."  *  Gibb  also  testifies  in  favor  of  these  waters,  espe- 
cially in  very  chronic  cases.'  The  use  of  this  class  of  waters, 
in  the  form  of  spray  projected  against  the  posterior  wall  of 
the  pharynx  or  directly  into  the  larynx,  also  exercises  a  bene- 
ficial effect. 

Concerning  the  alkaline  chloride-of-sodium  waters,  we  can- 
not do  better  than  quote  the  remarks  of  Niemeyer  at  length : 

**  The  use  of  the  alkaline  muriatic  mineral  waters  (SSuer- 
linge,  H&lloid  salts)  has  an  unmistakable  influence  upon  the 
coiurse  of  many  cases  of  chronic  laryngeal  catarrh,  which,  un- 
fortunately, cannot  as  yet  be  distinguished  from  the  cases  in 
which  it  fails.  For  this  mode  of  cure  it  is  better  to  send  the 
patient  to  such  places  as  Ems,  Obcrsalzbrunnen,  or  Gleichen- 
berg,  and,  only  when  his  means  will  not  permit  him  to  do  oth- 

1 M  Dictioiuiaire  des  Eaux  Minerales,"  tome  il.,  p.  247. 

*  "  DiBesfles  of  the  Throat  and  Windpipe."    London,  IStfi,  p.  14. 


II 


THERAFEUTIOS 


$1 


envise,  to  allow  him  to  use  seltzer-water  or  one  of  the  so-called 
mineral  waters,  as  a  cure  at  home.  We  may  let  him  drink  the 
Ems  or  Kesselbrunnen  water,  or  the  Kriihnchen  of  Ems,  on  the 
spot,  as  they  have  respectively  a  temperature  of  117°  Fahr., 
and  90°  Fahr.,  without  the  iddition  of  warm  milk  or  warm 
whey ;  in  order  to  warm  them,  it  is  better  to  mix  the  Obersilz- 
brunnen  or  the  imported  Ems  water,  with  equal  parts  o(  hot 
milk.  Tliat  the  far  more  customary  addition  of  whey  should 
have  any  real  advantage  over  that  of  milk  is  at  ler.  >t  doubt- 
ful. The  *  well-prepared  whey '  at  celebrated  watering-places — 
furnished  generally  by  a  *  Swiss,'  and,  if  possible,  by  an  Apen- 
zeller  in  his  national  costume — so  much  lauded  in  the  news- 
papers and  bath  journals,  and  to  which  often  more  credit  is 
given  than  the  springs  themselves,  is  merely  milk  minus  cheese, 
and  can  hardly  effect  more  than  the  milk  from  which  the  cheese 
has  not  been  eliminated.  It  is  only  in  the  somewhat  rare  cases 
in  which  milk  is  not  well  borne  by  the  patient,  while  the  whey 
is  bonie  well  or  better,  that  I  allow  the  latter  to  be  added  to 
the  mineral  water  instead. 

"  Several  hypotheses  have  been  advanced  as  to  the  action 
of  the  alkahne-muriatic  mineral  waters.  The  fact  that  the 
ashes  of  the  mucus  are  richer  in  salt  (chloride  of  sodium)  than 
the  ashes  of  the  blood,  and  that  mucus  becomes  less  tenacious 
upon  the  addition  of  salt,  seems  certainly  to  indicate  that  salt 
plays  an  important  rdle  in  the  formation  of  mucus,  bujb  it  by 
no  means  justifies  the  concli\^ion  that  the  use  of  salt  effects  a 
cure  or  more  rapid  resolution  of  the  catarrhal  process. 

"In  other  quarters (Sprengler)  the  principal  importance  has 
been  attributed  to  the  amount  of  alkaline  carbonates  contained 
in  these  mineral  waters,  and  depending  on  an  observation  of 
Virchow\  according  to  which,  very  dilute  solutions  of  alka- 
lies are  capable  of  exciting  the  ciliary  movements  in  epithelium. 
They  assert,  in  explanation  of  the  beneficial  action  of  the  waters 
in  question,  that  their  use  reestablishes  the  extinguished  or  re 
pressed  ciliary  vibrations.  Grave  objections  may  be  brought 
against  this  explanation  of  the  action  of  the  saline  waters, 
which  is  not  merely  palliative,  but  in  many  cases  absolutely 


m 


f 


88 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


curative,  and  we  must  be  content  with  the  empirical  fact  that 
the  springs  of  Ems,  Obersalzbrunnen,  and  Setters  [alkaline 
and  alkaline-saline  waters— W.],  have  often  alleviated  or  cured 
chronic  laryngeal  catarrh ;  the  cold  sulphur-springs,  too  (such 
as  those  of  Weilbach,  in  the  dukedom  of  Nassau,  of  Eilsen,  in 
the  principality  of  Schamburg-Lippe,  of  LangenbrUcken,  in  the 
grand-dukedom  of  Baden),  which  we  usually  make  use  of  like 
those  of  Obersdzbrunnen  and  Selters,  mixed  with  warm  milk 
or  whey.  The  sulphur-springs,  also,  of  the  Pyrenees,  above  all 
Eaux  Bonnes,  are,  with  good  reason,  in  repute  in  the  treatment 
of  chronic  laryngitis.  Our  conjectures  as  to  the  modus  ope- 
randi of  these  waters  are  as  yet  vague  and  untenable ;  a  mattei-, 
however,  far  less  to  be  regretted  than  the  fact  that  we  have  no 
criterion  whereby  to  predetermine  the  cases  in  which  relief 
may  be  expected,  and  those  in  which  they  do  no  good."  * 

Associated  with  consumption  *here  is  sometimes  a  chronic 
laryngitis,  frequently  accompaniea  by  ulcerations,  known  as 
laryngeal  phthisis.  In  these  cases  temporary  relief  is  some- 
times obtained  by  the  moderate  use  of  the  above-mentioned 
waters  with  warm  milk.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  the  use  of  mineral  waters  in  large  quantities  is  injurious 
in  cases  of  phthisis  pulmonalis. 

Chronic  Pharyngitis. — ^This  is  the  same  disease  as  that 
above  described,  the  seat  being,  however,  limited  to  the  phar- 
ynx. The  treatment  by  mineral  waters  is  the  same  as  indicated 
in  chronic  laryngitis. 

Chronic  Bronchitis. — When  bronchitis  has  continued  for 
a  long  time,  assuming  the  form  known  as  chronic  bronchial 
catarrh^  or  bronchorrhoea,  marked  relief  is  frequently  obtained 
by  the  use  of  appropriate  mineral  waters. 

The  persons,  however,  in  whom  chronic  bronchitis  occurs 
may  be  divided  into  three  classes,  the  scrofulous,  the  lymphatic, 
and  the  dartrous,  or  those  who  have  a  constitutional  tendency 
to  non-specific  skin-disease.  All  authorities  agree  that  sul- 
phur-waters are  especially  adapted  to  the  catarrhs  of  lymphatic 
c  institutions,  and  the  more  lymphatism  is  developed  the  more 

» "  Text- Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol.  1.,  pp.  10-12. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


80 


certainly  are  sulphur-waters  indicated.  But  if  the  patient  is 
not  of  the  lymphatic  type,  and,  on  the  contrary,  is  of  a  san- 
guine or  irritable  temperametit,  and  the  cough  torments  by  its 
frequency,  the  calming  or  sedative  waters,  associated  with 
temperate  baths,  are  indicated.  Of  waters  adapted  to  this 
condition,  the  Red  Sulphiu*,  in  Virginia,  may  be  mentioned. 
If  the  patient  is  of  the  decidedly  scrofulous  type,  then  sul- 
phur-waters rich  in  chloride  of  sodium,  the  saline  sulphur- 
waters,  should  find  preference.  When  the  catarrhal  condition 
is  allied  to  the  dartrous,  or  herpetic  diathesis,  the  indication  is 
still  to  use  sulphur-waters ;  but  care  should  be  taken  to  rec- 
ommend those  which  are  notably  sulphurous,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  a  somewhat  active  course  of  bathing  should  be  pursued. 

Soon  after  commencing  a  course  of  sulphur-waters  the 
malady  is  frequently  aggravated,  and  some  authorities  have 
thought  this  necessary  to  the  relief  of  the  disease.  It  is 
probable,  however,  that  this  is  but  a  result  of  the  general  ex- 
citement usually  produced  by  sulphur-waters,  and  in  no  way 
necessary  to  the  treatment.  Indeed,  when  it  appears,  it  is  an 
indication  for  the  temporary  suspension  of  the  water  or  dimi- 
nution in  the  quantity  taken.  In  this  connection,  Durand- 
Fardel  says :  "  But  we  believe,  in  the  generality  of  cases,  it  is 
more  frequently  a  result  of  the  treatment  than  a  means  of 
cure.  That  which  tends  to  prove  this  is,  that  many  catarrhal 
affections  are  cured  without  showing  appreciable  signs  of 
excitation,  and  that  the  treatment  is  often  successfully  applied 
in  the  absence  of  catarrhal  conditions  at  the  time."  * 

Asthma. — The  cases  of  this  disease  may  be  divided  into 
two  classes — the  humid,  accompanied  by  chronic  catarrh,  and 
the  dry,  or  purely  nervous.  The  last-named  cases  are  not 
benefited  by  mineral  waters,  and  the  former  only  inasmuch  as 
the  disease  is  associated  with  chronic  bronchitis.  It  is  the 
favorable  action  of  mineral  waters  on  this  conjoined  condition 
that  somptimes  affords  relief  in  these  cases.  It  should,  how- 
ever, be  remembered  that  no  case  of  asthma  should  be  sub- 
jected to  the  use  of  mineral  waters,  without  a  thorough  exam- 

'  "Dictionnaire  G^nerulo  dos  Eaux  Min6raIo8,"  tomu  i.,  p.  89-1. 


'l  K  I 


;!  i': 


i  ■, 


m 


m 


90 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ination  to  determine  whether  general  emphysema,  or  organic 
disease  of  the  heart  or  large  blood-vessels  exists,  either  of 
which  is  suflScient  reason  for  advising  against  the  use  of  min- 
eral waters.  It  may  be  added  that  cases  of  nervous  asthma 
are  sometimes  relieved  on  resorting  to  springs ;  this  is  due, 
however,  to  a  change  of  residence. 

Consumption. — ^True  phthisis  pulmonalis  is  so  little  amen- 
able to  treatment  by  mineral  waters,  that  we  only  mention 
the  disease  in  order  to  advise  patients  against  cherishing  ex- 
travagant hopes  concerning  the  reputcvi  virtues  of  certain 
advertised  springs.  In  the  majority  of  cases,  more  harm  than 
good  is  the  result  of  an  attempt  to  use  mineral  waters.  There 
are  cases,  however,  complicated  by  chronic  bronchitis,  with  pro- 
fuse bronchorrhoea,  which  are  somewhat  alleviated  by  waters 
applicable  to  the  latter  malady.  The  relief  of  these  cases, 
together  with  the  cure  of  cases  of  chronic  bronchitis,  wrongly 
diagnosed  as  consumption,  form  the  only  known  foundation 
for  the  reputation  of  mineral  waters  in  this  disease. 


DISEASES   OP  THE   DIGBSTTVB   SYSTEM. 

Dyspepsia. — In  the  proper  acceptation  of  the  term,  this 
word  designates  a  functional  derangement  of  the  stomach. 

The  stomach  may  be  subject  to  inertia,  the  peristaltic 
movements  being  performed  slowly  and  with  pain ;  or,  it  may 
be  overactive,  the  ingesta  being  forced  forward  into  the  duo- 
denum before  the  necessary  stomach  digestion  has  taken  place. 
There  may  be  diminished  secretion  of  the  gastric  juice,  or 
there  may  be  over-secretion  of  this  fluid,  known  as  acid  dys- 
pepsia. In  each  of  these  forms,  mineral  waters  may  prove  of 
utility,  but  it  is  in  the  last  named  that  they  have  proved  sig- 
nally efficacious. 

Before  considering  the  treatment  of  dyspepsia  by  mineral 
waters,  it  may  be  well  to  state  that  nearly  every  mineral  spring 
in  the  country  names  dyspepsia  as  one  of  the  diseases  to  which 
it  is  peculiarly  adapted.  The  explanation  of  this  fact  is  readily 
understood,  when  we  remember  that  in  many  cases  of  this 
trouble  a  change  from  the  close  confinement  of  a  city,  and  the 


ii  <i 


THERAPEUTICS. 


91 


harassing  cares  of  business,  to  the  open  lields,  the  pure  air, 
and  the  healthful  exercise  of  the  country,  is  sufficient  for  relief 
without  drinking  a  drop  of  mineral  water. 

In  acid  dyspepsia  the  alkaline*  waters  have  proved  of  ex- 
ceeding utility — those  containing  a  considerable  proportion  of 
carbonate  of  soda  and  largely  impregnated  with  carbonic-acid 
gas.  Their  efficacy  in  these  cases  is  undoubted,  and  the  prescrip- 
tion of  them  is  of  long  standing.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that 
their  value  does  not  depend,  according  to  present  belief,  on  a 
neutralization  of  the  acid  of  the  stomach  by  an  alkali.  This 
theory,  which  long  prevailed,  has  been  abandoned. 

When  acid  dyspepsia  is  accompanied  by  the  evolution  of 
large  quantities  of  gas,  it  is  known  as  jlatulent  dyspepsia. 
Then  the  saline  waters  should  be  prescribed  in  preference. 
Why  this  should  be  so  is  readily  understood.  The  alkaline 
waters,  by  the  carbonic  acid  which  they  contain,  and  the  evo- 
lution of  this  gas  in  the  stomach,  would  tend  to  increase  the  flat- 
ulence. In  considering  this  form  of  dyspepsia.  Trousseau  says : 
"  Mineral  waters  are  here  equally  of  incontestable  utility ;  but 
it  is  no  longer  to  Vichy,  Karlsbad,  or  Pougues,  that  we  should 
send  the  patient ;  these  waters  are  harmful ;  it  is  Niederbronn 
and  Forbach,  of  which  the  predominating  principles  are  the 
same  as  those  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  sea-water, 
that  we  should  recommend ;  it  is  to  Nauheim,  Soden,  Kissin- 
gen,  chloride  of  sodium  waters,  as  the  first."  *  Sometimes  acid 
dyspepsia  is  allied  to  chlorosis  in  females.  Then  a  chalyb- 
eate water^  rich  in  carbonic  acid,  should  be  selected. 

In  dyspepsias  allied  to  constipation  and  engorgement  of 
the  abdominal  viscera — a  not  unusual  complication — ^the  mildly 
purgative  sulphur  or  saline  waters  should  be  employed. 

Gastritis. — ^The  chronic  form  of  this  malady  is  limited  to 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach,  and  has  received  the 
name  of  chronic  gastric  catarrh.  It  is  closely  allied  to  dys- 
pepsia ;  indeed,  if  this  term  is  applied  in  its  broad  significa- 
tion, it  is  a  dyspepsia ;  and  on  this  account  it  has  been  almost 
entirely  overlooked  by  some  writers. 

"  GUni^ue  M4dloale,''  tome  iiL,  p.  n. 


92 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


The  symptoms  of  this  mslady  are  the  following :  One  of 
the  principal  complaints  of  the  patient  is  of  a  sense  of  fulness 
and  pressure  in  the  stomach,  which  is  increased  by  eating, 
but  seldom  amounts  to  sevfere  pain.  With  this  sense  of  ful- 
ness there  is  usually  some  prominence  of  the  epigastrium, 
caused  by  accumulation  of  gas  in  the  stomach  and  retention 
of  food,  owing  to  the  slowness  of  the  digestive  process. 
There  are  also  eructations  of  gas,  accompanied  with  a  sour  and 
acrid  flu.d.  Sometimes  there  is  vomiting.  If  vomiting  does 
occur,  ii  is  usually  mixed  with  considerable  mucus.  This  is 
especially  the  case  in  the  chronic  gastric  catarrh  of  tipplers. 
The  sensation  of  hunger  is  almost  lost,  although  the  body  may 
be  much  emaciated.  If  hunger,  however,  does  occur,  it  is  sat- 
isfied by  a  few  mouthfuls.  The  catarrh  may  extend  upward 
to  the  mouth,  or  downward  into  the  intestines ;  in  the  latter 
case,  frequently  producing  diarrhoea.  The  disease  is  usually 
accompanied  with  mental  depression,  which,  in  some  instances, 
develops  into  hypochondria. 

The  causes  of  chronic  gastritis  are  varied;  prominent 
among  them  are  articles  of  food  that  over-stimi  .ate  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  stomach — such  as  highly-spiced  sauces 
and  meats.  But  the  most  frequent  cause  is  the  abuse  of  spir- 
ituous liquors. 

The  waters  best  adapted  to  the  treatment  of  this  disease 
are  the  alkaline  waters — ^those  rich  in  carbonate  of  soda.  In 
cases  associated  with  obstinate  constipation,  we  should  choose 
waters  which,  besides  the  carbonate  of  soda,  contain  a  mod- 
erate proportion  of  laxative  sulphates  or  chloride  of  sodium. 

In  the  treatment  of  this  malady  Prof.  Niemeyer  highly  ex- 
tols the  alkaline  purgative  waters  of  Karlsbad  and  Marienbad. 
He  says :  "  The  use  of  the  waters  of  Karlsbad  and  Marienbad 
has  the  most  wonderful  results,"  and  adds :  "  The  results  from 
this  trea+'Tient  are  the  most  brilliant  that  are  ever  obtained  in 
medicine."  *  He  also  says :  "  The  learned  professors  of  the 
Vienna  and  Prague  schools  prize  the  use  of  the  warm  springs 
of  Karlsbad  as  the  best  remedy  for  chronic  gastric  catarrh." ' 


»  "Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  vol.  i,  p.  499. 


*  Op.  oU.,  ToL  L,  p.  499. 


of 

ss 


Sy 


THERAPEUTICS. 


93 


It  need  hardly  be  added  that  the  patient  should  subject 
himself  to  rigid  dietetic  i  ules  during  treatment.  He  should  eat 
sparingly  of  meats  and  avoid  stimulating  sauces.  Spirituous 
liquors  must  be  entirely  abandoned.  The  patient  should  eat 
but  little  at  night,  and  drink  the  water  in  the  morning,  before 
breakfast.  This  meal  should  not  be  taken  for  an  hour  after 
the  last  glass  of  water. 

Gastric  Ulcer. — When  this  affection  is  diagnosed,  the 
waters  found  preferable  are  the  alkaline^  rich  in  carbonates. 
The  warm  springs  of  this  class  are  to  be  preferred,  or,  in  ab- 
sence of  them,  waters  from  springs  of  this  class  may  be  warmed. 
The  waters  should  be  taken  in  the  same  manner  as  indicated 
in  chronic  gastritis.  The  results  from  the  use  of  the  proper 
mineral  water  are  exceedingly  satisfactory.* 

Gastralgia. — ^This  disease  is  also  known  as  cardialgia. 
The  name,  however,  is  frequently  misapplied,  and  dyspeptic 
persons  suflFering  from  pain  or  burning  in  the  stomach  are  said 
to  have  gastralgia ;  in  its  proper  meaning  a  malady  of  much 
greater  gravity  is  signified.  It  is  a  purely  nervous  disorder, 
characterized  by  excessive  pain  in  the  stomach,  coming  on  in 
paroxysms,  at  intervals  usually  of  two  or  three  days.  When 
free  from  pain  the  patient  may  feel  well,  digestion  being  nor- 
mally performed.  The  following  is  a  graphic  description  of  a 
paroxysm,  from  Romberg : 

"  Su(  V  nly  or  after  a  precedent  feeling  of  pressure,  there 
is  severe  griping  pain  in  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  usually  ex- 
tending to  the  back,  with  a  feeling  of  faintness,  shrunken 
countenance,  cold  hands  and  feet,  and  small,  intermittent  pulse. 
The  pain  becomes  so  excessive  that  the  patient  cries  out. 
The  epigastrium  is  either  puffed  out  like  a  ball,  or,  as  is  more 
frequently  the  case,  retracted,  with  tension  of  the  abdominal 
walls.  There  is  often  pulsation  in  the  epigastrium.  Exter- 
nal pressure  is  well  borne,  and  not  unfrequently  the  patient 
presses  the  pit  of  the  stomach  against  some  firm  substance, 
or  compresses  it  with  his  hand.  Sympathetic  pains  often 
occur  in  the  thorax,  under  the  sternum,  in  the  oesophagean 

*  Op.  oit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  618. 


94 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


branches  of  the  pneumogastrio,  while  they  are  rare  in  the  ex- 
terior of  the  body. 

"The  attack  lasts  from  a  few  minutes  to  half  an  hour;  then 
the  pain  gradually  subsides,  leaving  the  patient  much  ex- 
hausted, or  else  it  ceases  suddenly,  with  eructation  of  gas  or 
watery  fluid,  with  vomiting,  with  a  gentle  soft  perspiration,  or 
with  the  passage  of  reddish  urine." ' 

'  This  description  applies  to  the  disease  as  it  shows  itself  in 
the  severest  form.  There  are,  however,  many  minor  degrees 
which  still  bear  the  well-marked  symptoms. 

In  the  use  of  mineral  waters,  whether  in  the  severe  or  mild 
forms  of  the  disease,  it  should  be  remembered  that  they  should 
be  taken  only  in  the  intervals  of  the  attacks. 

The  alkaline  waters  act  most  eflficiently  in  this  disease,  the 
more  certainly,  according  as  they  are  used  at  a  period  distant 
from  the  attack.  Under  their  influences  the  malady  is  fre- 
quently entirely  relieved.  In  cases  associated  with  chlorosis, 
alkaline  waters,  containing  a  proportion  of  iron,  are  indicated. 

Constipation. — ^This  condition  depends,  as  a  rule,  either  on 
deficiency  of  the  intestinal  secretion  or  inactivity  of  the  mus- 
cular coat  of  the  bowels.  It  is  not,  usually,  a  primary  disease, 
but  symptomatic  of  some  other  derangement.  As  a  rule,  the 
frankly  purgative  waters  are  not  indicated ;  those,  however, 
which  are  mildly  aperient,  gently  stimulate  the  intestinal  secre- 
tions, and  prove  beneficial.  In  obstinate  constipation,  asso- 
ciated with  dyspepsia.  Trousseau  recommends  laxative  waters^ 
after  having  tried  his  favorite  remedy,  belladonna  and  other 
correctives,  without  avail."  Durand-Fardel  recommends  the 
alkaline  (carbonate  of  soda)  waters^  which,  although  sometimes 
constipating  in  themselves  at  first,  tend  to  excite  intestinal 
and  biliary  secretion,  and  thinks  that  enough  attention  has  not 
been  given  to  the  use  of  alkaline-saline  waters  in  this  condition.* 

Hmmorrhoids. — Mineral  waters  do  not  act  directly  in  cm> 
ingthis  disease,  but  indirectly  they  sometimes  prove  of  decided 


>  From  Niemeyer's  "Text-Book  of  Medicine." 

«  "  Cllnlque  M6dicale,"  tome  iii.,  p.  61, 

*  "Dictionnaire  des  Eaux  MinC'rales,"  tome  i.,  p.  48tt. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


95 


utility.  Haemorrhoids  frequently  depend  on  a  condition  of  the 
abdominal  organs,  termed  by  the  old  authors  abdominal  pleth- 
ora, one  in  which  the  liver,  spleen,  pancreas,  and  mesentery, 
are  unusually  filled  with  blood,  and  the  current  moves  slowly. 
By  the  action  of  waters  in  stimulating  the  abdominal  circula- 
tion and  diminishing  engorgement,  much  relief  may  be  given. 
The  waters  which  have  proved  most  beneficial  are  the  saline 
waters  and  saline  sulphur-wsLters.  It  is  well  to  combine  the 
employment  of  baths. 

Engorged  Idver, — In  almost  all  chronic  hjrperaemic  condi- 
tions of  the  liver,  mineral  waters  prove  curative.  Although 
the  fact  that  engorged  conditions  of  the  liver  exist,  and  pre- 
cede grave  lesions,  is  undoubted,  still  it  is  difficult  exactly  to 
define  or  diagnose  the  condition.  As  a  rule,  the  subject  of  en- 
gorged liver  presents  a  dusky  or  muddy  complexion,  the  txjngue 
is  coated,  the  bowels  are  constipated,  the  appetite  is  uncertain, 
there  is  a  pappy  taste  in  the  mouth,  and  a  feeling  of  fulness  in 
the  head,  especially  after  eating.  The  causes  which  produce 
engorgement  of  the  liver  are  continued  excess  in  eating,  com- 
bined with  sedentary  habits ;  repeated  and  long-continued  at- 
tacks of  malarial  fever ;  excessive  indulgence  in  malt  liquors ; 
and  organic  lesions  of  the  valves  of  the  right  side  of  the  heart. 

The  waters  which  prove  most  valuable,  in  engorgement  of 
the  liver  from  any  of  the  causes  named,  are  the  saline  waternj 
alkaline  purgative  waters^  and  saline  sulphur-waters.  These 
waters  produce  their  eflFect  by  liquefying  the  bile,  promoting  its 
flow,  and  by  the  increased  movement  which  they  impart  to  the 
action  of  the  intestinal  tube. 

Frerichs,  an  acknowledged  authority  on  diseases  of  the 
liver,  gives  prominent  place  to  mineral  waters  in  the  trv^atment. 
When  giving  the  treatment  in  chronic  hyperaemia  from  over- 
feeding, he  names  several  remedies,  but  in  conclusion  says  we 
can  remedy  the  condition  "  still  better  by  regulating  the  intes- 
tinal secretions  by  the  use  of  the  springs  of  Kissingen,  Hom- 
burg,  Marienbad,  and  Karlsbad."  *  And  in  hyperaemia  from 
obstructed  circulation,  when  the  condition  of  the  patient  is  not 

1  Frerioh^s  "Diseases  of  the  Uver;*  Syaonham  odttton,  vol.  i.,  p.  876. 


^("'it 


fil 
II: 


i^-* 

!:i';! 


90 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


threatening,  he  says,  "We  may  often  succeed  in  procuring  per- 
manent relief  by  the  careful  employment  of  the  Ragoczy  spring 
of  Kissingen,  or  the  Mill  spring  of  Karlsbad."  *  He,  however, 
adds  that,  if  the  disease  of  the  valves  is  far  advanced,  or  the 
muscular  tissues  of  the  heart  are  much  enfeebled,  the  waters 
are  inappropriate. 

In  the  application  of  mineral  waters  for  the  cure  of  en- 
gorged liver,  it  is  exceedingly  desirable  to  add  the  employ- 
ment of  prolonged  warm  baths  to  the  internal  use  of  the 
water,  and  warm  douches  over  the  region  of  the  liver  also  aid 
the  action  of  the  water. 

Gail-Stones. — The  passage  of  biliary  calculi  from  the  gall- 
bladder through  the  bile-ducts  into  the  duodenum,  often  causes 
the  most  intense  pain  the  human  organism  can  endure.  Under 
severe  attacks  of  hepatic  colic  the  patient  writhes  from  side  to 
side  of  the  bed,  and  cold  perspiration  often  covers  the  surface 
of  the  body.  If  asked  to  describe  the  pain,  he  compares  it  to 
the  cutting  of  a  knife — to  the  boring  of  a  red-hot  iron  through 
the  side.  The  cause  of  the  suflfering  is  the  distension  of  the 
bile-duct  by  a  gall-stone  in  its  passage,  and  the  intensity  de- 
pends on  the  size  of  the  calculus.  Any  remedy,  then,  that  will 
surely  mitigate  or  cure  these  terrible  attacks,  merits  attention. 
This  mineral  waters  will  do  more  successfully  than  any  known 
medicine. 

The  catises  of  the  formation  of  gall-stones  are  obscure.  The 
general  impression  is,  that  they  result  from  a  thickened  condi- 
tion of  the  bile,  in  which  crystallization  and  concentration  of 
its  salts  take  place,  and  that  this  condition  is  usually  associated 
with  free  living,  a  sedentary  life,  and  corpulence. 

The  waters  which  prove  of  greatest  utility  are  the  alkaline 
waters^  the  salinesulpnur  waters,  and  saline  waters,  those  of 
the  first  class  being  preferable.  These  waters  doubtless  act 
by  the  fluidity  of  the  bile,  which  they  produce,  thereby  reduc- 
ing the  tendency  to  formation  of  the  stones,*  and  by  their  alter- 

>  Op.  c«^  vol.1.,  p.  867. 

2  Murcbison,  "Diseases  of  the  Liver,"  p. 859,  says,  "In  dogs,  for  Instance,  with  biliary 
fistulffi,  the  mere  drinking  of  large  qtiantities  of  water  will  increase  the  amount  of  water  in 
the  bUe." 


THERArEUTICS. 


07 


^ 


ative  action  influencing  the  nutrition  of  the  liver.  Under  the 
use  of  the  waters  the  patient  not  unfrequeutly  has  slight  at- 
tacks of  biliary  colic,  passing  largo  numbers  of  calculi,  to  bo 
followed,  however,  by  immunity  from  paroxysms.  The  spring 
selected  varies  according  to  the  condition  of  the  patient, 
whether  in  addition  to  alkalinity  a  tonic  or  laxative  e£fect  be 
required. 

In  recommending  a  treatment  for  gall-stones.  Trousseau 
says :  "  What  we  should  do  is  to  endeavor  to  regulate  the  func- 
tions of  the  bile,  so  as  to  prevent  the  return  of  the  colic.  .  .  . 
It  is  in  answering  this  indication  that  the  waters  of  Pougues, 
Contrexville,  Vichy,  Karlsbad,  and  Vals,  are  of  so  incontes- 
table utility  in  the  treatment  of  biliary  gravel.  .  .  .  Under 
the  influence  of  this  potent  medication,  properly  directed,  the 
patients  lose  the  unfortunate  aptitude  which  they  have  con- 
tracted." ■ 

Niemeyer  says :  "  We  do  not  know  whether  their  efficacy 
depends  solely  on  the  formation  of  a  thin  fluid  bile,  by  which 
the  gall-stones  are  readily  washed  downward,  or  whether  the 
bile  is  rendered  so  strongly  alkaline  by  the  use  of  these  waters 
as  to  dissolve  the  coloring-matter  and  lime,  or  the  cholesterine ; 
but  we  should  not  delay  prescribing  the  treatment  till  its  mode 
of  action  can  be  explained." ' 

Frerichs  and  Murchison  both  favor  the  use  of  waters. 
After  recommending  Karlsbad,  Vichy,  Ems,  etc.,  Frerich  says  : 
"  These  mineral  waters  have  certainly  proved  the  most  effica- 
cious remedies  against  gall-stones.  In  many  severe  cases  I 
have  directed  my  patients  to  go  to  Karlsbad,  and  have  known 
them  to  return  cured.  ...  1  have  known  favorable  results 
ensue  under  my  own  eyes  from  drinking  the  water  brought 
from  the  Mill  spring  of  Karlsbad,  either  cold  or  warm."  ' 

Fatty  Liver. — In.  cases  of  this  disease,  mineral  waters  are 
recommended  by  Frerichs  and  Murchison,  the  alkaline  loatera^ 
muriated  alkaline  waters,  and  saline  waters,  the  same  that  are 


>  "Clinique  Mddlcalo,"  tome  ill.,  p.  237 

2  "Text-Book  of  Medicine,"  American  edition,  vol.  1.,  p.  703. 

^  "  Diseases  of  the  Liver,"  London,  1861,  vol.  ii.,  p.  531. 

5 


Y 


08 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


employed  in  engorgement  of  the  liver.  These  waters  apply  to 
the  fatty  liver  as  developed  in  corpulent  persons,  and  not  to 
the  form  which  occurs  in  consumption. 

Jaundice.— This  is  a  symptom  of  disease,  and  not  a  dis- 
ease. It  arises  from  obstruction  of  the  flow  of  bile  from  the 
liver  and  gall-biadder  into  the  intestines,  or  from  non-separa- 
tion of  the  coloring-matter  from  the  blood,  owing  to  impair- 
ment of  action  in  the  liver.  It  is  to  cases  of  jaundice  arising 
from  obstruction  that  mineral  waters  are  best  adapted.  The 
most  prominent  cause  of  jaundice  from  obstruction  is  the  im- 
paction, or  inertia,  of  gall-stones  in  their  passage  through  the 
bile-ducts.  It  has  already  been  treated  under  gall-stones.  The 
second  cause  is  catarrh  of  the  biliary  ducts. 

When  jaundice  arises  from  the  last-named  cause  the  cdka- 
line  waters^  or  muriated  alkaline  waters^  should  be  prescribed. 
The  saline  sulphur-waters  also  answer  well  in  these  cases. 

Frerichs,  in  speaking  of  the  Karlsbad,  Marienbad,  Kissin- 
gen,  etc.,  in  these  cases,  says :  "  They  are  with  difficulty  re- 
placed by  any  other  remedies  in  cases  where  the  jaundice  owes 
its  origin  to  chronic  congestion  of  the  liver,  with  obstinate 
catarrh  of  the  bile-ducts  and  mucous  membrane  of  the  stomach 
and  duodenum,  to  gall-stones,"  etc.* 

In  jaundice,  as  a  sequence  of  constipation,  those  waters 
which  act  favorably  on  this  condition  will  also  remedy  this 
symptom. 

Gravel. — The  formation  of  gravel  within  the  kidneys  or 
bladder  is  the  result  of  a  constitutional  condition,  and  does  not 
depend  on  derangement  of  the  organs  in  which  the  deposit 
takes  place.  However,  the  deposit  of  gravel  in  these  organs 
causes  irritation,  chronic  catarrh,  and  inflammation.  The  dis- 
ease frequently  depends  on  functional  disturbance  of  the  di- 
gestive system.  Mineral  waters  procure  relief  in  two  ways : 
primarily,  by  the  soothing  influence  they  produce  on  the  irri- 
tation or  chronic  inflammation  of  the  ureters  and  bladder; 
secondarily,  by  the  correction  of  the  constitutional  vice  which 
causes  the  excretion  of  gravelly  urine. 

> "  Diseases  of  the  Liver,"  vol.  1.,  p.  IM. 


I 

1 1 


• 


THERAPEUTICS. 


09 


Gravel  is  divided  into  the  uric-acid,  the  phospliatic,  and 
the  oxalic,  according  to  the  chemical  constitution  of  the  deposit. 
Or  it  ia  classed  as  acid  gravel,  i.  c.,  the  uric-acid  and  the  oxalic- 
acid  gravel ;  or  alkaline  gravel,  i.  e.,  the  phosphatic.  In  cases 
of  acid  gravel  the  urine  is  acid  to  test-paper,  while,  in  alkaline 
graVel,  the  urine  is  alkaline. 

In  prescribing  mineral  waters  for  gravel,  these  distinctions 
should  be  remembered :  In  uric  acidy  or  red  gravel,  and  in 
oxalic  gravel,  the  alkaline  waters  or  the  calcic  waters  should 
be  chosen.  Under  the  use  of  these  waters  the  urine  loses  its 
acidity  and  becomes  neutral,  and  the  pain  in  the  lumbar  region 
and  in  the  bladder  passes  away.  However,  it  is  not  unusual 
in  the  commencement  of  treatment  for  the  patient  to  pass  a 
considerable  quantity  of  gravel,  but  without  much  pain,  and, 
finally,  he  experiences  complete  relief,  in  which  condition  he 
may  remain  for  eight  or  twelve  months ;  or,  by  employment 
of  the  waters  during  several  successive  seasons,  entire  freedom 
from  attack  may  be  secured  for  many  years,  complete  con- 
stitutional change  being  wrought  in  the  system.*  Combined 
with  the  internal  use  of  the  waters,  it  is  advisable  to  employ 
warm  baths  and  douches.  If,  under  treatment,  the  attacks  of 
gravel,  or  nephritic  colic,  are  increased  in  frequency  or  sever- 
ity, it  is  an  indication  to  diminish  the  quantity  of  water  ad- 
ministered, or  resort  to  waters  less  strongly  mineralized.  In 
phosphatic  gravel  the  strongly  alkaline  waters  are  not  to  be 
employed;  the  calcic  waters  then  afford  the  greatest  relief. 
In  this  variety  of  gravel  the  water  acts  more  by  its  impression 
on  the  urinary  organs,  which  are  then  the  seat  of  catarrh,  than 
by  its  effect  on  the  general  system. 

How  calcic  waters  relieve  gravel  is  not  understood.  One 
hundred  years  ago,  lime-water  was  a  favorite  and  eificient 
remedy  in  this  disease.     {See  "  Carbonate  op  Lime.") 

Calculus. — Stone  in  the  bladder  is  only  an  aggregation  of 
the  deposit  which  constitutes  gravel,  into  a  solid  mass  of  vary- 
ing size.  It  depends  on  the  same  causes,  may  be  separated 
into  the  same  divisions,  and  is  relieved  by  the  same  classes  of 


»  Trousseau's  "  Cllnlqne  M^dlcale,"  tome  ilL,  p.  48. 


100 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


waters.  In  this  condition,  however,  it  is  relief  only  that  can 
be  obtained.  The  irritation  of  the  bladder,  caused  by  the  pres- 
ence of  the  stone,  will  be  palliated,  the  general  system  may 
be  so  acted  upon  that  the  diathesis  will  bo  corrected,  and  the 
stone  will  not  increase  in  volume ;  but  there  is  no  evidence 
that  solution  of  the  calculus  can  bo  produced.'  A  calculus, 
subjected  to  the  action  of  certain  mineral  waters  in  a  test-tube, 
may  be  partially  disintegrated ;  but  the  human  body  is  not  a 
test-tube,  and  no  such  saturation  of  the  urine  by  a  mineral 
water  can  be  caused  as  to  represent  a  similar  condition. 

After  the  calculus  has  been  removed  by  surgical  operation, 
it  is  advisable  to  use  mineral  waters  for  the  purpose  of  cor- 
recting the  morbid  condition  that  led  to  its  formation,  and 
prevent  a  new  concretion. 

In  cases  of  renal  calculus  and  hsematuria,  mineral  waters 
prove  of  decided  utility.  In  these  cases  the  waters  applicable 
to  gravel  prove  appropriate.  In  giving  the  treatment  of  these 
conditions  Sir  Henry  Thompson  says,  "  Of  all  medicinal  reme- 
dies perhaps  none  are  so  valuable  as  mineral  waters,  especially 
those  which  have  sulphate  of  soda  largely  diluted  as  the  main 
ingredient.  Take  Karlsbad,  Friedricbs-halle,  and  Marienbad, 
as  an  example."  *  It  will  be  perceived  that  he  prefers  alka- 
line purgati^^e  waters  to  pure  alkaline. 

Vesical  Catarrh. — Catarrh  of  the  bladder  results  from  any 
cause  which  produces  frequent  and  long-continued  retention 
of  urine,  and  hence  is  a  frequent  accompaniment  of  calculus, 
enlargement  of  the  prostate,  and  stricture  of  the  urethra.  In 
some  instances  it  proceeds  from  cold,  or  is  essentially  a  dis- 
ease of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  bladder,  without  regard 
to  extraneous  causes. 

When  catarrh  arises  from  the  first-named  cause,  calculus, 
it  is  amenable  to  the  treatment  named  under  that  head. 

Resulting  from  other  causes,  the  waters  most  favorable  are 
mild  calcic  and  alkaline  waters ;  not  that  they  exercise  any 
influence  on  the  cause  of  the  disease,  but,  by  modifying  the 

■  Durand-Fardol,  op.  clt,  tome  1.,  p.  851. 

'  "  On  the  Urinary  Organs,"  American  edition,  18C9,  p.  L02. 


TUERAPEUTIOS. 


101 


constilution  of  the  urine,  they  often  give  decided  relief.  It 
should  be  mentioned,  however,  that  in  this  disease  the  bladder 
is  frequently  very  irritable,  and,  under  the  administration  of 
waters,  dysuria  is  readily  produced.  The  action  of  the  water 
should  therefore  be  closely  scrutinized. 

Albuminuria. — Bright's  disease  is  mentioned  only  to  state 
that  there  is  no  reliable  evidence  of  the  utility  of  mineral 
waters  in  this  disease. 


DISEASES  OP  TUB  UTERUS. 

Chronic  Metritis. — For  convenience  of  treatment,  w  o  <!m- 
brace  three  separate  conditions  under  this  design^.  Jon,  i.  e., 
uterine  engorgement,  uterine  catarrh,  and  cervical  ulcerations. 
This  arrangcn  ent  is  made  from  the  fact  that  these  diseases 
frequently  depend  on  a  morbid  constitution,  and  it  is  through 
the  correction  of  this  condition  that  the  internal  administra- 
tion of  waters  proves  curative.  The  constitutional  conditions 
that  most  frequently  dominate  over  the  uterine  malady  are 
scrofulous,  rheumatic,  and  herpetic  (or  dartrous). 

When  a  scrofulous  tendency  predominates,  the  uterine 
malady  usually  assumes  the  form  of  engorgement.  In  these 
cases  saline  waters  produce  the  best  results,  correcting  the  con- 
stitutional condition,  and  possessing  a  resolutive  action  in 
uterine  and  peri-uterine  engorgement.  They,  however,  dis- 
pose directly  to  uterine  br^morrhage,  and  therefore  the  stronger 
waters  should  not  be  selected,  especially  if  the  patient  be  sub- 
ject to  menorrrhagia.' 

If  the  rheumatic  diathesis  is  dominant,  thermal  waters, 
containing  a  proportion  of  alkalies,  should  be  directed.  Alka- 
line waters,  like  saline  waters,  possess  a  resolutive  action  in 
engorgements,  but,  unlike  them.  lo  not  tend  to  cause  uterine 
haemorrhage. 

The  herpetic  or  dartrous '  constitution  is  most  amenable  to 
sulphur-waters.  When  this  condition  prevails,  the  uterine 
malady  is  most  frequently  accompanied  by  uterine  and  vaginal 

1  Darand-Fardol,  "Ballctln  06n6rale  de  Th^rapentique;^  1872,  tomo  Ixxxii.,  p.  484. 
3  The  dartrous  conBtitution  is  described  under  diseases  of  the  skin. 


i 


i::i 


102 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


catarrh.  When  congestion  and  neuralgia  arc  prominent,  these 
waters  are  not  applicable,  neither  are  they  in  cases  compli- 
cated by  monorrhagia.*  Those  which  are  but  little  exciting 
should  be  selected. 

In  the  treatment  of  chronic  metritis  by  mineral  waters, 
balneary  measures  occupy  a  prominent  jt-lace.  The  swimming- 
bath  of  moderate  temperature  (82°  to  93°  Fahr.)  is  that  best 
adapted.  The  patient  should  remain  in  the  bath  for  a  consid- 
erable time — as  long  as  half  an  hour,  or  even  an  hour.  The 
vaginal  douche  would  seem  to  be  indicated  in  this  disease,  but 
it  has  been  found  injurious,  the  percussion  caused  by  the  injec- 
tion of  a  stream  of  water  against  the  neck  of  the  uterus 
tending  to  produce  congestion.  Neither  have  douches  in  the 
lumbar  region,  or  parts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  uterus,  proved 
beneficial.  Durand-Fardel  says,  "  Save  for  exceptional  cases 
they  should  be  banished  from  the  treatment  of  this  disease." 
If  it  '.s  desirable  to  act  directly  on  a  catarrh  or  ulceration  irri- 
gations of  feeble  temperature  and  devoid  of  impulsive  force 
should  alone  be  employed. 

Amenorrhcea. — This  condition  is  allied  to  various  states 
of  the  organism.  It  frequently  presents  in  young  girls  of 
delicate  constitution  and  scrofulous  or  lymphatic  temperament. 
They  are  almost  always  chlorotic.  In  cases  of  this  kind  there 
is  much  to  be  hoped  from  a  resort  to  springs ;  more,  probably, 
from  change  of  air,  scsne,  and  exercise,  than  from  the  waters. 
However,  saline  luaters  and  sulphur-waters^  especially  those 
containing  a  proportion  of  iron,  aid  the  recovery.  To  the  in- 
ternal use  of  the  waters  it  is  well  to  join  swimming-baths  of 
moderate  temperature.  Sea-bathing  also  gives  favorable  re- 
sults when  the  person  reacts  well  after  the  bath. 

Sometimes  suppression  of  menstruation  is  united  with  a 
plethoric  condition.  In  these  cases  waters  of  a  different  tj^pe 
must  be  selected,  those  containing  but  a  small  proportion  of 
constituents  and  which  possess  a  calming  or  sedative  influence. 
This  indication  is  most  frequently  met  with  in  thermal  waters 
of  moderate  temperature. 

*  Darand-Fordcl,  loc,  cit. 


THERAPEUTICS. 


103 


5» 


,'r 


Dysmenorrhcea. — Painful  menstruation,  in  many  instances, 
depends  on  the  same  causes  which  induce  amenorrhoea,  and 
the  same  waters  are  indicated.  Occurring  in  anaemic,  chlo- 
rotic,  and  scrofulous  girls,  as  a  result  of  delayed  development, 
the  saline  waters  or  sulphur-waters,  combined  with  tepid  bath- 
ing, are  beneficial.     Chalybeate  waters  are  also  appropriate. 

When  plethora  and  erethism  of  the  nervous  system  exist, 
thermal  waters  of  moderate  temperature  and  but  little  miner- 
alized  are  preferable.  Cases  are  also  benefited  by  the  contin- 
ued use  of  alkaline  waters  of  very  moderate  strength. 

It  need  hardly  be  stated  that  cases  of  dysmenorrhoea,  de- 
pending on  displacement  of  the  uterus  or  constriction  of  the 
cervical  canal,  are  beyond  the  power  of  mineral  waters,  and 
require  surgical  treatment. 

Leucorrhaa. — This  disease  is  a  frequent  accompaniment 
of  chronic  metritis,  and  depends  on  similar  gener" '  conditions 
of  the  system.  It  is,  however,  more  frequently  manifested 
when  metritis  occurs  in  the  herpetic  or  dartrous  constitution. 
The  waters  then  most  favorable  are  sulphur-waters — those 
but  feebly  mineralized,  as  a  rule ;  though,  in  some  instances, 
the  stronger  waters  yicM  excellent  results.  The  highly-min- 
eralized waters  should,  however,  be  used  guardedly,  lest  uterine 
congestion  be  produced. 

Combined  with  the  internal  use  of  waters,  the  tepid  bath 
(82°  to  93°  Fahr.)  should  be  employed.  The  vaginal  douche 
is  of  service,  provided  it  bo  employed  only  as  an  irrigation, 
without  any  propulsion  against  the  uterus. 

In  caues  of  ieucorrhcea  marked  by  anaemia  or  chlorosis,  the 
mild  chalybeate  watci's  may  be  advantageously  employed. 

Sterility . — The  inaptitude  of  the  uterus  for  conception  de- 
pends on  such  varied  causes  that  no  mineral  water  can  be  con- 
sidered a  specific  remedy.  Nevertheless,  by  the  relief  of  the 
causes,  some  of  which  are  named  in  the  preceding  pages,  min- 
eral waters  may  prove  corrective. 

When  the  origin  is  an  enfeebled  condition  of  the  genera- 
tive organs,  without  other  complication,  bathing  in  waters 
highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas  is  an  efficient  stimulant, 


A   ;»' 


'fr  1=1 


104 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


m 


often  leading  to  the  desired  result.     Chalybeate  waters  and 
sea-bathing  also  exercise  a  favorable  influence  in  certain  cases. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   SKI2«^. 

The  reputation  which  mineral  waters  have  obtained  in  the 
treatment  of  skin-disease  is  based  almost  entirely  on  their 
efficacy  in  a  single  well-defined  class  of  those  diseases ;  i.  e., 
the  dartrous  or  herpetic.  These  diseases,  according  to  M. 
Hardy,  are  distinguished  as  follows :  "  We  call  dartres  vari- 
ous non-contagious  elementary  lesions  of  the  skin,  often  he- 
reditary, reproducing  themselves  in  an  almost  constant  man- 
ner, presenting  itching  as  a  chief  symptom,  always  disposed 
to  invade  new  regions,  habitually  chronic,  and  in  which  there 
is  no  cicatrix  left  after  cure,  although  there  may  have  been 
ulcerations."  ^  In  persons  who  are  subjects  of  the  dartrous  or 
herpetic  diathesis  the  cutaneous  surface  is  usually  dry,  and 
perspiration  does  not  take  place  readily.  They  gen«^Tally  eat 
freely.  The  skin  is  often  the  seat  of  itching,  even  ia  the  ab- 
sence of  eruption,  and  is  exceedingly  susceptible,  slight  ex- 
cesses in  taking  liquor,  drinking  cofi'ee,  certain  articles  of 
food,  as  shell-fish,  lobsters,  or  crabs,  irritant  frictions,  or  the 
application  of  a  plaster,  developing  cutaneous  eruptions.  But 
not  only  is  the  skin  the  seat  of  dartrous  maladies — there  arc 
also  various  affections  of  the  mucous  membrane,  embracing 
granular  sore-throat,  dartre  of  the  nose,  certain  asthmas, 
chronic  bronchitic  afibctions,  and  catarrhal  disorders  of  the 
genito-urinary  organs.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  some 
cases  the  sudden  disappearance  of  an  external  manifestation 
of  this  diathesis,  eczema,  for  example,  is  followed  by  an  attack 
of  bronchitis,  and  on  the  subsidence  of  the  bronchitis  the  ecze- 
ma returns.  In  some  women  the  cure  of  eczema  is  immedi- 
ately followed  by  leucorrhoea.  Similar  results  sometimes  suc- 
ceed the  disappearance  of  psoriasis. 

The  skin-diseases  which  belong  to  this  diathesis  arc  eczema, 
lichen,  psoriasis,  and  i)ityriasis.  The  different  forms  of  eczema 
are  sometimes  called  moist  dartres,  while  the  others  i^re  termed 

*  "Lejona  Bur  los  Maladies  do  la  Poau/' Paris,  I860,  p.  19. 


Bl|||l! 


THERAPEUTICS. 


105 


. 


dry  or  scaly  dartres.  These  eruptions  are  all  chronic  in  char- 
acter, perpetuating  themselves  indefinitely  for  months  and 
years. 

Eczema. — Humid  scale  or  tetter  is  one  of  the  most  fre- 
quent skin-diseases.  It  is  characterized  by  the  development 
of  small  vesicles  and  vesico-pustules,  or  by  a  red  and  thick- 
ened epidermis,  from  which  there  is  a  more  or  ^ess  abundant 
serous  or  sero-purulent  secretion,  which  may  form  crusts  and 
terminate  by  a  scaly  desquamation.  The  eruption  is  accom- 
panied by  excessive  itching.  Though  a  chronic  disease,  it 
may  sometimes  run  its  course  in  six  or  eight  weeks,  to  reap- 
pear, however,  in  a  few  months  or  a  year — the  person  suffer- 
ing from  it  never  feeling  sure  of  freedom  from  an  attack. 
There  are  many  varieties  of  the  disease,  named  according  to 
the  aspect,  configuration,  and  location  of  the  eruption.  Im- 
petigo is  one  of  the  most  frequent  forms. 

In  the  treatment  of  this  malady  sulphur-waters  often  prove 
cfiicient,  especially  those  of  the  subdivisions  known  as  saline 
sulphur-waters.  In  those  cases,  however,  which  present  acute 
symptoms  during  the  invasion,  such  as  excessive  fatigue,  head- 
ache, pain  in  the  back,  and  fever,  mineral  waters  should  not 
be  employed.  Those  waters  which  are  highly  mineralized 
should  always  be  used  with  care,  because  of  the  irritation  fre- 
quently produced. 

The  waters  are  used  internally  and  in  the  form  of  baths. 
After  having  taken  a  number  of  baths  all  the  local  manifesta- 
tions of  the  disease  are  often  increased ;  but,  on  suspending 
or  moderating  the  baths,  the  irritation  is  allayed,  to  be  again 
excited  by  their  use.  The  patient  may  quit  the  baths  despair- 
ing and  discontented ;  the  eczema  is  lighted  up  once  or  twice 
afterward,  and  thence  ceases.  In  other  cases,  however,  the 
eruption  gradually  disappears,  under  the  use  of  the  waters, 
without  occurrence  of  irritative  phenomena.  In  order  to  ob- 
tain permanent  relief  from  this  malady,  it  is  usually  necessary 
to  resort  to  the  springs  for  several  successive  seasons.  Not 
all  cases,  however,  are  susceptible  of  cure,  though  ameliora- 
tion may  always  be  anticipated. 


:  s 


ii:* 


'1 


106 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


I;! 


■:'t 


Lichen. — This  excessively  chronic  malady  is  characterized 
at  its  commencement  by  clusters  of  papules,  surrounded  by  a 
red  halo.  This  halo  finally  disappears,  leaving  the  skin  rough, 
thick,  and  seamed.  The  seat  of  the  eruption  is  usually  in- 
tensely itchy,  and  upon  it  there  are  small  crusts  or  minute 

scales.  «> 

The  waters  most  suited  to  the  treatiiicnt  of  this  disease  are 
the  sulphur  and  saline  sulphur.  In  certain  cases  complicated 
by  gastralgia,  alkaline  waters  prove  valuable.*  The  contin- 
ued use  of  the  waters  in  the  form  of  baths  is  a  necessity,  and, 
in  some  instances,  it  is  desirable  to  push  the  treatment  until 
the  bath-eruption,  la  poussee^  is  established,  and  a  euro  by  sub- 
stitution inaugurated. 

Psoriasis. — Dry  scall,  or  scaly  tetter,  is  characterized  by 
thick,  dry,  white,  shiny  scales,  the  skin  beneath  being  dry, 
much  thickened,  of  a  dull-red  color,  and  the  seat  of  more  or 
less  itching.  When  the  eruption  is  of  long  duration,  the  skin 
is  frequently  seamed  and  cracked.  The  patches  of  the  erup- 
tion are  various  in  form;  and  on  whatever  part  of  the  person 
they  '  ccur,  they  will  also  be  found,  as  a  rule,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  elbows  and  knees.  In  this,  as  in  all  dartrous  maladies, 
the  sulphur-waters  are  the  most  efBcient,  used  internally  and 
in  the  way  of  baths.  On  this  point  Hardy  expresses  himself 
thus :  "  In  fine,  there  is  a  remedy  which  should  serve  to  con- 
firm the  cure,  and  which  sometimes  alone  suffices  to  produce 
a  cure  in  cases  where  all  other  means  have  failed,  in  2)sortasis 
inveterata,  for  example — I  mean  sulphur-waters." "  Durand- 
Fardel  counsels  the  saline-sulphur  waters  internally,  and  that 
prolonged  warm  baths  be  employed  until  the  eruptions  known 
as  lapousske  or  Bad  Friesel  are  produced.  The  thermal  waters 
containing  but  a  small  proportion  of  ingredients  are  of  de- 
cided value  for  this  purpose. 

Pityriasis. — The  most  frequent  manifestation  of  this  dis- 
ease is  that  occupying  the  head,  and  known  as  dandruflF.  It 
is  only  when  it  exhibits  itself  on  other  parts  of  the  body  that 


>  Hardy,  op.  cit,  p,  100. 

"  "Lcfons  sur  lea  Moladies  do  la  Peau,"  Ports,  1860,  p.  120. 


^^ 


THERAPEUTICS. 


107 


mineral  waters  are  of  much  avail.  It  is  the  mildest  exhibition 
of  the  dartrous  diathesis,  but  -exceedingly  rebellious  to  treat- 
ment.    Sulphur-waters  are  those  that  should  be  employed. 

We  have  given  the  dartrous  maladies  in  which  mineral 
waters  are  eminently  beneficial.  Besides  these  diseases,  there 
are  various  affections  of  the  skin,  due  to  scrofula  or  syphilis,  in 
which  mineral  waters  prove  efiicacious.  In  those  of  scrofulous 
character,  the  saline-sulphur  waters  are  preferable.  In  syphi- 
litic diseases  of  the  skin,  we  must  choose  between  sulphur  and 
thermal  waters.  Neither,  however,  are  alone  sufficient  for 
cure.  In  addition,  it  may  be  noted  that,  in  certain  inveterate 
cases  of  acne  and  prurigo^  sulphur-waters  prove  curative. 

In  the  application  of  mineral  waters  to  diseases  of  the  skin, 
baths  are  more  to  be  relied  on  than  internal  administration, 
though  both  should  be  combined.  In  certain  inveterate  chronic 
diseases  of  the  skin,  it  is  desirable  gradually  to  prolong  the 
duration  of  the  baths,  and  continue  them  until  the  eruptions 
known  as  la  pouss^  are  fully  established.*  In  this  way,  the 
original  disease  is  replaced  by  a  different  eruption,  which  dis- 
appears without  a  return  of  the  old  malady.  For  the  purpose 
of  producing  the  bath-eruption,  the  thermal  waters,  containing 
but  a  small  proportion  of  ingredients,  are  sometimes  exceed- 
ingly efficient,  and  produce  a  cure  without  other  agency. 


SUEGIUAL   DISEASES. 

Anchylosis, — This  term  is  applied  to  stiJOfness  or  immobility 
of  a  joint.  There  are  two  kinds,  the  true  and  the  false.  In 
the  former,  adhesions  of  bone  form  between  the  articular  sur- 
faces ;  in  the  latter,  there  are  no  adhesions,  but  the  ligaments 
and  tendons  are  thickened  by  depo.sits,  or  have  lost  the  power 
of  motion  by  want  of  use.  The  conditions  which  produce  false 
anchylosis  are  met  with  when  a  limb  has  been  confined  in  an 
apparatus  for  a  long  time  after  fracture.  And  the  same  result 
may  follow  after  dislocation  or  sprain.  In  each  instance, 
there  is  usually  an  inflammatory  deposit,  resulting  from  the 

>  Ilardy,  "  LepoDB  sur  lea  Maladies  de  la  Peau,"  deuxidme  partle,  p.  126. 


108 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


j. 


original  injury.  The  thickening  of  the  fibrinous  and  tendi- 
nous structures,  which  accompanies  rheumatism,  frequently 
produces  a  similar  anchylosis.  The  want  of  use,  which  follows 
paralysis,  often  leaves  a  joint  in  a  condition  of  false  anchylosis. 

From  whatever  cause  false  anchylosis  occurs,  decided  ben- 
efit or  cure  is  always  to  be  expected  from  the  appropriate 
application  of  mineral  waters.  The  waters  to  be  preferred  are 
thermal  waters^  of  the  sulphur  or  saline  class.  A  high  degree 
of  thermahty  is  essential.  The  waters  c  -e  to  be  employed  in 
the  form  of  warm  baths  to  the  body,  and  hot  douches  to  the 
joint.  The  douches  should  be  accompanied  with  shampooing 
and  friction.  The  internal  use  of  waters  at  the  same  time 
probably  aid  in  procuring  absorption  of  exudations.  It  should, 
however,  be  stated  that  thermal  waters,  containing  an  exceed- 
ingly small  proportion  of  constituents,  s?em  to  produce  equally 
good  results,  showing  that  the  benefits  result  almost  entirely 
from  the  outward  application.  Mineral  mud-baths  are  much 
used  abroad  in  these  cases,  and  are  supposed  to  aid  the  ab- 
sorptive process. 

Contractions. — This  term  is  here  used  to  indicate  tlie  short- 
ening and  rigidity  of  muscles,  often  rendering  a  limb  almost 
useless,  and  causing  deformity.  It  arises  from  a  variety  of 
causes,  such  as  rheumatism,  scrofula,  gout,  syphilis,  or  external 
injury.  In  the  treatment  of  this  condition  by  mineral  waters, 
regard  is  to  be  given  to  these  causes ;  but  the  especial  virtue 
of  the  waters  depends  on  the  warm  baths  and  hot  douches, 
such  as  are  found  at  thermal  springs.  That  thermal  water, 
therefore,  should  be  selected  which  by  virtue  of  its  constitu- 
ents especially  acts  on  the  originating  cause.  Mineral  mud- 
baths  are  also  thought  to  aid  in  these  cases. 

Hydrarthrosis. — This  term  is  applied  both  to  dropsy  of 
a  joint  and  that  severe  tubercular  disease  known  as  white- 
swelling. 

Dropsy  of  a  joint  may  arise  from  external  injury,  or  it  may 
depend  on  a  rheumatic,  scrofulous,  or  gouty  constitution.  Some- 
times it  is  a  result  of  syphilis.  When  the  condition  is  chronic, 
mineral  waters  prove  valuable  in  the  form  of  warm  baths  and 


/^N 


/ 


THERAPEUTICS. 


100 


douches.  Those  thermal  toaters  are  especially  valuable  which 
answer  the  constitutional  indications. 

White-swellinff  is  an  exceedingly  formidable  disease,  affect- 
ing the  joints.  It  occurs  chiefly,  if  not  alone,  in  scrofulous 
subjects.  The  malady  is  usually  subacute  in  its  progress,  and 
therefore  not  adapted  to  treatment  by  mineral  waters.  When 
peculiarly  chronic  in  its  course,  the  general  health  may  be  im- 
proved by  a  resort  to  springs,  and  absorption  may  be  aided  by 
baths  and  douches.  These  applications  should,  however,  be 
employed  with  extreme  reserve,  and  by  no  means  relied  on 
alone. 

Coxalgia. — Hip-joint  disease  is  but  a  manifestation  of 
white-swelling  in  that  articulation,  and  the  restrictions  given 
regarding  the  subjection  of  white-swelling  to  mineral-water 
treatment  are  equally  applicable. 

Caries. — The  ulceration  of  bone  is  usually  the  result  of 
scrofula  or  syphilis,  though  there  may  have  been  some  external 
injury  as  the  exciting  cause.  During  the  inflammatory  stage, 
mineral  waters  should  not  be  used ;  but,  when  this  has  passed 
away,  great  benefit  may  be  derived  from  the  employment  of 
appropriate  waters.  The  thermal  sulphur-waters  produce  the 
best  results,  especially  those  of  the  saline  subdivision.  The 
water  is  taken  internally,  applied  locally  in  the  way  of  fomen- 
tations, and  injected  into  fistulous  tracts.  Baths  and  douches 
are  also  used.  The  treatment  should  be  conducted  with  care, 
lesb  too  great  irritation  be  produced. 

Necrosis^  which  is  but  a  result  of  caries,  is  subject  to  the 
same  treatment. 

Ulcers. — By  this  designation  we  refer  to  chronic  ulcers, 
which  some  jmes  endure  for  months  and  years.  It  frequently 
occurs  that  these  ulcers  are  healed  under  the  use  of  mineral 
waters.  When  they  depend  on  scrofula  or  syphilis  we  may 
readily  expect  such  results  from  waters  adapted  to  those  con- 
ditions. In  other  cases,  where  there  is  no  marked  constitu- 
tional indication,  such  as  varicose  ulcers,  the  internal  and  local 
application  of  waters  often  has  a  marked  influence,  causing 
an  irritable  or  indolent  ulcer  to  form  healthy  granulations  and 


'.'■I       I 


--:ii 


/'x 


/ 


J 


110 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


i 


finally  lieal,  although  in  the  case  of  varicose  ulcers  there  is 
always  probability  of  a  return.  The  waters  which  are  most 
noted  for  the  cure  of  ulcers  are  the  saline  and  sulphur.  They 
are  employed  both  internally,  locally,  and  in  the  form  of  a 
bath.  At  some  springs  the  sulfurin,  or  hariglne^  which  forms 
in  the  reservoirs,  is  used  as  a  local  application,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  of  especial  utility;  but,  as  far  as  discovered,  it  acts  only 
by  the  water  with  which  it  is  saturated. 

Old  Wounds. — It  often  results  from  bullet-wounds,  and 
those  produced  by  pieces  of  shell,  that  the  bullet,  the  piece  of 
shell,  or  a  portion  of  the  clothing,  passes  deeply  into  the  mus- 
cular structures,  is  embedded  there,  and  cannot  be  withdrawn. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  superficial  wound  may  heal 
and  reopen  repeatedly,  or  it  may  not  heal  at  all,  or  the  wound 
may  heal,  but  the  person  may  be  conscious  of  some  foreign 
body  within  the  tissues  which  continually  annoys.  Again, 
the  cause  of  irritation  may  be  a  spicula  of  necrosed  bone. 

Under  any  of  these  conditions  remarkable  benefit  frequently 
results  from  mineral  waters.  They  are  employed  in  the  form  of 
hot  baths,  hot  douches,  and  internally.  For  this  purpose  ther- 
mal waters  of  high  temperature  yield  the  best  results.  Under 
their  action  the  exudations  which  imprison  the  foreign  body 
are  converted  into  pus ;  the  ball,  piece  of  shell,  or  clothing,  is 
loosened  from  its  lodgment  and  soon  finds  its  way  to  the  sur- 
face. During  the  couise  of  treatment,  care  is  to  be  taken  that 
the  stimulant  action  of  the  waters,  and  the  suppuration  pro- 
duced, be  not  carried  too  far.  The  contractions  of  muscles 
and  joints,  following  wounds,  are  likewise  favorably  influenced 
by  thermal  waters. 

So  much  reliance  is  placed  on  mineral  waters  in  these  and 
other  afiections,  that  the  military  -establishment  of  France  pos- 
sesses five  hospitals,  at  as  many  diflFerent  springs,  for  the  ben- 
efit of  soldiers,  Austria  has  a  like  number.  Prussia  sends 
her  sick  soldiers,  in  need  of  mineral  waters,  to  TOplitz. 


CHAPTER   VII. 


SUGGESTIONS. 


A  CERTAIN  disease  being  given,  it  is  always  a  question 
which  spring  to  select.  In  the  answer  a  number  of  consider- 
ations are  involved. 

In  the  arrangement  of  this  work  each  spring  is  grouped 
in  a  certain  class,  but,  while  the  waters  of  the  class  possess 
marked  properties,  which  pertain  to  each  spring  in  the  class, 
nevertheless  these  springs  present  a  certain  individuality  de- 
pending on  auxiliary  constituents.  Thus,  an  alkaline  water 
may  also  contain  carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime  in  consider- 
able proportion,  or,  it  may  be,  chloride  of  sodium,  which  forms 
the  principal  secondary  constituent ;  or,  again,  a  small  propor- 
tion of  iron  may  be  present.  And  the  same  remark  will  apply 
to  saline  waters,  sulphur-waters,  chalybeate  waters,  thermal 
waters,  etc.  Now,  in  each  instance,  the  water  not  only  pos- 
sesses the  action  referable  to  the  class,  but,  in  addition,  this 
action  is  modified  or  reenforced  by  these  auxiliary  constituents, 
some  known  and  perhaps  some  unknown.  Hence,  in  desig- 
nating the  water  suitable  for  a  certain  person,  we  must  consult 
his  individuality,  and  also  the  individuality  of  the  spring ;  to 
inquire,  in  the  case  of  the  patient,  whether  the  disease  is  pre- 
dominated by  a  particular  diathesis,  such  as  the  rheumatic, 
gouty,  scrofulous,  or  dartrous,  and,  in  regard  to  the  water, 
whether  its  constituents,  both  principal  and  auxiliary,  meet 
the  indications  both  of  the  disease  and  the  diathesis.  Thus 
in  a  case  of  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  in  a  rheumatic  subject, 
waters  frankly  alkaline  or  calcic  should  be  employed ;  in  a 
scrofulora  patient  alkaline  waters,  containing  considerable 
chloride  of  sodium,  would  be  appropriate — ^the  miu-iated  alka- 


i 


112 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


lines ;  in  a  dartrous  subject  calcic  waters,  containing  sulphu- 
retted  hydrogen,  that  is,  a  calcic  sulphur-water ;  in  a  patient 
decidedly  anaemic,  an  alkaline  water  containing  a  proportion 
of  iron,  a  mild  alkaline  chalybeate.  This  is  the  theory  of  the 
prescription  of  waters,  and  it  is  always  best  to  consider  the 
question  in  this  way ;  nevertheless  it  must  be  acknowledged 
tiiat  in  our  present  ignorance  of  the  exact  entities  of  disease, 
and  the  definite  physiological  action  of  chemicals  and  com- 
binations, we  are  not  to  rely  too  implicitly  on  this  method. 

Besides  the  constitution  of  a  water,  it  is  necessary  in  many 
instances  to  consider  the  location  of  a  spring,  its  elevation, 
temperature,  and  climatology.  While  some  diseases  improve 
more  readily  at  a  resort  from  two  to  four  thousand  feet  above 
the  sea,  others  do  not  profit  by  a  mountain  climate. 

Some  diseases  do  well  in  a  comparatively  dry  atmosphere, 
and  are  injuriously  affected  by  one  that  is  moist.  An  exceed- 
ingly cool  climate  is  adapted  to  one,  while  another  is  relieved 
in  a  warm  region.  Unfortunately,  the  meteorological  obser- 
vations necessary  to  solve  these  problems  have  been  taken  at 
but  few  springs  in  this  country. 

The  surroundings  of  a  spring  are  also  to  be  considered. 
For  certain  patients,  nothing  could  be  more  unfortunate  than 
to  sojourn  at  one  of  the  crowded,  fashionable  resorts,  where 
continual  excitement  prevails  and  appropriate  accommodations 
are  obtained  with  difficulty ;  while  others,  by  the  gayety  and 
conviviality  that  are  found  there,  would  be  wakened  from  a 
despondent  condition  and  led  to  forget  their  ills. 

The  season,  as  it  is  termed,  usually  commences  the  1st  of 

1  Invalids  will  do  well  to  correspond  with  the  proprietor  of  the  spring,  or  the  hotel,  pre- 
vious to  commencing  the  Joarncy.  A  letter  addressed  thus,  at  the  commencement  of  or 
during  the  season,  will  always  receive  attention : 


If  but  one  hotel  at  the  spring: 

Proprietor  of (naming  the  spring) 

(naming  the  county) 

....  (naming  the  State) 


If  several  hotels  at  the  spring : 

Proprietor  of. (naming  the  hotel) 

(naming  the  spring) 

(naming  tlio  county) 

(nomhig  the  State) 


If  the  name  of  the  springs  and  post-oflSce  are  not  the  same,  the  name  of  the  post-office 
must  be  inserted.  The  average  price  per.day  at  the  hotels  is  three  dollars ;  and,  per  month, 
from  sixty  to  eighty  dollars.  For  parties,  and  persons  remaining  a  long  time,  special  ar- 
longcnicnts  can  be  made.    Eooms  can  usually  bo  secured  in  advance. 


li 


SUGGESTIONS. 


113 


Jyne  and  closes  the  1st  of  October,  though  there  are  some 
resorts  that  are  prepared  to  receive  visitors  throughout  the 
year.     The  best  time,  as  a  rule,  to  commence  treatment  is  in 
June  or  July ;  these  months,  however,  are  named  only  as  being 
convenient.     Mineral  waters  can  be  taken,  and  their  beneficial 
eflFects  secured,  at  any  time  of  the  year.     The  old  idea,  that 
they  were  not  admissible  in  winter,  has  been  entirely  abandoned. 
Many  diseases  do  not  admit  of  delay,  and  for  this  purpose  the 
bottled  waters  are  applicable.    However,  there  is  not  the  care 
used  in  bottling  waters  that  should  be  observed.    When  wa- 
ters contain  considerable  gas,  the  bottles  should  always  be 
closely  sealed.    There  are  but  few  waters  that  are  at  all 
adapted  to  shipment  in  barrels.     The  gases  escape,  and  some 
of  the  chemical  ingredients  are  decomposed  by  contact  with 
the  wood ;  and  when  these  objections  do  not  obtain,  owing  to 
the  absence  of  gas  in  the  water  or  salts  that  are  decomposed 
by  contact  with  organic  matter,  still  the  water  often  partakes 
of  the  taste  of  the  wood.     At  some  springs  an  extract  of  the 
water  is  made ;  that  is,  the  water  is  boiled  down  in  an  iron  or 
porcelain-lined  vessel  till  the  salts  are  precipitated,  then  form 
the  extract,  or  salts.     A  certain  quantity  of  these  salts,  dis- 
solved in  a  definite  quantity  of  water,  is  supposed  to  represent 
the  spring-water.    Although  they  may  answer  a  good  purpose 
when  the  spring-water  cannot  be  obtained,  they  do  not  repre- 
sent it  accurately.     In  boiling,  all  the  gases  contained  in  the 
spring-water  are  driven   oflF,  and   several   chemical   changes 
occur :  sulphurets  are  converted  into  sulphates,  bicarbonates 
into  carbonates,  and  the  protoxide  of  iron  into  the  peroxide ; 
also,  the  proportion  of  the  constituents  to  each  other  is  not 
maintained.    In  Europe,  medicated  soaps  are  sometimes  pre- 
pared with  the  precipitated  salts.     At  Krankenheil,  in  Bava- 
ria, so-called  iodine-soda  and  iodine-soda-sulphur  soaps  are 
made,  and  are  said  to  be  successfully  used  in  chfonic  diseases 
of  the  skin. 

"  What  shall  we  do  ?  "  is  a  question  always  asked  on  arrival 
at  the  spring  which  has  been  chosen  as  a  place  of  resort.  The 
answer  is  simple :   If  you  are  well,  if  you  are  there  only  for 


\:'l  si  :V 


114 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


•1, 
III 


rest  and  recreation,  assimilate  yourself  as  rapidly  as  possil^le 
with  the  pleasures  and  society  of  the  place;  remembering', 
however,  and  practising  the  trite  maxim,  "  Temperance  in  all 
things."  Here  are  assembled  a  largo  number  of  persons, 
whose  desires  are  similar  to  your  own,  and  the  corammiity  of 
interests  produces  the  following  result :  The  morning  is  passed 
in  repairing  to  the  spring  and  drinking  of  the  water,  in  cheer- 
ful conversation,  and  excursions ;  the  afternoon,  in  croquet, 
games,  lounging,  and  preparations  for  the  dance;  and  the 
evening  is  given  to  promenading  and  the  festivities  of  the 
ball.  At  many  of  the  springs  a  band  of  musicians  performs 
in  the  park  during  the  after-dinner  hours  and  at  tea-time. 

What  is  the  best  time  for  taking  the  waters  ?  The  morn, 
ing  hours  before  breakfast,  and  in  the  afternoon  before  tea. 
That  one  may  take  the  water  properly,  he  should  cultivate  the 
healthful  virtue  of  early  rising,  and  the  not  less  laudable  vir- 
tue of  early  retiring.  It  cannot  be  expected  that  the  most 
potent  water  will  antidote  the  dissipations  of  enormous  din- 
ners, imbibition  of  spirituous  liquors,  and  continuous  dancing 
till  the  morning  hours. 

The  quantity  of  water  that  may  be  taken  varies  so  much  at 
diflFerent  springs  that  no  fixed  rule  can  bo  given.  It  may  be 
stated,  however,  in  a  general  way,  thaf  fvom  two  to  three 
moderate-sized  glasses — tumblers — in  the  morning,  and  two 
or  three  more  during  the  day,  may  be  taken.  In  drinking  the 
water,  from  fifteen  to  twenty  minutes  should  elapse  between 
each  glass ;  and,  during  the  interval,  it  is  well  to  promenade 
through  the  neighboring  groves,  or,  in  damp  weather,  under 
the  covered  walks,  which  should  be  contiguous  to  the  spring. 
From  half  an  hour  to  an  hour  should  pass  before  the  succeeding 
meal  is  taken.  The  practice  of  deluging  the  stomach  with 
water  is  extremely  reprehensible,  and  sometimes  produces  seri- 
ous results.  I  have  known  violent  inflammation  of  the  kidneys, 
followed  by  chronic  disease,  established  in  this  way.  The 
temperature  of  water  preferable  for  a  cure  is  from  50°  to 
88°  Fahr.  If  excessively  cold,  it  is  not  readily  absorbed,  and 
acts  injuriously  on  the  stomach  and  intestines. 


SUGGESTIONS. 


115 


The  production  of  crisis  is  no  longer  considered  necessary 
to  the  curative  action  of  waters,  neither  is  preliminary  treat- 
ment required  other  than,  in  some  instances,  simple  remedies 
to  control  slight  febrile  conditions,  depending  on  the  fatigue 
of  a  journey.  In  the  olden  time,  the  patient  underwent  an 
enormous  amount  of  dosing  before  it  was  considered  proper 
for  him  to  take  the  water.  Boileau,  in  a  letter  to  Racine, 
dated  31st  July,  1687,  thus  describes  the  process.  He  says  : 
"  I  have  been  purged  and  bled,  and  nothing  more  remains  for 
me  to  undergo  of  all  the  foiaialities  considered  necessary  be- 
fore taking  the  waters.  The  medicines  which  I  have  taken 
to-day  have,  as  they  tell  me,  done  me  all  the  good  in  the 
world ;  for  they  have  caused  me  to  fall  down  four  or  five  times 
from  weakness,  and  have  thrown  me  into  a  state  in  which  I  can 
hardly  stand  upright.  To-morrow  I  am  to  begin  the  great 
work — I  mean  to  say,  that  to-morrow  I  am  to  begin  to  take 
the  waters." 

The  use  of  mineral  waters  by  old  persons,  children,  and 
pr6gnant  women,  should  be  exceedingly  guarded.  Formerly 
it  was  thought  that  pregnancy  was  an  absolute  bar  to  the  em- 
ployment of  mineral  waters.  That  idea,  however,  is  no  longer 
entertained.  Under  some  circumstances,  they  have  a  beneficial 
effect  on  both  mother  and  child  when  taken  at  this  period. 

During  the  treatment  by  mineral  waters  excesses  of 
the  table  should  be  rigidly  avoided.  The  combination  of 
mineral  water,  mountain  air,  exercise,  and  amusement,  fre- 
quently gives  an  appetite  to  which  the  person  may  have  long 
been  a  stranger.  Especially  is  this  so  in  cases  of  dyspepsia ; 
and,  although  the  return  of  appetite  is  an  indication  of  the 
favorable  action  of  the  water,  permanent  relief  may  be  entirely 
frustrated  by  gratification  of  the  palate.  As  a  rule,  the  diet 
should  be  plain  and  nutritious  when  the  full  alterative  effect 
of  the  water  is  desired. 

The  number  of  days  necessary  for  treatment  cannot  be 
designated.  A  conventional  period  of  twenty-one  days  is 
frequently  named,  but  many  cases  require  treble  and  quadru- 
ple that  time     In  some  maladies,  where  it  is  desired  to  eradi- 


?! 


m 


116 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


cate  a  morbid  habit  of  the  body,  it  is  best  to  return  to  the 
appropriate  water  for  two  or  three  successive  seasons.  Pa- 
tients need  not  be  alarmed  if,  shortly  after  commencing-  the 
use  of  the  waters,  their  symptoms  are  somewhat  aggravated. 
This  perturbation  of  the  system  frequently  occurs,  only  to  be 
followed  by  relief.  A  suspension  or  diminution  of  the  water 
for  a  short  time  is  all  that  is  required.  Occasionally  there 
may  be  no  decided  benefit  at  the  time,  to  be  followed  by 
relief  on  return  home.  As  remarked  by  Trousseau,  mineral 
waters  are  remedies  which  act  ^^  d  lonr/iie  portee.^^ 

After  a  patient  has  repaired  to  a  spring  which,  according  to 
the  best  obtainable  information  is  suited  to  his  malady,  he 
should  remain  there  until  he  has  given  the  waters  a  fair  trial, 
and  not  vacillate  from  one  resort  to  another.  There  are  vale- 
tudinarians— especially  to  be  met  with  in  the  Virginia  springs 
region — who  go  the  rounds  from  c»ne  spring  to  another,  drink- 
ing a  few  days  of  this  water,  tb^a  of  that,  apparently  possessed 
of  the  idea  that  some  mysterious  spirit  pervades  the  springs, 
and,  if  the  suitable  one  is  found,  renewed  life  will  thrill  through 
the  blood  with  the  first  draught.  The  search  of  Ponce  de  Leon 
for  the  fountain  of  perpetual  youth  was  not  more  quixotic.  Just 
as  well  might  one  enter  an  apothecary's  and  dose  himself  with 
each  drug,  seriatim,  hoping  thus  to  discover  the  medicine 
adapted  to  his  malady. 

Invalids  should,  as  a  rule,  consult  the  resident  physician  on 
arrival  at  the  springs,  who  should  be  familiar  with  the  precise 
action  of  the  water,  and  adjust  the  dose  to  the  varying  condi- 
tions. For  this  purpose,  the  patient  should  bring  with  him  a 
statement  of  his  case  from  his  physician,  which  will  enable  the 
resident  physician  more  readily  to  possess  himself  of  com- 
plete knowledge  of  the  course  of  the  disease.  Unfortunately, 
many  of  the  physicians  at  springs  in  this  country  are  there  for  a 
single  season  only,  and  therefore  have  not  the  inducement  to 
become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  action  of  the  water, 
which  is  secured  by  permanence.  Proprietors  of  springs  will 
do  well  to  give  close  attention  to  the  medical  efficiency  of  their 
resorts.    We  cannot  refrain  from  suggesting  the  impolicy  of 


SUGGESTIONS. 


117 


projirictors  or  physicians  encouraging  or  permitting  patients 
to  remain  when  the  waters  are  mnnifestly  inapplicable  to  the 
disease.  N  either  is  it  advantage(  us  for  proprietors  to  adver- 
tise their  waters  as  curative  of  a  lavge  number  of  maladies  for 
which  they  have  no  special  application.  The  springs  are  thus 
reduced  to  the  level  of  quack  nostrums,  and  the  trifling  present 
gain  of  such  a  course  is  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  loss 
of  reputation  which  the  water  suflfers  by  failure  to  cure  or 
relieve. 

Baths,  which  are  an  essential  element  in  the  treatment  of 
many  diseases  by  rcineral  w^aters,  are  usually  taken  during  the 
morning.  If  breakfast  be  taken  before  the  bath,  it  should  be 
light,  and  precede  it  at  least  an  hour.  In  some  instances,  the 
bath  may  be  taken  just  before  bedtime.  The  form  of  bath 
desirable  varies  with  the  disease.  For  general  purposes,  how- 
ever, the  swimming  or  "  piscina"  bath  is  preferable,  the  patient 
having  opportunity  for  exeroiso.  AM  fear  of  contracting  con- 
tagious diseases  in  these  baths  is  proved  without  foundation. 
The  flow  of  water,  however,  should  be  sufficiei.\t  for  frequent 
renewal  of  the  entire  volume,  and  the  chamber  should  be  well 
ventilated.  As  a  proper  summary  of  the  course  to  be  fol- 
lowed at  the  springs,  I  quote  tho  words  of  Alibert : 

"  When  you  arrive  at  the  waters,  act  as  you  would  do  if 
you  were  entering  the  temple  of  ^sculapius,  and  leave  behind 
you  at  the  door  all  the  passions  which  have  been  tormenting 
your  mind  and  agitating  your  soul.  Once  there,  abstain  from 
imprudence,  and  do  not  exceed  the  prescribed  doses,  as  so 
many  invalids  have  done  pi  all  times,  for  Pliny  already  com- 
plained of  the  evil.  '  Many  sick  people,'  he  says,  '  take  a 
pride  in  having  remained  for  hours  together  in  very  hot  baths, 
or  in  drinking  unmeasured  quantities  of  mineral  waters,  which 
are  both  equally  dangerous.'  Lead  a  quiet,  calm,  tranquil  life ; 
bathe  and  driiik  with  moderation,  and  the  water  will  gradually 
exercise  its  beneficial  influence  over  you.  Your  sufierings  will 
inseni  'bly  pass  aw^ay  in  the  precious  liquid,  and  your  forces 
will  become  invigorated." 

In  Europe,  it  is  customary  at  some  resorts  to  join  the  in- 


!■] 


I!   If 


118 


MINERAL  SPlllNGS. 


i\ 


U 


ternal  administration  of  whey — the  whey- cure — to  the  use  of 
mineral  water.  Whey,  as  neaily  every  one  knows,  is  the  yel- 
lowish, watery  fluid  which  remains  after  milk  has  been  coag- 
ulated, and  the  solid  portion  separated  by  straining.  It  pos- 
sesses a  mawkish  taste.  The  principal  constituents  of  a  pound 
of  whey  are  as  follows :  chloride  of  potassium,  13  to  15  grains ; 
cloride  of  sodium,  two  to  three  grains ;  carbonate  of  soda, 
three  to  four  grains ;  milk-sugar,  380  to  500  grains.  Besides, 
it  contains  phosphates,  and  small  quantities  of  iodine  and 
fluorine.  Whey  usually  produces  a  laxative  effect,  and  even 
diarrhoea,  though  there  are  exceptions,  in  which  it  causes  con- 
stipation. It  is  distinctly  diuretic.  As  a  rule,  it  is  easily 
digested,  and  improves  the  f  ppetite,  though,  taken  in  large 
quantities,  it  causes  dyspepsia  and  diarrhoea.  It  is  recom- 
mended in  chronic  laryngitis,  bronchitis,  phthisis  pulmonalis, 
and  chronic  gastric  catarrh.  It  is  customary  to  mix  equal 
portions  of  warm  whey  and  mineral  water.  It  may  be  of  some 
value  as  an  adjuvant ;  but  the  entire  subject  of  whey-cure  is 
much  in  the  dark. 

Abroad  it  is  not  unusual  for  patients  to  seek  the  grape- 
cure  in  the  fall,  after  a  season  at  the  springs.  The  favorite  re- 
sorts for  this  purpose  are  Bingen,  DUrkheim,  Vevay,  Mon- 
treux,  and  Meran.  Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  utility  of 
this  medication,  it  is  certainly  a  pleasant  one,  and,  if  of  value, 
can  readily  be  adopted  in  this  country. 

The  composition  of  Clairette  grape-juice,  in  1,000  parts,  is 
given  as  follows : 


Water 

.     824.00 

Grape-sugar 

:  10.00 

Gum  and  dextrine 

5.00 

Albumen  and  nitrogenous  matter    , 

15.00 

Iron 

0.63 

Potassa  ........ 

1.00 

Soda  .        .                

2.50 

Lime 

1.81' 

Magnesia 

0.90 

Tartaric  acid 

4.  .'JO 

Malic  acid  ......         ,        . 

2.90 

SUGGESTIONS. 


119 


I 


From  this  analysis,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that,  in  one 
pound  of  the  grapes  named,  there  would  be  about  forty  grains 
of  salts,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  organic  acids  with  the 
bases  soda,  lime,  magnesia,  potassa,  and  iron.  The  quantity 
of  grape-sugar  would  be  about  two  ounces.  The  proportion 
of  these  constituents  varies,  however,  with  the  species  of 
grape,  and  the  soil  on  which  it  is  grown.  The  juice  usually 
contains  a  proportion  of  inorganic  salts,  in  addition  to  the 
gaits  named. 

(A.  comparison  of  the  inorganic  constituents  of  grape-juice 
ivitn  the  Grand  Grille,  at  Vichy,  has  been  made  as  follows : 


In  Ten  Thousand  Parts. 


Chlorine 

Sulphuric  acid 

Phosphoric  acid .... 

Silicic  acid 

Potassa 

Soda , 

Mafrnesia 

Liine 

Iron  and  magnusla.. 


Total. 


Grape-Juice. 


0.26 
1.09 
4.T1 
8.44 
17.94 
5.82 
2.76 
5.09 
1.50 


}■' 


23.76 


42.61 


Grand  Grille. 


8.24 
1.64 
0.70 
0.70 

1.82  1 
22.80  I 
0.97 
1.69 
0.12 


21.12 


33.18 


The  syujuitity  of  grapes  usually  consumed  varies  from  one 
and  V.  xsH  .ounds  to  six  or  eight  pounds  per  day,  the  pulp 
and  I  lie-  ^''c  le  being  token. 

The  u:  on  of  grapes  consumed  in  this  way  is  as  follows: 
During  the  arst  few  Jays  a  cathartic  effect  is  produced,  fre- 
quent fluid  evacuations  resu^  irig .  After  some  dayis  the  purga- 
tive action  is  more  regular,  auC  .here  are  several  evacuations 
each  day.  In  some  instances,  however,  tliere  is  no  laxative 
effect.  Usually  the  appetite  is  increased,  digestion  is  im- 
proT  i,  and  the  faeces  are  darker;  the  secretion  of  urine  is 
also  i.-irser. ted.  Sometimes  there  is  considerable  excitement 
of  tl)  '  system  during  the  beginning  of  the  treatment;  the 
pulse  is  more  frequent,  and  there  is  congestion  of  the  head. 
Thif..  however,  soon  passes  off,  although  palpitation  of  the 
hea.t,  epistaxis,  and  even  haemoptysis,  are  said  sometimes  to 
result.  Grapes  are  said  to  be  useful  in  abdominal  plethora, 
scrofula,  chronic  catarrli,  tuberculosis,  and  gravel. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


KIN. 


if; 


ii 

! 


Introductory  to  treatment  of  the  subject  of  baths  we  give 
a  description  of  the  skin,  one  of  the  most  important  cmuncto- 
ries  for  purification  of  the  blood,  and  that  which  is  directly 
subject  to  the  influence  of  bathing. 

Anatomically^  the  skin  consists  of  two  layers :  the  exter- 
nal, called  the  epidermis,  cuticle,  or  scarf-skin,  and  the  internal, 
known  as  the  cutis  vera,  or  true  skin. 

27ie  true  skin  is  a  dense,  elastic  tissue,  permeated  in  every 
direction  by  blood-vessels,  nerves,  and  lymphatics.  Within 
its  substance  are  the  sebaceous  follicles,  usually  discharging 
their  oily  contents  beside  the  point  of  emergence  of  the  hair. 
The  perspiratory  glands  are  also  seated  here.  The  papillary 
layer  of  the  true  skin  consists  of  numbers  of  small  conical 
prominences,  quite  irregularly  distributed.  The  papillae,  when 
aggregated  in  masses  and  arranged  in  rows,  constitute  the 
ridges  and  furrows  that  may  be  seen  on  the  palm  of  the  hand 
and  the  sole  of  the  foot.  The  papillae  are  supplied  with  a 
large  number  of  nerves  and  blood-vessels,  rendering  them  ex- 
ceedingly sensitive.  The  true  skin  varies  in  thickness  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  I  jdy,  being  most  dense  on  the  back,  outer 
sides  of  the  limbs,  and  the  palms  of  the  hands  and  soles  of 
the  feet.  This  thickness  may  arise  from  diflferent  causes, 
sometimes  being  due  to  an  increase  in  the  corion — the  sub- 
stratum of  the  true  skin — at  others,  to  an  accumulation  of  pap- 
illary eminences,  to  subserve  the  sense  of  touch,  when  great 
delicacy  of  feeling  is  required.  We  may  form  an  idea  of  the 
extreme  vascularity  of  this  tissue,  and  the  infinite  number  of 
blood-vessels  with  which  it  is  permeated,  from  the  fact  that 


V 


THE  SKIN. 


121 


V 


the  point  of  the  finest  needle  can  nowhere  ^)cnetrate  the  sur- 
face without  blood  being  drawn  and  a  sensation  of  pain  pro- 
duced. 

The  epidermis^  or  cuticle,  is  a  defensive  covering  for  the 
sensitive  surface  of  the  true  skin,  being  accurately  moulded  to 
the  papillary  layer.  It  varies  ':.  thickness.  When  it  is  ex- 
posed to  continued  friction  or  pressure  and  atmospheric  in- 
fluence, it  becomes  thick,  hard,  and  homy  in  texture,  while 
that  which  is  in  contact  with  the  papillary  layer  is  soft  and 
cellular  in  structure.  The  cuticle  is  formed  by  the  exudation 
of  cells  from  the  papillary  layer,  the  outer  cells  falling  off  as 
scurf,  in  scale-like  particles.  The  color  of  the  sldn  is  due  to 
pigment-cells  found  in  the  deep  layer  of  the  epidermis.  The 
color  of  this  pigment  varies  in  diflferent  nations,  and  gives  the 
characteristic  hue.  The  epidermis  is  pierced  by  the  excretory 
ducts  of  the  sebaceous  follicles  and  sweat-glands,  which  dis- 
charge their  secretions  upon  its  surface. 

The  sweat-glands  are  small,  round,  reddish  bodicL,  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more  exceedingly  small  convoluted  tubes,  twisted 
and  wound  together  in  the  most  intricate  manner.  These 
characteristics  are  only  perceptible  under  the  microscope. 
Surrounding  these  glands  are  numerous  blood-vessels.  From 
them  proceed  the  excretory  ducts,  which  terminate  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  epidermis.  It  is  these  glands  that  secrete  perspira- 
tion— a  watery,  saline  fluid.  Although  each  of  these  glands 
is  30  minute,  when  we  consider  them  in  the  aggregate  we 
shall  arrive  at  surprising  figures.  Mr.  Wilson  tells  uf  as  fol- 
lows :  "  To  arrive  at  something  like  an  estimate  of  the  value 
of  the  perspiratory  system  in  relation  to  the  rest  of  the  organ- 
ism, I  counted  the  perspiratory  pores  on  the  palm  of  the  hand, 
and  found  J,528  in  a  square  inch.  Now,  each  of  these  pores 
being  the  aperture  of  a  little  tube  of  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
long,  it  follows  that  in  a  square  inch  of  skin  on  the  palm  of 
the  hand  there  exists  a  length  of  tube  equal  to  882  inches,  or 
73 1  feet.  Surely  such  an  amount  of  drainage  as  73  feet  in 
every  square  inch  of  skin — assuming  this  to  be  the  average  for 
the  whole  l)ody — is  something  wonderful;  and  the  thought 


If'  I- 


122 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


naturally  intrudes  itself,  *Wliat  if  this  drainage  were  ob- 
structed ? ' 

"  On  the  pulps  of  the  fingers,  where  the  ridges  of  the  sen- 
sitive layer  of  the  true  skin  are  somewhat  finer  than  on  the 
palm  of  the  hand,  the  number  of  pores  on  a  square  inch  a 
little  exceeded  that  of  the  palm ;  and  on  the  heel,  where  the 
ridges  are  coarser,  the  number  of  pores  in  the  square  inch  was 
3,368,  and  the  length  of  tube  567  inches,  or  47  feet.  To  ob- 
tain an  estimate  of  the  length  of  tube  of  the  perspiratory  sys- 
tem of  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  I  think  that  2,800  might 
be  taken  as  a  fair  average  of  the  number  of  pores  in  the 
square  inch ;  and  700,  consequently,  as  the  number  of  inches 
in  length.  Now,  the  number  of  square  inches  of  surface  in  a 
man  of  ordinary  height  and  bulk  is  2,500 ;  the  number  of 
pores,  therefore,  7,000,000,  and  the  number  of  inches  of  per- 
spiratory tube,  1,750,000— that  is,  145,833  feet  or  48,600  yards, 
or  nearly  28  miles." 

Tlie  sebaceous  glands  are  small,  sacculated,  glandular  or- 
gans, found  in  all  parts  of  the  skin,  but  most  frequently  occur- 
ring in  the  face.  Their  orifice  opens  most  fret[uently  into  the 
hair-follicles.  The  purpose  of  the  oily  secretion  which  they 
discharge  is  to  lubricate  the  surface  of  the  body,  keeping  the 
skin  soft  and  pliable,  and  protecting  it  from  the  external  air ; 
it  also  gives  gloss  and  softness  to  the  hair.  This  fluid  is  much 
more  abundantly  secreted  by  the  races  that  live  in  warm  cli- 
mates than  those  that  inhabit  cold  ones. 

Within  the  orifice  of  the  sebaceous  tubes  a  curious  para- 
site, called  the  entozoon  folliculorum,  is  frequently  found.  It 
occurs  in  great  numbers  in  the  inhabitants  of  large  cities, 
whose  skin  is  inclined  to  be  torpid  in  function. 

Function  of  the  Skin. — ^In  order  that  we  may  more  clearly 
comprehend  this,  it  is  well  to  remember  that  the  skin  is  con- 
tinuous with  the  mucous  membrane  at  the  various  orifices  of 
the  body — ^the  mouth,  nose,  etc. — and  that  there  is  a  striking 
similarity  in  the  formation  of  the  two  structures.  Indeed,  we 
may  term  the  one  the  external  lining,  the  other  the  internal ; 
the  being  man,  with  the  various  tissues  of  blood,  jierve,  mus- 


ner. 


THE  SKIN. 


123 


cle,  and  bone,  being  formed  and  nourished  between  these  two 
linings,  the  mouth,  lungs,  stomach,  intestines,  liver,  and  kid- 
neys, being  but  adaptations  of  this  mucous  membrane  to  the 
offices  of  assimilation  and  depuration ;  and,  in  the  same  man- 
ner, the  skin  performs  these  offices,  though  not  in  such  a  mi^!- 
tiplicity  of  ways. 

Absorption. — Undoubtedly  the  skin  acts  more  readily  by 
exhalation  and  secretion  than  absorption ;  but  that  it  is  ab- 
sorbent in  action  is  certain,  though  the  subject  has  been  con- 
siderably discussed,  and  many  have  taken  the  negative  side 
of  the  question.  For  most  fluids  and  substances  capable  of 
solution  by  the  liquids  of  the  body  the  skin  is  absorbent.  It 
I  is  related  by  Theophrastus  that  the  odor  of  strongly-scented 

I  cataplasms,  when  placed  over  the  stomach,  is  detected  in  the 

eructations.  The  treatment  of  various  diseases  by  inunction 
with  medicated  ointments  is  practised  at  the  present  day  with 
perfect  confidence  and  certainty  as  to  absorption  of  the  drug. 
And  when  the  dry  epidermis  is  removed  by  a  blister,  and  the 
cutis  vera  exposed,  "  medicines  applied  produce  similar  effects 
in  doses  but  little  larger  than  when  they  are  made  to  act 
directly  upon  the  gastric  mucous  membrane." 

There  has  been  much  doubt  whether  the  skin  absorbs 
water  oi  medical  substances  dissolved  in  water.  Dr.  Dill,  of 
Edinburgh,  concluded,  from  a  series  of  experiments,  that  the 
body  generally,  but  not  uniformly,  increases  in  weight  in  a 
warm  bath  (86°  to  103°  Fahr.).  Dr.  James  Murray  obtained 
similar  results  in  baths  from  88°  to  104°  Fahr. — that  is,  the 
body  usually  gained  in  weight;  and  he  showed  by  tests  ap- 
plied to  the  urine  that  gallic  acid  is  absorbed  by  a  person  im- 
mersed in  a  bath  containing  infusion  of  galls.  Westrumb 
found  the  prussiate  of  potassa  in  the  blood  and  urine  of 
persons  who  had  used  a  foot-bath  containing  this  salt ;  and  the 
urine,  as  well  as  the  serum  of  the  blood,  was  colored  brown 
when  the  arms  were  kept  immersed  in  an  infusion  of  rhubarb. 
The  more  recent  experiments  of  Durian  and  Clemens  tend 
to  reconcile  the  apparent  contradictory  results  that  have  been 
sometimes  obtained.    Prof.  Alfred  Still^,  of  Philadelphia,  sums 


3f ;,  it  \f.i 


't: 


124 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


up  the  observations  referred  to  in  these  words :  "  By  these 
experiments  it  is  rendered  clear  that  for  every  person  there  is 
a  temperature  at  which  the  body,  immersed  in  water,  neither 
gains  nor  loses  in  weight ;  while,  on  the  one  hand,  above  this 
point  it  exhales  more  than  it  absorbs,  and  therefore  becomes 
lighter,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  below  this  point  it  absorbs 
more  than  it  exhales  and  grows  heavier.  Thus,  in  a  bath  of 
from  73°  to  77°  Fahr.,  the  skin  absorbs  on  an  average  248 
grains  in  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  443  grains  in  three-quarters 
of  an  hour,  and  nearly  700  grains  in  an  hour  and  a  quarter.* 
On  the  other  hand,  in  baths  at  an  average  temperature  of  97° 
Fahr.,  the  body  loses  weight  at  the  rate  of  744  grains  in  fifteen 
minutes,  1.371  grains  in  thirty  minutes,  and  3,054  grains  in 
forty-five  minutes.  In  a  bath  of  113°  Fahr.  the  body  lost  more 
than  a  pound  in  weight  in  the  course  of  fifteen  minutes.  By 
this  simple  statement  it  becomes  evident  that,  even  in  the  case 
of  water,  exhalation  is  a  more  active  function  of  the  skin  than 
absorption." "  It  is  quite  probable,  from  the  conflicting  results 
of  experiments  as  to  absorption,  that,  on  the  one  hand,  the 
body  loses  a  portion  of  fluid  in  a  tepid  bath,  and,  on  the  other, 
absorbs  an  equal  or  nearly  equal  quantity ;  that  is,  there  is  an 
interchange  of  fluids.  It  may  be  noted  that  experiments  in 
warm  baths  show  that  the  urine  becomes  alkaline^  as  a  rule, 
even  when  nitric  acid  or  sulphate  of  quinine  is  dissolved  in 
the  water. 

Transpiration. — ^The  secretion  of  oil  by  the  sebaceous  fol- 
licles, and  its  purpose  of  lubricating  the  skin,  have  already  been 
mentioned.  The  ofiice,  however,  most  worthy  of  notice  in  con- 
nection with  this  subject  is  that  of  perspiration — ^the  elimi- 
nation of  carbonic  acid  and  perspiration  by  the  sweat-glands. 
T  "!  ingenious  calculation  by  which  it  is  shown  that  the  com- 
bined length  of  the  sweat-tubes,  in  an  individual,  is  about 
twenty-eight  miles  has  already  been  noticed.  It  may  be  asked, 
if  these  glands  are  constantly  active,  continually  conveying 

*  Recent  researches  of  Jamin  and  Do  Laur63  throw  doubt  on  this  point    They  offiro^ 
that  the  loss  is  large  between  76°  and  82'"  Fahr. 
9  Stille's  "Therapeutics,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  56, 67. 


1  I 

1 


THE  SKIN. 


125 


I 


their  burden  of  perspiration  to  the  surface  of  the  skin,  why  is 
not  that  surface  continually  moist?  We  answer,  because 
the  fluid  is  eliminated  so  gradually  that  it  passes  off  impercep- 
tibly in  vapor  as  rapidly  as  it  is  formed.  However,  we  all 
know  how,  during  vigorous  exercise  and  the  heat  of  summer, 
it  is  immediately  seen  on  the  surface  in  large  beads  of  fluid. 
This  fluid  is  composed  mostly  of  water,  but,  besides,  we  find 
carbonic  acid,  acetate  of  ammonia,  phosphate  of  soda  and  lime, 
carbonate  of  lini*?,  chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  soda,  mu- 
riate of  ammonia,  and  traces  of  iron  and  animal  matter.  The 
quantity  thus  exhaled  has  been  estimated  as  about  two  and  a 
half  pounds  per  day — ^larger  than  the  amount  given  off  by  the 
lungs.  It  must  not,  however,  be  understood  that  all  of  this 
quantity  is  exhaled  by  the  sweat-glands  and  sebaceous  glands ; 
the  larger  proportion  is  the  result  of  simple  evaporation  from 
the  surface  of  the  skin. 

The  amount  of  discharge  from  the  skin  varies  at  different 
periods  of  the  day,  and  under  the  varied  conditions  of  our  sys- 
tems. Immediately  after  taking  food  the  process  is  checked, 
but  when  digestion  is  fully  established  it  is  most  abundant. 
The  conditions  of  the  atmosphere  exercise  a  marked  influence ; 
when  it  is  hot  and  dry,  then  transpiration  is  exceedingly  ac- 
tive, while  a  moist  atmosphere  has  an  opposite  effect. 

The  skin  also  acts  the  part  of  a  respiratory  organ,  by  ab- 
sorbing oxygen  and  giving  off  carbonic  acid,  thus  aiding  the 
lungs  in  this  important  interchange  of  the  gaseous  constituents 
of  the  blood.  Indeed,  respiration  is  performed  by  the  skin 
alone  in  some  of  the  inferior  animals.  If  one  of  the  higher 
animals,  in  which  the  skin  resembles  that  of  a  man  in  func- 
tion, be  enclosed  in  a  bag  of  caoutchouc,  leaving  the  head 
only  exposed,  it  soon,  dies,  as  though  asphyxiated,  the  heart 
and  lungs  being  found  gorged  with  blood,  and  the  temperature 
of  the  body  sometimes  as  much  as  30°  Fahr,  below  the  normal 
standard. 

Reflection  upon  the  offices  of  the  skin,  which  are  almost 
unknown  to  the  multitude,  will  impress  forcibly  upon  us  the 
exceeding  importance  of  the  bath  as  a  sanitary  and  medicinal 


12G 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


agent.  If  this  continual  discharge  of  aqueous  elements  is 
checked,  may  it  not  throw  upon  the  other  eliminators — the 
kidneys,  the  lungs,  and  the  intestines — an  excess  of  labor  that 
will  cause  inflammation  ?  If  the  twenty-eight  miles  of  drain- 
age arc  obstructed,  may  not  the  pent-up  eflfete  matter  engender 
disease  and  death  ? 

Taking  cold — the  sudden  arrest  of  the  function  of  the  skin 
— is  almost  always  followed  by  irritation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  lungs,  kidneys  and  intestines,  manifested  by 
bronchitis,  an  excessive  discharge  of  urine,  and  even  nephritis 
or  diarrhoea.  These  results,  from  the  sudden  arrest  of  the 
functions  of  the  skin,  are  only  mentioned  by  way  of  illustra- 
tion. There  is  a  long  list  of  diseases  in  which  obstruction  of 
the  skin  is  an  exciting  cause.  Bathing  is  not  only  essential 
to  a  healthy  and  prolonged  existence,  but,  through  the  stimu- 
lation of  the  action  of  the  skin,  in  this  way  we  may  remove 
various  morbid  products  of  the  organism  which,  .by  their  ac- 
cumulation in  the  system,  are  the  source  of  disea,3e. 


t 


I  I 


CHAPTER    IX. 

BATHS. 

Th6  Cold  Bath  (70°  Fahr.  and  below).  —  The  primary 
phenomena  of  immersion  in  cold  water  are  those  of  sedation  / 
the  more  decided  as  the  water  is  colder.  They  are  diminished 
temperature  and  paleness  of  the  skin,  slower  respiration  and 
circulation  of  the  blood,  accompanied  by  panting  and  shiver- 
ing. If  the  cold  be  great  or  long  protracted,  a  sense  of  suffo- 
cation and  constriction  at  the  pit  of  the  stomach  is  experi- 
enced, the  skin  is  corrugated,  the  breathing  is  labored  and 
convulsive,  speech  difficult,  the  circulation  is  depressed,  the 
lips  and  even  cheeks  become  bluish,  the  muscles  are  painful 
and  seized  with  cramps,  and,  unless  relieved,  the  person  will 
lose  his  life. 

On  coming  out  of  the  bath,  and  while  exposed  to  the  air, 
the  sensation  of  cold  is  increased ;  but  in  vigorous  persons,  as 
soon  as  the  skin  is  dry,  reaction  takes  place,  a  warm  glow 
spreads  over  the  surface,  the  muscles  play  with  ease  and  elas- 
ticity, the  mind  is  clear,  and  the  person  exhilarated. 

Since  the  times  of  Musa,  who  cured  the  Emperor  Augustus 
Caesar  of  a  supposed  hopeless  malady  by  the  use  of  cold  wa- 
ter, there  have  been  repeated  periods  in  which  this  useful 
remedy  has  been  exalted  into  a  panacea.  Such  it  is  not ;  but 
there  are  certain  conditions  of  the  system  in  which  it  is  an 
efficient  remedy. 

The  cold  bath  is  most  frequently  used  as  a  tonit\  and  is 
only  applicable  to  persons  who  have  sufficient  vigor  to  procure 
prompt  reaction.  In  this  way  it  is  more  often  employed  to 
perpetuate  an  already  healthy  condition  than  to  relieve  dis- 


128 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ease.  For  the  nnnDmic  and  depressed,  needing  tonics,  other 
resources  must  bo  sought.  There  seems  an  incompatibility 
between  the  tonic  effect  of  a  cold  bath  and  the  fact  that  the 
bath  itself  is  actually  a  sedative.  This  inconsistency,  how- 
ever, is  only  apparent.  When  we  speak  of  the  tonic  action, 
it  is  only  as  a  result,  not  as  the  immediate  effect. 

Cold  applications  are  employed  in  an  infinite  number  of 
ways  in  the  treatment  of  disease.    In  fevers,  the  cold  sponge- 
bath  is  a  palliative,  so  acting  by  abstraction  of  heat.     Active 
haemorrhage,  both  external  and  internal,  may  frequently  be 
controlled  by  cold  applications :  in  the  former  acting  directly, 
by  contraction  of  the  blood-vessels  and  tissues ;  in  the  latter, 
by  reflex  action,  the  sudden  chill  produced,  as  in  haemorrhage 
of  the  lungs,  by  application  of  cold  to  the  chest,  causing  con- 
traction of  the  capillary  blood-vessels.     In  acute  diseases  of 
the  brain,  the  continuous  application  of  cold  is  of  great  ad- 
vantage, lessening  temperature  by  abstraction  of  heat  and 
contracting  the  blood-vessels  by  direct  action.     Gout  and 
rheumatism  have  sometimes  been  treated,  in  the  acute  stage, 
by  application  of  cold  to  the  affected  part ;  but,  though  some- 
times securing  relief,  the  practice  is  not  to  be  recommended, 
the  cause  of  the  disease  still  remaining  in  the  system,  ready 
to  explode  its  force  at  some  other  point.     Quite  opposite  to 
this  is  the  action  of  the  hot  bath  in  this  disease,  which,  by 
stimulating  the  excretory  function  of  the  skin,  removes  the 
cause. 

As  a  guide  to  the  use  of  the  ordinary  cold  bath,  we  insert 
the  following  rules : 

1.  The  most  favorable  time  of  daj'  for  taking  a  cold  bath 
is  on  rising  in  the  morning,  or  about  noon. 

2.  The  stomach  should  be  empty  when  the  bath  is  taken. 

3.  Exercise  moderately  before  entering  the  bath  aifd  while 
in  the  bath;  but  the  body  Diust  not  be  overheated  on  going 
into  the  water. 

4.  A  cold  bath  should  not  be  taken  when  fatigued. 

5.  The  duration  of  a  cold  bath  should  not  exceed  five 
minutes. 


BATHS. 


120 


C.  The  cold  bath  should  be  succeeded  by  friction  of  the 
surface,  with  a  coarse  towel  or  flesh-brush,  till  reaction  is  estab- 
lished. 

7.  If  the  cold  bath  is  not  followed  by  reaction,  the  dura- 
tion has  been  too  long,  or  cold  bathing  is  not  fitted  for  the 
individual. 

8.  The  cold  bath  is  not  adapted  to  feeble  or  aged  persons 
and  infantst 

9.  Persons  whose  extremities  or  skin  are  usually  cold 
should  not  use  the  cold  bath, 

10.  Persons  affected  with  organic  disease  of  the  heart 
;hould  not  take  cold  baths. 

Baths  between  70°  and  85°  Fahr.  are  denominated  tem- 
perate^  and  from  85°  to  93°  Fahr.  they  are  termed  tepid.  The 
latter  range  is  that  usually  selected  for  the  purpose  of  ordinary 
ablution.  These  baths  abstract  heat  and  lessen  the  frequency 
of  the  pulse  in  the  same  manner  as  the  cold  bath,  though  in 
much  less  degree. 

T7ie  Warm  Bath  (92°  to  98°  Fahr.).— This  may  be 
termed  the  luxurious  bath,  that  which  the  weary  or  the  invalid 
enters  with  pleasure  and  quits  reluctantly.  *  Under  its  in- 
fluence a  sense  of  calm  enjoyment  and  perfect  tranquillity 
is  experienced.  Granville,  in  his  glowing  description  of  a 
bath  in  the  Wildbad  waters  of  Germany,  well  describes  these 
sensations : 

"  After  descending  a  few  steps  from  the  dressing-room  into 
the  bath-room,  I  walked  over  the  warm,  soft  sand  to  the  far- 
thest end  of  the  bath,  and  I  lay  myself  down  upon  it,  near 
the  principal  spring,  resting  my  head  on  a  clean  wooden  pillow. 
The  soothing  effect  of  the  water  as  it  came  over  me,  up  to  the 
throat,  transparent  like  the  brightest  gem  or  aqua-marine,  soft, 
genially  warm,  and  gently  murmuring,  I  shall  never  forget. 
Millions  of  bubbles  of  gas  rose  from  the  sand  and  played 
around  me,  quivering  through  the  lucid  water  as  they  as- 
cended, and  bursting  at  the  surface,  to  be  succeeded  by  others. 
The  sensation  produced,  as  these  with  their  tremulous  motion 
just  effleuraient  the  surface  of  the  body, ...  is  not  to  be  de- 


130 


MINERAL  SPaiNGS. 


scribed.  It  partakes  of  tranquillity/  and  exhilaration  ;  of  the 
ecstatic  state  of  a  devotee,  blended  with  the  repose  of  an 
opium-eater.  The  head  is  calm,  the  heart  is  calm  ;  yet  there 
is  neither  drowsiness,  stupefaction,  nor  numbness.''^ 

The  physiologroal  eflFects  of  the  warm  bath  are  as  follows: 
There  is  diminution  in  the  frequency  of  the  pulse  and  a  less- 
ened number  of  respirations.  Tlie  experiments  of  Marcard 
show  that  in  baths  of  96°  Fahr.,  and  below  that  temperature, 
the  rapidity  of  the  pulse  is  uniformly  diminished.  Dr.  Lock- 
ette,  of  Virginia,  in  baths  of  98°  Fahr.,  found  the  pulse  always 
reduced  in  frequency.  In  rare  instances  it  was  slightly  in- 
creased on  first  immersion,  but  in  a  short  time  it  fell  below  the 
normal  standard,  and  so  continued.  In  this  respect  there  is 
a  diflference  in  individuals  as  to  the  amount  of  diminution  of 
the  pulse-beats,  those  whose  pulse  is  usually  rapid  and  ex- 
cited showing  the  most  decided  variation.  From  these  facts, 
and  those  given  under  the  remarks  on  cold  baths,  we  deduce 
the  law  that  in  all  baths  of  a  temp>erature  below  the  nor- 
mal heat  of  the  body,  98°  Fahr.,  the  pidse  is  diminished  in 
frequency. 

Warm  baths  act  decidedly  on  the  functions  of  the  skin ; 
absorption  and  exhalation  are  much  increased.  In  baths  the 
temperature  of  which  ranges  between  86°  and  96°  Fahr., 
the  absorption  of  water  and  medicinal  salts  seems  most  ac- 
tive. 

The  prolonged  use  of  the  warm  bath,  for  days  and  weeks 
in  succession,  produces  an  eruption  on  the  surface  of  the  skin 
and  febrile  condition;?,  continuing  for  several  days,  known 
among  the  Germans  as  the  Badrsturm,  or  bath-fever.  Formerly 
it  was  thought  that  the  production  of  this  critical  fever  was 
necessary  to  a  cure ;  but  this  idea  has  been  relinquished,  and 
it  is  now  usually  considered  as  an  indication  of  misuse  of  the 
bath,  and  a  guide  for  diminishing  the  temperature  or  lessening 
the  duration. 

The  warm  bath  may  be  considered,  therapeutically,  as 
calming  and  restorative.  The  person  worn  out  by  prolonged 
mental  or  physical  exertion  experiences  in  the  warm  bath  a 


BATHS. 


131 


sense  of  quiet  and  relaxation,  which  is  followed  on  quitting  it, 
if  the  person  do  not  remain  too  long,  with  a  restoration  of 
energy. 

A  dividing-line  may  clearly  hd  drawn  between  the  warm 
and  the  hot  bath.  To  place  the  prominent  points  more  defi- 
nitely before  the  reader,  the  respective  efifccts  are  shown  in 
the  folio ving  table : 


WAnxi  BATH. 
From  Oa-  to  98°  Falir. 

1.  Canning  and  sedative. 

2.  Pulse  decreased  in  frequency. 

8.  Rcspiratiras  decreased  in  numJjcr. 

4.  Skin  neither  red  nor  congested. 

5.  Absorption  and  exhalatioii  of  the 

skin  increased. 

6.  No  determination  of  blood  to  the 

head. 

7.  Secondary  effects  restorative. 


i!or  BATH. 
Abovo  98'  Faur. 

1.  Exciting. 

2.  Pulse  increased  in  frequency. 

3.  Respirations  increased  in  nuniljcr. 

4.  Skin  red  and  congested. 

5.  Exhalation  of  the  skin  increased, 

and  little  or  no  absorption. 

6.  Determiaati -n    of   blood    to    the 

head. 

7.  Secondary  effects  depressing 


The  warm  bath  is  applicable  to  many  diseases.  It  calms 
nervous  excitement,  and  has  been  used  advantageously  in 
mania,  chorea,  and  hj'stcria.  In  nephritis^  it  allays  pain,  and 
aids  the  passage  of  calculi.  Congestions  and  inflammations 
of  the  liver  are  also  much  improved  by  its  use,  in  conjurction 
with  other  treatment.  Conjoined  with  frictions  and  moderate 
exercise,  it  is  also  palliative  in  albinninuria.  Dysmenorrlioea 
and  amenorrhoea  have  been  treated  by  warm  baths  from  time 
immemorial.  Chronic  metritis  is  also  subject  to  iavorable 
influence  by  the  warm  bath.  Many  diseases  of  the  skin  are 
tliereby  rendered  amenable  to  treatment,  which  otherwise  baf- 
fle our  best  efl'orls.  Suhaciite  rheumatism  and  gout  may  be 
treated  by  warm  baths,  and  even  the  more  decidedly  chronic 
types  may  be  subjected  to  them  when  the  hot  bath  cannot  be 
used. 

The  following  rules  are  applicable  to  the  warm  bath : 

1.  The  best  thne  for  taking  a  warm  bath  is  during  the 
morning  liours,  and  in  some  instances  ]:)eforc  retiring  to  bed. 

3.  The  stomach  should  be  empty  at  the  time  of  the  bath. 


^ir 
"^^\ 


'  i 


\  ■:  '!..«! 


132 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


3.  Tlie  ch  ration  of  the  warm  bath  may  be  from  fifteen  min- 
utes to  an  hour,  and  sometimes  longer. 

4.  The  warm  bath  is  applicable  to  almost  all  conditions  of 
health  or  disease,  but  persons  affected  with  organic  disease  of 
the  heart  or  lungs  should  be  careful  in  its  use. 

The  Mot  Bath  (above  98°  Fahr.). — ^The  physiological  effects 
of  the  hot  bath  are  very  different  from  those  of  a  warm  bath. 
During  immersion  in  a  hot  bath,  the  skin  becomes  red,  the 
pulse  is  increased  in  frequency,  the  respirations  are  increased 
in  number,  perspiration  breaks  forth  on  the  parts  not  im- 
mersed, exhaLation  of  the  skin  is  greatly  stimulated,  the  mind 
becomes  confused,  and,  if  too  long  continued,  vertigo  or  even 
apoplexy  may  result.  Dr.  Lockette,  of  Virginia,  whose  pulse 
was  77,  in  a  bath  of  98°  Fahr.,  tells  us  that,  in  a  bath  of  111° 
Fahr.,  it  rose  to  153  beats  in  a  minute,  and  that  it  produced 
confusion  of  thought,  pai-tial  delirium,  tinnitus  aurium^  an  in- 
ability to  speak,  dimness  of  sight,  an  intolerable  pain  in  his 
head,  with  a  most  painful  desire  to  make  water.  His  sensa- 
tions were  precisely  such  as  they  are  in  a  violent  state  of 
fever.  There  were  great  redness  of  the  skin  and  flushing  of 
the  face.  On  raising  himself  out  of  the  water,  he  almost 
swooned,  and,  being  now  covered  with  blankets,  sweated  very 
profusely.  The  results  of  the  experiments  of  M.  Rostan  and  M. 
Loude  coincide  with  those  obtained  by  Dr.  Lockette.  Lieber- 
meister  found  the  bodily  temperature  augmented  by  the  hot 
bath.  The  extent  to  which  exhalation  of  the  skin  is  stimulated 
has  been  well  shown  by  the  experiments  of  Mosler,  who  proved 
that,  in  hot  baths  of  high  temperature,  from  one  to  two  pounds' 
weight  may  be  lost  in  the  course  of  an  hour.  During  a  course 
of  hot  bathing  a  bath-fever  sometimes  occurs,  similar  to  that 
described  in  treating  of  warm  baths.  There  are  constipation, 
a  coated  tongue,  loss  of  appetite,  nervous  irritability,  disturbed 
sleep,  perspiration,  palpitations,  and  eruptions  on  the  skin,  and 
a  temporary  discontinuance  of  the  baths  is  indicated. 

The  diseases  in  which  the  hot  bath  is  remedial  are  chronic 
rheuynatism^  gout,  and  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin,  especially 
those  of  a  scaly  nature,  such  aspsoriasis^  pityriaslft,  and  lichen^ 


'1 1' 


I 


i 


BATHS. 


133 


occurring  in  phlegmatic  temperaments.  In  neuralgias^  paror 
plegia,  and  paralysis^  it  is  curative  in  a  marked  degree,  espe- 
cially when  employed  in  the  form  of  a  hot  douche.  Dysmen- 
orrhoea  and  amenorrhoea,  associated  with  atonic  conditions, 
are  also  favorably  influenced  by  hot  baths  and  douches.  Mir 
larged  and  contracted  joints  are  relieved  by  the  same  treat- 
ment. Engorgement  of  the  abdominal  viscera  may  be  prop- 
erly subjected  to  hot  baths,  and  frequently  with  decided  re- 
lief. In  tertiary  syphilis,  the  hot  bath  often  acts  as  an  indis- 
pensable adjuvant  to  cure.  The  stimulant  eflect  on  the  excre- 
tory function  of  the  skin,  combined  with  proper  medication, 
seems  to  eliminate  the  venereal  poison  with  great  certainty  and 
rapidity.  When  the  hot  douche  acts  favorably  in  neuralgia, 
paralysis,  and  affections  of  the  joints,  it  seems  to  do  so  by  its 
local  effect  entirely.  The  blood-vessels,  nerves,  and  lymphatics 
of  the  affected  part,  are  stimulated  to  renewed  vitality,  which, 
on  the  one  hand,  relieves  pain,  and  restores  sensibility  and  mo- 
tion, and  on  the  other  absorbs  exudations  and  concretions. 

Although  hot  baths  form  fo  potent  a  remed  'hey  should 
be  employed  with  circumspection,  and  the  effect  closely  ob- 
served from  day  to  day.  Venel  asserts  that,  at  Cauterets,  a 
Spaniard  died  of  haemorrhage,  from  prolonged  stay  in  a  hot 
bath,  and  Buchan  relates  the  case  of  a  man  who  was  attacked 
with  paralysis,  after  the  use  of  an  excessively  hot  bath.  The 
following  rules  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  use  of  this  bath : 

1.  The  best  time  for  taking  a  hot  bath  is  during  the  morn- 


ing. 


3.  The  stomach  should  be  empty,  free  from  irritation,  and 
the  tongue  clean. 

3.  The  duration  may  be  from  five  to  fifteen  minutes,  and 
sometimes  longer,  according  to  temperature  and  condition. 

4.  The  hot  bath  is  more  applicable  to  the  middle-aged  and 
old,  than  to  young  persons. 

5.  Plethoric  persons  should  be  guarded  in  the  use  of  hot 
baths. 

G.  Those  suffering  from  organic  disease  of  the  heart  or 
lungs,  or  subject  to  vertigo,  should  not  use  hot  baths. 


?  r.i::ll!  if 


134 


MDIERAL  SPRINGS. 


i 


7.  The  temperature  of  the  hot  bath  usually  employed, 
ranges  from  102°  to  110°  Fahr. 

Va2)or-Bath. — In  this  bath  the  atmosphere  is  loaded  with 
hot  vapor.  It  acts  rapidly  in  increasing  the  heat  of  the  body, 
inasmuch  as  the  body  is  not  only  heated  by  the  surrounding 
hot  medium,  but,  when  perspiration  would  aflFord  relief,  evap- 
oration is  impeded  by  the  already  moist  atmosphere.  0\a  mg 
to  these  conditions  a  high  temperature  of  vapor-bath  is  in- 
tolerable, while  a  dry,  hot-air  bath  may  be  taken  at  312° 
Fahr.,  and  higher,  with  impunity.  In  a  vapor-bath  of  120° 
Fahr.,  Fordyce  found  the  pulse  145  after  twenty  minutes'  stay. 
At  a  higher  temperature,  the  pulse  becomes  more  frequent  and 
smaller,  and,  when  the  temperature  reaches  170°  Fahr.,  ii  can 
be  borne  but  for  a  few  moments  without  injury. 

The  physiological  effects  of  the  hot  vapor-bath  are  con- 
gestion and  redness  of  the  skin,  increase  in  frequency  cf  the 
pulse,  fulness  of  the  head,  oppression  of  the  chest,  arising 
from  congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  tendency  to  perspiration. 
Persons  are  often  deceived  by  the  seeming  large  quantity  of 
pi^rspiration  on  the  skin,  which  is,  in  great  part,  only  the  con- 
densation of  vapor  on  the  body.  There  is  increase  in  the  tem- 
perature of  the  body.  Wiegand  found  that  in  a  vapor-bath 
of  106°  Fahr.  a  thermometer  placed  in  the  mouth  rose  from 
99°  to  102°  Fahr.  in  five  minutes,  and  readied  104°  Fahr., 
when  the  temperature  of  the  bath  was  increasfnl  to  110°  Fahr. 
These  observations  may  not,  however,  be  altogether  accurate, 
as  the  hot  vapor  entering  the  mouth  would  influence  the  ther- 
mometer ;  and,  placed  in  the  axilla,  it  does  not  mark  so  great 
change.  But  that  the  temperature  of  the  body  is  decidedly 
increased  is  undoubted ;  and  it  is  from  this  fact  that  the  body 
so  well  tolerates  the  sudden  transition  from  hot  vapor  to  a 
cool  shower-bath.  Tlie  change  is  grateful  and  soothing,  and 
is  followed  by  copious  perspiration  under  favorable  conditions. 

Russian  Bath. — ^This  is  but  a  form  of  the  hot  vapor-bath. 
Under  various  forms  it  is  used  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  North- 
ern Europe — the  Germans,  Swedes,  Norwegians,  Russians — 
and,  we  are  told,  by  the  Indians  of  this  continent.     As  em- 


ii 


^sw 


BATHS. 


135 


ployed  in  tliis  country,  it  consists  of  antechambers,  or  dressinj^- 
rooms,  warmed  from  70°  to  95°  Fahr.,  and  the  bath-chamber. 
The  latter  is  constructed  of  wood,  and  on  one  side  of  the 
room  are  rows  of  benches,  usually  three  in  number,  one  above 
the  other.     The  temperature  of  the  bath  is  according  to  the 
elevation  of  the  bench ;  on  the  lower  it  is  about  96°  Fahr., 
and  on  the  upper  one  it  may  be  as  high  as  160°  Fahr.     The 
bather  disrobes  in  the  anteroom,  and  then,  lightly  covered,  en- 
ters the  bath.    He  first  reclines  on  the  lower  shelf,  then  on 
the  middle,  next  on  the  upper,  remaining  five,  ten,  or  fifteen 
minutes  on  each,  the  time  varying  as  the  person  is  accustomed 
to  the  bath.     At  certain  stages  of  this  process,  when  the  skin 
is  red  and  the  body  very  hot,  the  person  is  taken  to  a  side- 
room  and  showered  with  cool,  or  even  cold  water ;  the  skin 
be^ng  so  intensely  hot  the  sensation  is  very  agreeable,  and  no 
danger  need  be  apprehended,  provided  the  contact  of  cold  be 
brief.     In  Russia  the  attendant  also  rubs  the  body  vigorously 
with  various  irritating  and  cleansing  substances,  such  as  the 
inner  bark  of  the  lime-tree,  previously  soaked  in  soap-suds,  a 
hempen  •  visp,  bran  and  soap-suds,  or  flannel  cloths,  the  selec- 
tion being  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  patient.     The  body 
is  also  kneaded,  and  the  various  joints  rubbed  and  twisted  till 
they  are  perfectly  supple.     The  hot  vapor  is  usually  admitted 
to  the  room  from  coils  of  steam-pipes,  but  in  Russia  it  is  pro- 
duced by  throwing  water  on  red-hot  shot  or  ston<    ;  and  there 
the  equivalent  for  the  cold  shower  often  consists  in  running 
out  into  the  open  air  and  rolling  in  the  snow,  immediately  re- 
turning, however,  to  the  hot  vapor-room.     The  duration  of  the 
bath  for  those  not  habituated  is  about  fifteen  minutes ;  but, 
after  becoming  accustomed  to  it,  it  may  be  prolonged  to  a 
half-hour,  or  even  an  hour.     After  the  bath  the  person  retires 
to  an  adjoining  room,  and  remains  till  cool,  usually  partaking 
of  some  warm  drink.     If,  however,  copious  perspiration  is  de- 
sirable, the  patient  is  wrapped  in  blankets  and  reclines  on  a 
couch,  where  he  remains  for  some  time. 

Hot-Air  Bath. — In  the  hot-air  bath  the  body  is  surrounded 
by  a  medium  which,  although  it  tends  to  increase  its  heat,  pre- 


i '  < 


n ' .  ^1 


''I  I 


mm 


136 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


•;" 


sents  at  the  same  time  the  best  conditions  for  conveying  the 
heat  away.    The  skin  is  stimulated  to  increased  activity,  and 
perspiration  exudes  from  errrypore;  but  it  is  immediately 
converted  into  vapor,  which,  in  the  change,  absorbs  enormous 
quantities  of  heat,  and  thus  the  body  remains  about  the  nor- 
mal temperature.    Experiment  has  proved  that  a  person  may 
remain  seven  minutes  in  dry  air  at  210**  Fahr.,  and  the  body- 
heat  will  not  rise  more  than  one  degree  in  temperature.    In 
the  hot-air  bath  the  loss  by  evaporation  depends  more  on  the 
length  of  time  passed  in  it  than  the  temperature.     Ten  min- 
utes passed  in  a  hot-air  bath  of  123°  Fahr.,  and  one  of  212° 
Fahr.,  give  rise  to  the  same  loss  by  evaporation,  and  this  in 
a  constant  proportion.*    The  difiFerence  between  the  toleration 
of  a  hot-vapor  bath  and  a  hot-air  bath  has  already  been  no- 
ticed.   While  in  the  one  we  cannot  endure  a  heat  above  160° 
or  170°  Fahr.,  in  the  other  we  can  readily  remain  for  some 
time  after  it  passes  the  point  of  boiling-water.     It  is  related 
that  the  workmen  of  the  sculptor.  Sir  F.  Chantrey,  were  in  the 
habit  of  entering  a  furnace  in  which  moulds  were  dried  when 
the  floor  was  red-hot  and  the  thermometer  stood  at  350°  Fahr. 
Chabert,  the  "  Fire  King,"  frequently  entered  an  oven  at  a 
temperature  of  from  400°  to  600°  Fahr. 

The  physiological  eflfects  of  hot  air  are  somewhat  as  fol- 
lows :  On  entering  a  bath  of  160°  Fahr.  persons  not  accus- 
tomed to  it  usually  experience  a  slight  smarting  aad  itching 
of  the  entire  body.  The  pulse  becomes  at  first  small  and  fre- 
quent, respiration  is  impeded,  and  there  is  a  feeling  of  con- 
striction about  the  forehead.  After  some  moments  the  pulse 
becomes  fuller,  but  still  increased  in  frequency,  and  the  tem- 
poral arteries  throb.'  The  skin  feels  hot,  and  there  is  a  pun- 
gent, burning  sensation  about  the  nostrils.  A  copious  per- 
spiration covers  the  body,  and  sometimes  the  mouth  is  dry.* 

>  Boll  on  "  Baths,"  p.  525. 

"  In  my  own  case,  after  thlrtjr-flvo  mlnutos  passed  In  tbo  Turkish  bath,  twenty-live  of 
which  I  was  subject  to  120°  Fahr.,  and  the  last  ton  to  176'  Fahr.,  tho  pulse  rose  from  84  on 
entering  to  144. 

'  Tho  colored  atteadant  whom  I  mot  in  tho  Turkish  bath  made  the  following  stateraont: 
IIo  is  in  tho  bathing-chambers  sbc  hours  each  day,  tho  temperature  of  the  air  with  which 


BATHS. 


137 


The  immediate  after-eflFect  of  a  hot-air  bath  is  depressing, 
though  when  properly  used  it  may  prove  tonic. 

The  TurJdsh  Bath. — This  is  the  form  of  hot-air  bath  in 
general  use  both  in  this  country  and  Europe.  It  consists  of 
four  apartments :  First,  the  undressing-room,  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  about  80°  Fahr.  Here  you  disrobe,  receive  a  light 
gown,  and  place  your  feet  in  sandals  with  wooden  soles. 
Leaving  this  room,  the  tepidarium  is  entered.  This  is  a 
chamber  usually  about  ten  feet  square  and  nine  feet  high,  the 
floor  of  slate  or  marble,  and  the  walls  of  tile.  Within  this 
apartment  are  couches,  on  which  you  recline,  usually  remain- 
ing fifteen  minutes.  Temperature  of  this  room,  120°  Fahr, 
From  the  tepidarium  you  are  conducted  into  the  shampooing- 
room,  of  larger  dimensions;  temperature  about  the  sane.  Tn 
the  centre  of  this  chamber  is  an  elevated  marble  taule,  on 
which  you  place  yourself,  and  every  portion  of  the  body  is 
rubbed  thoroughly  and  kneaded  by  the  bath-attendant.  From 
this  room  you  enter  the  caldarium^  and  recline  on  a  couch. 
This  apartment  is  similar  in  size  and  construction  to  the  tepi- 
darium, but  the  temperature  is  176°  Fahr.,  and  the  walls  are 
burning  to  the  touch.  Here  you  remain  for  ten  minutes,  the 
perspiration  breaking  forth  from  every  portion  of  t  ae  body, 
and  a  pungent,  burning  sensation  being  felt  about  the  nos- 
trils. Then  you  are  again  taken  to  the  shampooing-roonij 
where  you  are  douched  with  water  of  about  98°  Fahr.,  and 
rubbed  with  wisps  of  sea-grass  or  hemp;  then  douched  again. 
The  attendant  then  takes  a  wooden  strigil,  of  the  antique  pat- 
tern, and  scrapes  the  body  and  extremities.  Next  you  are 
showered  with  water  of  90°  Fahr. ;  then  douched  with  water 
of  70°  Fahr.,  the  latter  giving  considerable  shock,  and  termi- 
nating the  bath.  You  are  then  conducted  to  the  diessing- 
room,  where,  after  being  thoroughly  dried,  you  recline  for 


»;.  Ill 


I 


ho  is  surrountled  durinj?  tbat  tluio  varying  from  120°  to  200°  Fahr.,  some  pcrsoiis  taking 
baths  at  the  last-named  temperature.  Ho  has  followed  this  occupation  four  years.  Tie  has 
lost  considerable  in  weight,  and  has  very  little  appetite.  Tongue  is  white  and  ftirred.  Suf- 
fers from  constipation — a  passage  once  In  two  days;  prev'oas  to  biking  charge  of  baths,  hav- 
ing boon  regular.  Passes  very  Uttlo  urlno.  Perspires  freely  in  tb^j  bath.  Feels  stupid. 
Bleeps  Tory  soundly ;  and  frequently  fools  numb  in  portions  of  his  *jody  when  ho  wakes. 


' 


\\ 


138 


MINERAL  SPRINGS 


some  time  on  a  couch,  enjoying  the  pleasurable  ^^dolce-far' 
niente  "  condition  in  which  you  find  yourself.  The  system  is 
in  a  state  of  lassitude,  with  a  pleasant  inclination  to  repose, 
unaccompanied,  however,  by  the  slightest  sensation  of  weari- 
ness or  fatigue.  During  the  entire  process  the  pulse  lias 
ranged  as  high  as  sixty  beats  per  minute  above  the  normal 
standard;  and  considerable  skill  has  been  required  on  the  part 
of  the  attendant  in  adjusting  the  cooling  douches  so  as  to 
leave  you  at  the  close  with  the  body  cooled  to  the  natural 
temperature. 

The  Turkish  bath  in  the  Orient  is  the  same  as  that  de- 
scribed, excepting  that  the  chambers  are  not  heated  so  high, 
the  caldarium  not  being  above  105°  Fahr.  For  the  purpose 
of  the  bath  in  health  this  temperature  is  preferable. 

In  Persia,  India,  and  Egypt,  the  baths  are  similar  to  those 
of  Turkey ;  and  it  seems  that  in  countries  of  a  southern  lati- 
tude preference  is  always  given  to  the  hot-air  bath,  while  in 
northern  countries  the  hot-vapor  bath  is  most  in  vogue. 

As  a  therapeutic  agent,  the  Russian  and  Turkish  baths  are 
applicable  to  chronic  skin-diseases  of  the  dry  kind,  and  all 
chronic  diseases  in  which  it  is  desirable  to  stimulate  the  func- 
tions of  the  skiu  and  produce  active  elimination,  as  gout, 
rheumatism,  albuminuria,  diabetes,  torpid  liver,  etc.  Care, 
however,  must  be  used  in  the  selection  of  cases;  and  the 
feeble,  or  those  suflFecing  from  organic  diseases  of  the  heart 
or  lungs,  should  not  be  subjected  to  the  excitement  of  these 
baths. 

The  Douche. — ^This  is  an  arrangement  for  projecting  a 
stream  of  water  on  any  part  of  the  body  at  will.  It  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly active  agent,  stimulating  the  blood-vessels,  nerves, 
and  lymphatics  of  the  part  to  which  it  is  applied,  and,  through 
the  nervous  system,  affecting  the  entire  organism.  It  may  be 
used  of  tepid,  warm,  or  hot  water,  the  effects  varying  in  de- 
gree according  to  the  temperature.  The  cold  douche  is  sel- 
dom employed,  except  when  the  surface  of  the  skin  has  been 
artificially  overheated. 

Douches  are  differently  named,  aocording  to  the  mode  of 


BATHS. 


139 


projecting  the  water.  The  ordinary  shower-hath  is  a  descend- 
ing douche. 

An  ascending  douche^  frequently  employed  in  diseases  of 
the  vagina,  uterus,  and  rectum,  is  formed  by  an  elastic  India- 
rubber  tubing,  of  convenient  length,  attached  to  a  reservoir  of 
tepid  water,  and  terminated  by  metal  tips,  which  are  perfo- 
rated with  many  holes,  or  have  but  a  single  orifice,  accord- 
ing to  the  effect  desired. 

The  force  of  the  column  of  water  for  the  uterine  or  rectal 
douche  should  be  within  the  following  limits :  For  the  uterus, 
from  two  to  six  feet  pressure ;  for  the  rectum,  from  two  and 
a  half  to  ten  feet.  The  temperature  may  range  from  82° 
to  93°  Fahr ,  though,  in  some  cases,  it  may  be  as  high  as 
98°  Fahr. 

The  fan-douche  is  a  metal  tip,  spreading  out  like  an  ordi- 
nary fan,  with  the  perforations  at  the  circumference  of  the 
fan. 

The  ring  douche  is  a  cylinder  formed  of  coiled  pipes  ris- 
ing one  above  the  other  to  the  height  of  six  feet,  and  about 
two  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter.  These  pipes  are  all  per- 
forated on  the  inside,  and,  when  the  patient  is  within  and  the 
water  turned  on,  he  is  showered  from  every  point  of  the  cir- 
cumference. 

The  universal  douche  is  a  similar  contrivance,  by  which 
the  person  is  showered  from  every  direction — above,  below, 
and  on  all  sides. 

The  s2)out-bath  is  a  douche  of  great  power.  It  is  formed 
oy  an  orifice  of  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter', 
from  which  the  water  is  projected,  over  and  downward,  from  a 
height  of  five  or  six  feet.  The  patient,  usually  reclining  on  a 
slab,  places  himself  under  this  stream  of  water  and  permits  it 
to  flow  on  the  diseased  part. 

The  SitZrBatfi. — This  is  a  bath  in  which  the  thighs  and 
middle  portions  of  the  body  only  are  immersed,  in  other  words, 
the  person  sits  down  in  the  water.  It  may  be  cold,  warm,  or 
hot,  and  acts  according  to  the  temperature.  The  warm  sitz- 
bath  produces  relaxation  of  the  tissues  of  the  pelvis  and  re- 


140 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


lieves  irritation,  thus  giving  relief  in  stricture  of  the  urethra, 
nephritic  colic,  amenorrhoea,  and  dysmenorrhoea.  The  cold 
or  hot  sitz-bath  should  be  employed  with  caution. 

The  foot-bath  has  the  effects  of  the  warm  or  hot  bath,  ac- 
cording to  temperature,  though  in  a  modified  degree.  This 
distinction,  however,  should  be  made:  the  primary  action 
of  the  hot  foot-bath,  by  the  turgescence  of  the  blood-vessels 
of  the  feet,  reli«3ves  slight  engorgements  in  other  parts  of 
the  body,  especially  when  the  head  is  the  seat  of  the  en- 
gorgement. 

Mineral-Mud  Bath. — ^This  bath  consists  of  mineral  mud 
taken  from  the  marshy  ground  about  the  source  of  the  spring. 
This  mud,  having  been  previously  thoroughly  dried,  is  placed 
in  a  large  vat  and  mingled  with  hot  mineral  water  till  of  a 
plastic  consistency.  The  patient  immerses  himself  in  this  hot 
mineral  mud,  varying  in  temperature  from  85°  to  100°  Fahr., 
and  remains  from  one  to  several  hours.  He  then  passes  from 
this  vat  to  an  adjoining  warm-water  bath,  where  he  is  cleansed, 
thoroughly  rubbed  and  dried. 

Although  of  recent  introduction  in  this  country,  this  bath 
is  of  ancient  date,  having  been  described  by  Pliny  and  Galen. 
The  effect  of  the  bath  is  to  produce  a  lively  excitation  of  the 
skin,  followed  by  free  perspiration.  When  the  baths  have 
been  continued  for  some  time,  miliary  and  erythematous 
eruptions  sometimes  occur  on  the  surface  of  the  skin,  un- 
accompanied, however,  as  a  rule,  by  the  feverish  conditions 
which  present  in  the  eruptions  from  prolonged  warm  or  hot 
bathing. 

This  kind  of  bath  is  chiefly  employed  in  diseases  of  the 
skin,  chronic  rheumatism,  and  affections  of  the  joints,  such  as 
engorgements,  contractions,  and  concretions.  The  good  results 
of  these  baths  abroad,  in  diseases  of  this  nature,  are  attributed 
by  the  best  authorities  entirely  to  the  external  and  topical  ap- 
plication of  heat,  and  the  irritation  produced  by  the  friction 
of  the  mud.  No  heed  is  given  to  the  supposed  absorption  of 
the  chemical  constituents.  I  give,  however,  the  chief  constitu- 
ents of  the  most  celebrated  mineral-mud  bath  in  Europe,  that 


One 


\  4- 


I 


BAins. 


141 


of  Franzcnsbad,  as  taken  from  an  exceedingly  accurate  analy- 
sis  by  Radig : 


One  thousand  parts  of  the  dried  mud  consist  of  the  following: 


Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Alumina    . 

Magnesia 

Silica 

Coarse  sand     . 

Humic  acid  and  ulmine    . 

Vegetable  substances 

Vegetable  substances  (undcstroyed) 


Forts. 
24 
88 
14 
10 
88 
29 
14 
42 
60 

180 
C2 

423 

974 


The  remaining  substances  are  sulphates  of  alumina,  magnesia,  strontia, 
lithia,  manganese,  and  phosphate  of  lime.  The  original  analysis  is  carried 
out  to  five  places  of  decimals. 

As  a  curiosity,  the  sand-hath  may  be  mentioned.  It  con- 
sists in  burying  one's  body  in  the  warm  sand  of  the  sea-shore 
and  remaining  for  some  hours.  It  is  practised  by  the  Tartars 
of  the  Crimea.  By  this  process  slight  perspirations,  followed 
by  eruptions,  are  produced. 

Medicated  £aths. — All  baths  of  mineral-spring  water,  con- 
taining considerable  mineral  constituents,  may  be  placed  in 
this  class ;  also,  those  baths  of  ordinary  water  in  which  medi- 
cines are  dissolved.  The  substances  most  frequently  intro- 
duced are  alkaline  carbonates,  with  a  view  of  imitating  the 
baths  of  alkaline  mineral  waters — common  salt  producing  a 
bath  somewhat  resembling  that  of  saline  waters ;  sulphuret 
of  sodium  forming  a  bath  similar  to  that  of  sulphur-waters. 
Baths  of  the  fumes  of  various  medicines — termed  fumiga- 
tions— are  also  used;  of  these,  those  of  sulphur  and  mercury 
are  most  frequently  employed.  The  person  to  be  subjected 
to  this  process  is  seated  on  a  stool,  within  a  close  box,  the 


142 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


I  !■ 


head  only  projecting  from  an  aperture.  Tlie  fumes  arc  intro- 
duced beneath  the  stool,  and  the  body  is  thus  enveloped  in  an 
atmosphere  highly  charged  with  the  vapor  of  medicinal  sub- 
stances. 

Carbonic-Acid  Hath.— This  bath  can  only  be  used  advan- 
ta^-eously  at  springs  where  there  is  an  abundant  escape  of  the 
gas.  Over  the  spring,  or  a  portion  of  the  spring,  a  bell-shaped 
reservoir  is  placed,  and  from  the  upper  part  flexible  tubing 
conveys  the  gas  to  the  room  in  which  baths  are  given,  or  to  a 
second  reservoir,  which  may  be  arranged  like  the  ordinary  gas- 
ometer, so  that  the  gas  may  escape  under  pressure.  The  bath- 
ing apparatus  consists  of  an  impervious  box,  within  which  the 
patient  is  seated,  the  head  being  without  the  box,  and  care  be- 
ing taken  that  properly-adjusted  rubber-cloth  envelops  the 
throat,  so  that  the  gas  may  not  escape,  and  the  patient  respire 
a  sufficient  quantity  to  become  asphyxiated.  The  patient  may 
take  the  bath  with  or  without  his  clothing,  as  he  desires.  The 
eflfect  of  this  bath  has  been  described  by  M.  Rotureau  as  fol- 
lows :  He  experienced  a  lively  sense  of  warmth,  with  redness 
of  the  face  and  pricking  of  the  skin,  accompanied  at  first  by 
coldness  of  the  feet ;  the  pulse  diminished  in  frequency.  The 
bath  was  followed  by  a  sense  of  renewed  vigor  and  activity. 
In  one  experiment  which  he  made,  completely  undressed,  he 
felt  at  first  exceedingly  cold,  and  the  heat  that  succeeded  was 
accompanied  with  insupportable  itching.  The  gas  has  also  been 
administered  in  the  form  of  a  douche.  According  to  Althaus, 
when  applied  locally  to  the  eye,  carbonic  acid  produces  a 
burning  sensation  in  the  conjunctiva,  accompanied  with  con- 
gestion. The  secretions  are  increased,  and  tears  flow  freely ; 
but,  if  the  application  is  long  continued,  the  secretions  may  be 
suppressed ;  the  eye  becomes  congested,  and  disturbance  of 
vision  follows.  When  a  douche  of  carbonic  acid  is  directed 
upon  the  ear,  the  sense  of  hearing  becomes  more  acute,  the 
secretions  of  the  lining  membrane  are  augmented,  and  some- 
times drowsiness  follows  the  operation.  Applied  to  the  mouth 
or  fauces,  an  acidulous  taste  is  experienced,  together  with  an 
astringent  sensation,  and  the  uvula  and  root  of  the  tongue  be- 


come 
appl 
of  h 
men 
and 

r 

hav( 
gran 


BATHS. 


143 


come  injected ;  the  flow  of  saliva  is  also  increased.  If  the 
application  be  long  continued,  there  are  loss  of  taste  and  a  sense 
of  heaviness  in  the  tongue,  and,  when  douched  upon  the  abdo- 
men, it  is  said  to  promote  hoemorrhoidal  and  menstrual  flow, 
and  in  pregnant  women  to  cause  abortion. 

The  diseases  in  which  the  carbonic-acid  bath  is  said  to 
have  proved  useful,  are  rheumatism,  neuralgia,  paralysis,  and 
granular  pharyngitis. 


CHAPTER   X. 


ALKALINE      WATERS. 


Waters  thus  classified  contain,  as  prominent  constituents, 
the  carbonates  of  soda,  potassa,  lithia,  lime,  and  magnesia, 
the  carbonate  of  soda  being  usually  in  much  greater  propor- 
tion than  other  carbonates.  They  also  frequently  contain  a 
small  proportion  of  chloride  of  sodium,  and  sulphate  of  soda, 
and  potassa.  They  generally  contain  a  largo  quantity  of  car- 
bonic-acid gas.  The  action  of  these  waters  depends  on  the 
alkaline  carbonates  above  mentioned,  varied,  however,  by 
their  peculiar  combination  with  other  salts,  and  sometimes 
by  undiscovered  ingredients.  They  tend  to  stimulate  the 
stomach,  to  increase  the  appetite,  to  render  the  urine  alkaline, 
to  increase  its  flow,  and  in  a  slight  degree  to  promote  the 
activity  of  the  skin.  These  waters  prove  purgative  only  in 
exceptional  instances,  usually  producing  constipation.  They 
especially  act  on  the  mucous  membranes,  lessening  catarrhal 
discbarges.  ' 

Waters  of  this  class,  when  of  high  temperatiure,  prov^e  ex- 
ceedingly beneficial  in  gout,  and  it  is  in  this  disease  that  the 
alkaline  Vichy  waters  of  Europe  have  attained  so  great  celeb- 
rity. Why  these  waters  prove  more  beneficial  than  the  active 
ingredients,  given  in  the  usual  way,  is  not  well  understood. 
The  fact,  however,  is  incontestable,  that  water?  v^f  this  class 
frequently  prove  more  valuable  than  any  other  remedy.  The 
cases  of  gout  to  which  they  are  especially  applicable  are  those 
in  which  the  patient  is  of  full  habit.  Waters  of  this  class  also 
prove  beneficial  ui  cases  of  uric-acid  graved  ^  though  the  decided 
curative  efl'ect  that  was  once  expected  has  noi  been  realized. 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


145 


In  catarrh  of  the  bladder^  however,  they  frequently  prove 
curative.  Icterus^  depending  on  catarrh  of  the  hepatic  ducts, 
is  reUeved  by  them.  Chronic  bronchitis,  or  catarrh  of  the 
respiratory  organs,  unaccompanied  by  organic  disease  of  the 
heart,  will  be  favorably  influenced  by  their  use.  Care,  how- 
ever, should  be  taken  that  cases  subjected  to  their  action  have 
no  tendency  to  haemoptysis.  It  is  this  class  of  waters  that 
have  so  long  been  known  in  Europe  as  proving  decidedly  ben- 
eficial in  cases  of  diabetes  mellitus.  In  one  of  the  Western 
States,  a  spring  is  advertised  as  a  new  discovery — a  cure  in  this 
disease — and  that  it  is  of  value  is  undoubted;  but,  curiously 
enough,  we  find  that  it  also  is  an  alkaline  water — no  discovery, 
after  all.  Under  the  use  of  alkaline  waters,  the  diabetic 
patient  gains  in  strength,  the  harassing  thirst  ceases,  the  skin 
becomes  moist,  the  urine  is  reduced  almost  to  normal  specific 
gravity,  and  often  every  trace  of  sugar  disappears.  In  some 
incipient  cases,  it  is  quite  probable  a  cure  has  taken  place ; 
but,  though  tliis  rr-sult  be  not  attained,  the  disease  is  often 
stayed  in  it?  course,  and  Althaus  tells  us  that,  "  in  some  in- 
stances diabetes  has,  by  the  use  of  the  Vichy  w^aters,  been 
brought  to  a  stand-still  for  years."  *  In  cases  of  gall-stones^ 
these  waters  frequently  give  relief,  causing  them  to  be  passed 
with  less  pain,  and,  by  a  periodical  use  for  several  seasons, 
entirely  removing  the  tendency  to  formation  of  them.  Dys- 
pepsia, accompanied  with  acidity,  is  favorably  affected,  and 
that  somewhav  vague  disease,  catarrh  of  the  stomp ih,  more 
properly  chronic  gastritis,  is  amenable  to  treatment  by  these 
waters. 

It  will  be  seen  that  these  waters,  and  the  alkaline-saline 
waters,  are  in  several  instances,  recommended  in  similar  cases. 
Tlie  distinction  to  be  made  in  determining,  for  a  given  case, 
which  is  preferable,  is  based  on  the  answer  to  the  question, 
whether  the  patient  is  of  constipated  habit,  and  requires  an 
aperient  or  cathartic  medicine ;  if  he  does,  then  the  alkaline- 
saline  waters  are  superior  to  the  purely  alkaline.  Waters 
which  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  carbonic-acid  gas 


1  u 


Spas  of  Europe,"  p.  820. 


146 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


are  preferable,  because  more  readily  absorbed,  and  more  agree* 
able  to  the  taste. 

BLADON   SPBINGS. 

Loeatton  and  Post-OflSce. — Bladon  Springs,  Choctaw  County,  Alabama. 

Access. — From  Mobile  up  the  Tombigbee  River,  one  hundred  miles  north, 

by  steamboat,  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  to  Bladon  landing ;  thence  three 

miles  and  a  half  by  stage.    Or  go  to  Demopolis,  on  the  Alabama  Central 

Railroad,  forty-two  miles  west  of  Selma ;  thence  by  steamboat,  on  Tuesdays 

and  Fridays,  south,  on  Tombigbee  River,  about  fifty  miles  to  the  landing. 

Hotel. — Bladon  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conUlns— 

Vichy  Spring, 

67    Fahr. 
Profi.  J.  L.  and 
W.  P.  Riddell. 

Branch  Spring, 

67°  Fahr. 
Profa.  J.  L.  and 
W.  P.  Riddell. 

Old  Spring. 

Prof.  R.  T. 

Brumby. 

Sulphur  Spring, 

67*  Fahr, 
Profe.  J.  L.  and 
W.  P.  Riddell. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

Grsini. 
6.791 
0.086 
10.062 
0.109 

«  6.282 

trace. 
.... 

6.*282 

Grain). 
6.151 
0.076 
•0.029 
0.267 

6.287 

Grain*. 

4.111 

0.170 

6.844 
0.962 
0.002 
0.080 

6.268 
0.091 
0.076 

6.640 

Grains. 
4.867 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Car  bosate  of  iron 

0.081 
10.096 

Carbonavo  of  litne 

0.802 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulnhate  of  lime 

0.870 

Sulphate  of  iron 

Sulphate  of  manganese 

Silica  and  alumina 

trace. 

Crenic  acid 

Hypocrenlc  acid 

. 

Organic  matter 

0.156 

Loss 

Total 

6.562 

Cubic  inch. 
8.18 
trace. 
»0.28 

6.112 

Cubic  inch. 
7.40 
trace. 
•0.28 

6.088 

Cubic  inch. 

4.07 

undetermined. 

6.8T1 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Cubic  inch. 
6.61 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Chlorine 

0.07 
*0.28 

Properties. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  these 
are  nearly  pure  alkaline  waters,  charged  with  considerable 
carbonic-acid  gas.  The  sulphur  spring  does  not  diflFer  mate- 
rially from  the  other  springs,  except  in  containing  a  small  pro- 
portion of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  They  are  very  valuable 
waters  of  the  class,  and  will  prove  appropriate  in  the  cases  to 
which  alkaline  waters  are  applicable. 

Remarks. — ^The  surrounding  country  is  rolling.     In  every 

'  Carbonate  of  iron  and  oxide  of  alumina. 

*  Sulphate  of  lime  and  silicic  acid. 

»  (Probably  combined  with  sodium,  forming  chloride  of  sodiom.— W.) 


dire 
mos 
Wo( 

r 

J 

veni 


'    L 

A( 

trail 

stage, 

twelv 

E 


J 
whic 
alke 
qual 
form 
Cali 

tain- 
mou 

r 

by  a 

r 

is  in 
whe 


i:.:ii 


TTf    W* 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


147 


•ee- 


rth, 
iree 
tral 

laya 


ling. 

and 
lell. 


ese 
ble 
ite- 
)ro- 
ble 
I  to 

ery 


direction  the  eye  rests  on  the  primeval  forest,  composed  al- 
most entirely  of  pine-trees,  and  appropriately  called  "Piney 
Woods." 

These  springs  are  much  frequented,  and  possess  the  con- 
veniences of  such  resorts. 

CONGBESS   SPBINGS. 

Loeation* — Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Access.— Go  to  Santa  Clara,  a  station  on  the  San  Jos6  branch  of  the  Cen- 
tral Pacific  Railroad,  about  forty  miles  south  from  San  Francisco ;  thence  by 
stage.  Or  to  San  Jos6,  forty-seven  miles  south  from  San  Francisco ;  thence 
twelve  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel) — Congress  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  at  60°  Fahr. : 
BouBB.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda        .....    16.418 

Carbonate  of  iron  .....  1.753 

Carbonate  of  lime         .  .  .  .  .2.161 

Chloride  of  sodium  ....  14.894 

Sulphate  of  soda         .....      1.617 

Silica,  alumina,  and  trace  of  magnesia       .  .  6.236 


Total 


.    41.978 


Properties. — According  to  the  analysis,  the  accuracy  of 
which  is  doubtful,  these  are  valuable  waters  of  the  muriatedr 
alkaline  subdivision,  possessing  at  the  same  time  chalybeate 
qualities.  When  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas  they 
form  an  agreeable  drink,  and  are  largely  bottled  and  sold  in 
California. 

Remarks — ^The  hotel  is  located  on  the  summit  of  a  moun- 
tain-spur, overlooking  the  foot-hills,  and  giving  a  view  of  blue 
mountain-peaks  in  the  distance. 

Tlie  springs,  one-half  mile  distant  from  the  hotel,  are  reached 
by  a  winding  mountain-road. 

The  taste  of  the  water  reveals  the  presence  of  iron,  which 

is  indicated  as  well  by  the  rusty-colored  deposit  which  settles 

where  it  flows.' 

>  Ovtrland  Monthly,  June,  1870. 


148 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


OALIFOIINIA   SELTZER   SPBINGS. 

Location. — ^Mendocino  County,  California. 

Post-Offlce.— Sanel,  Mendocino  County,  California. 

AeeesSt From  San  Francisco  by  steamer  to  Petaluma,  thence  by  Califor- 

ma  &  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  to  Cloverdale ;  thence  twelve  miles  by  stage 
to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Fountain  House. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (F.  A.  Bauer) : 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Chloride  of  sodium    . 
Silicic  acid 


Orains. 

4.61 
.     6.65 

8.80 
.  trace. 

2.16 
,  trace. 

21.21 


Total   ...... 

Gas — Carbonic  acid,  abundant.    (1871.) 

Properties. — According  to  the  analysis,  this  is  a  very  fine 
alkaline  water,  and  we  should  expect  it  to  act  favorably  in 
cases  of  dyspepsia  and  diseases  of  the  liver  and  bladder,  in 
which  alkaline  waters  are  indicated. 

PEBB-S'    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce* — Perry  Springs,  Pike  County,  Illinois. 
Access* — By  Hannibal  &  Naples  Railroad  to  Griggsville,  thirty  -six  miles 
east  of  Hannibal ;  thence  six  miles  and  a  half  by  stage. 
Hotel.— Perry  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contatni — 

No.  1. 

Middle  Sprioj;. 

H.  Engelmun,  M.  D. 

No.  2. 

Upper  Spring. 

H.  Eci|;elmann,  M.  D. 

No.  3. 
Lower  Spring. 

SoLisa, 
Carbonate  of  potassa 

Ontns. 

0.199 

1.260 

0.051 

1.380 

0.055 

0.830 

0.015 

Grain>. 
0.181 
1.097 
0.040 
1.715 
0.187 
0.286 
0.048 

GreinB. 
0.167 

Carbonato  of  magnesia 

0.777 

Carbonate  of  iron 

0.025 

Carbonate  of  lime 

1.708 

Sulpliatc  of  soda 

0.173 

Silicate  of  potassa  and  soda 

Silicate  of  sodium 

0.481 
0.072 

Silicate  of  alumina. 

0034 

Total 

8.290 

8.503 

8  377 

— ("  Geology  of  Illinois,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  41.) 
The  temperature  throughout  the  year  is  ft-om  48°  to  60°  Fahr. 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


149 


or. 


ne 
in 
in 


les 


I' 


D. 


Remarks. — These  springs  are  situated  in  a  beautiful  val- 
ley, surrounded  by  wooded  hills.  They  are  located  about  two 
and  a  half  miles  southeast  of  Perry,  on  one  of  the  tributaries 
of  McGee's  Creek.  The  springs  issue  from  the  upper  part  of 
the  Keokuk  limestone,  which  underlies  the  valley  and  outcrops 
along  the  bluflFs  of  the  creek  below  the  spring.*  They  are 
about  two  hundred  yards  apart.  The  upper  one  is  called  the 
sulphur  spring,  the  middle  one  the  magnesium,  and  the  lower 
one  the  iron  spring.  The  flow  of  the  springs  is  about  as  fol- 
lows :  No.  1,  one  and  a  half  gallon  per  minute ;  No.  2,  one ; 
No.  3,  two. 

VEBSAIIiliES    SFRINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce* — Versailles,  Brown  County,  Illinois. 

Accesst — ^Versailles  is  a  station  on  the  Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western  Rail- 
road, forty-eight  miles  east  of  Quincy,  and  sixty-six  miles  west  of  Springfield ; 
springs,  one  mile  and  three-quarters  from  station. 

HoteU — Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains— 

Magneiia  Spring. 
6.  A  Marriner. 

Curry  Spring, 
J.V.Z.Blaney.M.D. 

Monitor  Spring. 
J.V.Z.Blaney,M.D. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa  and  soda . 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia, 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Gratni. 
0.165 

i.ii9 

0.008 
1.825 

trace. 

trace. 

d.i75 

Grains, 
trace. 
0.953 
0.983 

1.614 
trace. 
0.261 

6.091 
0.102 
trace. 

Grains. 

trace. 
0.963 
0.878 

«  0.267 

Carbonate  of  lime 

2.017 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  Ilrae 

Potassa 

Alumina  and  trace  of  Iron 

Silica 

trace. 

•  •  •  • 

•  ■  •  ■ 

6.213 

Organic  matter 

trace. 

Total 

8.292 

Cubic  Inch. 
8 

8.864 

4.828 

Oas. 
Carbonic  acid. 

Remarks. — The  springs  are  situated  in  a  valley  surrounded 
by  hills,  composed  entirely  of  loess  and  drift.  The  valley  was 
originally  a  part  of  the  ancient  valley  of  the  Illinois  River,  and 
was  excavated  one  hundred  feet  or  more  into  the  carbonifer- 
ous rocks,  which  were  once  continuous  across  the  area  now 
occupied  by  the  valley." 

The  temperature  of  the  water  is  58°  Fe^r. 

>  "  Geology  of  lUlnoiB."  «  Trace  of  alumina.  »  "  Geology  of  Illinois." 


N 


ft.  is 


i: 


i '.  ;■ 


"it 


ii  \ 
I 


150 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ST.    LOUIS   SFBINa. 


Location  and  Post-Office. — St.  Louis,  Gratiot  Count>,  Michigan. 

Access. — From  Detroit,  via  Flint  &  P5re  Marquet*  j  Railroad,  ninety- 
eight  miles,  to  East  Saginaw ;  thence  thirty  miles  by  railroad  to  the  springs. 
Or  from  Detroit,  via  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  ninety-eight  miles,  to  St. 
JO'hn's ;  thence  thirty  miles  by  stage. 

Hotels. — ^Eastman  House,  McHenry  Hotel,  Union  Hotel. 


» 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(50° 

Fahr.  S.  P.  DuflFeld,  M.  D.): 

SOUDB. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda    . 

•                       • 

7.684 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . 

.     1.080 

Carbonate  of  iron    . 

•                       • 

0.091 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.     6.019 

Chloride  of  lime 

•                      • 

trace. 

Sulphate  of  lime 

.     6.926 

Silicate  of  lime 

•                       • 

0.700 

Silica 

.     0.299 

Organic  matter  and  loss 

0.208 

Total 

.  22.006 

Gases. 

Cable  Inches. 

Carbonic  acid 

•                       • 

1.86 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  . 

.    trace. 

I^operties. — ^The  above  analysis  shows  these  waters  to  be 
strongly  alkaline,  and  at  the  same  time  containing  a  small 
proportion  of  iron.  They  also  contain  sufficient  of  the  salts 
of  lime  to  ally  them  to  calcic  waters.  From  the  constituents 
we  would  expect  the  waters  to  prove  beneficial  in  acid  dyspep- 
sia, biliary  calculus,  and  diseases  of  the  bladder.  The  results 
of  treatment,  as  exhibited  by  Dr.  Stiles  Kennedy,*  show  the 
waters  to  have  been  especially  beneficial  in  dyspepsia  and 
neuralgia.  From  his  report  of  cases  treated  at  the  St.  Louis 
Spring  we  have  compiled  the  following  table.    {See  page  151.) 

Many  of  these  cases  were  doubtless  of  the  severest  type ; 
and  the  above  results  certainly  appear  favorable.  It  must  be 
remembered,. however,  that  all  cases  treated  by  Dr.  Kennedy 
are  not  reported,  and  that  of  all  who  visited  the  spring  only 


*  "Magnetic  and  Mineral  Springs  of  Michigan." 
ton,  Del :  James  &  Webb,  1878. 


B7  BtUes  Kennedy,  M.  D.    Wllming>- 


S2 
MIN 


^/i 


i 


m'ri^'' 


m 


mm 


WiL 


I 


'4 


I  i 


m 


^1 


150 


LOM 

Accet 

eight  mil 
Or  from  ] 
John's; 
Hotel 


0« 

Oi 
0. 
G 

a 

Si 

m 

Si 

( 


< 


strong! 
proporl 
of  lime 
we  woi 
sia,  bil: 
of  trea 
waters 
neural^ 
Spring 
Mai 
and  th( 
remem" 
are  not 


ton,  Del.: 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


151 


DlMtM. 


Dyspepsia 

Neuralgia 

Chronic  rheumatism 

8ul>acute  rheumatism . . . . 
Oonorhoeal  rheumatism. . . 
Bhoumatism  "noueux"> 

Paralysis 

Paraplegia 

Hemiplegia 

AnsBSthesia  (partial) 

Total 


No.  Of  Ouea. 

Cured. 

ImproTed. 

Not 
benefited. 

8 

7 

1 

12 

4 

6 

8 

6 

2 

4 

.. 

1 

•  • 

, , 

1 

•  • 

1 

4 

•  • 

1 

•  • 

1 

,, 

2 

2 

■  • 

•  • 

87 

16 

17 

4 

Avenge  dunt' 

tion  of 

Treatment. 


1  month. 
8  months. 

2  months. 

1  month. 
8  wee1(8. 

2  months. 
2  months. 
2i  months. 
2|  months. 
21  weeks. 


a  portion  came  under  his  observation.  Again,  the  treatment 
was  not  limited  to  the  internal  use  of  the  water,  but  all  cases 
were  subjected  to  the  salutary  influence  of  the  bath ;  and,  in 
the  majority  of  instances,  it  was  the  warm  bath  that  was  pre- 
scribed. That  the  fact  of  the  warm  water,  being  that  of  the 
St.  Louis  Spring,  had  any  bearing  on  the  relief  afforded,  needs 
more  complete  demonstration.  Especially  in  rheumatic  and 
paralytic  affections  was  the  warm  or  hot  bath  and  douche  re- 
sorted to,  and,  in  many  instances,  the  additional  aid  of  the 
continued  electric  current.  In  paralytic  affections  no  cures 
are  reported,  though  all  seem  to  have  improved.  How  much 
of  this  is  due  to  the  medical  treatment,  or  how  much  to  the 
water,  is  difficult  to  determine ;  our  own  impression  is,  that 
whatever  was  gained  may  be  attributed  to  the  combined  ef- 
fects of  the  warm  bath  and  douche,  shampooing,  and  electricity, 
regardless  of  the  constitution  of  the  water.  As  to  its  so-called 
magnetic  power  we  are  entirely  skeptical,  as  may  be  seen  in 
the  treatment  of  this  subject  on  another  page.  This  water, 
however,  is  highly  mineralized ;  and  in  cases  of  hemiplegia, 
depending  on  unabsorbed  clot,  some  advantage  may  be  ex- 
pected from  the  resolutive  action  of  the  water.  In  cases  of 
this  nature  alkaline  waters  have  been  recommended  by  the 
best  European  authorities,  to  be  employed,  however,  only  after 
some  months  have  elapsed  from  the  apoplectic  seizure. 

Although  the  report  of  Dr.  Kennedy  does  not  accurately 
determine  the  therapeutic  value  of  this  water,  still  it  aids  in 

*  Hie  goaty  rheomatism  of  some  writers. 


*     iH\ 


. 


li 

IP 


I 


152 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


elucidating  the  subject.  We  cannot  forbear  complimenting  him 
on  his  report  of  cases ;  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  a  similar 
method  has  not  been  pursued  at  the  old-thne  resorts  during 
the  many  years  past. 

Memarka. — The  St.  Louis  Spring  is  situated  in  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  the  outgrowth  of  the  lumbering  interests  of 
this  portion  of  Michigan.  On  either  hand  it  is  surrounded  by 
far-extending  pine-forests,  while  near  by  flows  Pine  River. 
The  well  was  the  result  of  an  attempt,  in  18G9,  to  procure  a 
flow  of  salt-water,  of  which  there  is  an  abundance  in  many 
parts  of  Michigan.  But  when,  at  a  depth  of  200  feet,  the 
water  came  from  the  artesian  tube  fresh  and  sparkling,  it  was 
abandoned,  and  received  no  further  attention.  However,  as  I 
was  informed  by  the  proprietor,  after  some  months  had  passed 
by,  a  workman,  engaged  in  constructing  an  extension  of  the 
neighboring  mill,  let  his  chisel  fall  near  the  tube,  and  it  was 
immediately  attracted  toward  it.  Surprised  at  this,  he  called 
the  attention  of  others  to  the  fact,  and  soon  numbers  of  people 
were  found  at  the  well  magnetizing  knife-blades  on  the  tubing. 
It  needed  but  a  step  in  popular  reasoning  to  transfer  the  mag- 
netism of  the  tube  to  the  water ;  and  then  the  cry  of  "  Mag- 
netic water  I "  resounded  through  the  village.  It  is  said  that 
an  old  paralytic,  hopeless  of  cure,  reasoned  that  if  he  could 
drink  magnetism,  and  bathe  in  magnetism,  his  helpless  limbs 
would  move  sprylj^  again.  So  he  commenced  drinking  the 
water  and  bathing  vigorously,  and,  as  the  story  goes,  entirely 
recovered.  The  cry  of  "  Magnetic  water  I "  and  the  story  of 
this  cure  were  sounded  through  the  State,  and  soon  thousands 
flocked  thither  for  relief. 

Visitors  at  these  springs  are  much  attracted  by  the  yellow- 
tinged  articles  of  glass-ware  that  are  sold  at  the  spring.  This 
color  is  the  result  of  permitting  a  constant  shower  of  the  water 
to  fall  on  the  clear  glass  for  many  days.  The  yellow  tinge  is 
found  to  be  a  deposit  "  mainly  of  ferric  oxide  with  carbonates 
of  lime  and  itiagnesia." ' 


1  u 


Magnetio  and  Mineral  Springs  of  Michigan,"  p.  68. 


Acl 


madcj 
of  sc 

MouJ 


ing 


; 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


163 


LOWER    SODA   SPRINO. 

Location*— Liiiti  County,  Oregon. 

Access.— By  private  conveyance  from  Salem,  about  thirty  miles  southeast. 

Hotel.— Finlay's. 

Analysts. — No  accurate  analysis  of  these  waters  has  been 
made.  '  They  abound  in  carbonic  acid  and  contain  carbonates 
of  soda  and  iron.* 

Memarka. — These  springs  are  situated  on  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  on  the  south  fork  of  the  Santiam,  amid  surround- 
ing evidences  of  volcanic  action.  They  escape  from  the  base 
of  a  mountain-spur  of  porphyritic  rock.  Tlie  water  flows 
from  the  springs  with  considerable  force.  It  is  somewhat 
affected  in  quantity  by  the  varying  seasons. 


SHELDON   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office  Address* — Sheldon,  Franklin  County,  Vermont. 

Access.— Go  to  St.  Albans,  a  station  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  in 
the  northwest  comer  of  the  State ;  thence  ten  miles  east,  by  Missisquoi  Val- 
ley Railroad,  to  Sheldon.  Persons  going  to  the  Sheldon  Spring,  one  of  the 
group,  buy  ticket  to  Congress  Hall  Station,  eight  miles  east  of  St.  Albans. 

Hotels*— Bellevue,  Central  (at  the  Sheldon  Spring,  Congress  Hall),  Ver- 
mont  House,  Portland  House. 

Analysis. — No  reliable  quantitative  analysis  of  these  waters 
has  ever  been  published.  However,  the  prominent  constitu- 
ents are  the  alkaline  carbonates,  and  silicic  acid  combined  with 

» The  following  extract  is  ttova.  the  Oregon  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  Scptem- 
bcr,1870: 

"On  subjecting  specimens  of  these  several  springs  to  a  somewhat  hasty  analysis,  the 
following  result  was  given : 


Solids. 


Bicarbnnfitc  of  soda. . 

Peroxide  of  iron 

Sulphur 

Chloride  of  sodium. . . 
Carbonate  of  lime .... 

Organic  matter 

Iodides  and  bromides. 


No.  I. 

No.  s. 

NO.S. 

In  one  ounce. 

In  one  ounce. 

In  one  ounce. 

1.25  grs. 

6.02  grs. 

10.02  grs. 

.40  grs. 

.85  grs. 
trace. 

.98  grs. 

.25  grs. 

1.25  grs. 

.86  grs. 
.05  grs. 

no  trace. 

.... 

•  •  ■  • 

wanting. 

wanting. 

.... 

"  Free  carbonic-acid  gas  completely  saturates  the  water  of  No.  1." 


154 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


!5   i 
J' 

i:: 

IP 


alkaline  bases,  forming  silicates.  There  is  also  a  small  pro- 
portion of  iron  and  some  organic  matter ;  also,  traces  of  fluo- 
rides. It  is  exceedingly  desirable  that  some  chemist  of  ac- 
knowledged ability  make  a  thorough  analysis  of  these  waters. 

Properties.^AW  of  the  waters  are  alkaline  to  test-paper. 

The  water  of  the  Sheldon  Spring  is  pleasant  to  the  taste, 
with  an  almost  imperceptible  odor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 
The  Missisquoi  water  is  limpid,  witliout  odor,  and  to  the  sense 
of  taste  does  not  diflFer  from  ordinary  water.  The  Vermont 
water  has  a  very  slight  taste  of  iron. 

Aside  from  the  known  favorable  action  of  alkaline  waters 
in  acid  gravel,  gout,  and  catarrhal  disease  of  the  bladder,  the 
especial  point  to  be  considered  in  connection  with  these  springs 
is  their  efficacy  in  cancer.  It  is  claimed  by  the  owners  of  the 
springs  that  they  will  cure  true  cancer.  Is  there  a  well-authen- 
ticated case  of  true  cancer  having  been  cured  by  these  waters  ?  ^ 
I  answer.  No.  But,  while  making  this  assertion,  it  must  at 
the  same  time  be  stated  that  cases  of  true  cancer  have  been 
palliated  while  using  them.  To  confirm  this  we  quote,  by  per- 
mission, from  a  paper  read  before  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  February  17,  1870,  by  Prof.  Fordyce  Barker,  on 
"  Malignant  Diseases  of  the  Uterus."  Under  the  head  of  con- 
stitutional treatment,  he  says :  "  The  Missisquoi  water  of  St. 
Albans,  Vermont,  has  in  some  cases  seemed  to  be  of  great 
benefit  in  arresting,  for  a  time,  the  progress  of  the  disease.  In 
many,  the  use  of  these  waters  has  seemed  to  produce  no  re- 
sults. Many  others,  to  whom  I  have  suggested  their  use,  have 
never  reported  to  me,  and  it  is  therefore  probable  that  the  re- 
sults in  these  cases  were  negative.  But,  in  a  few  instances — 
one  of  cancer  of  the  breast  and  four  of  uterine  cancer — the 
apparent  effect  has  been  more  striking  than  any  results  I  have 
ever  seen  from  any  other  agent.  None  were  cured ;  but  the 
ulcerated  surface  was  cleaned  off,  as  though  it  had  been  ex- 
cised with  the  knife ;  the  fetor,  the  discharge,  and  the  pain, 
ceased  for  some  time,  and  the  health  of  the  patient  was 
greatly  improved.  One,  a  poor  woman,  whom  I  first  saw  in 
May,  1867,  with  ulcerated  carcinoma,  involving  both  the  ueck 


g 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


155 


and  body  of  the  uterus,  and  exceedingly  feeble,  emaciated,  and 
broken  down  by  the  profuse  and  horribly  offensive  discharges 
and  repeated  hajmorrhages,  rapidly  improved  both  in  her  local 
and  general  condition  under  the  use  of  these  waters.  She  is 
still  alive,  although  the  uterus  is  nearly  destroyed ;  but  her 
general  condition  is  much  better  than  when  I  first  saw  her.  I 
will  allude  to  another  case,  a  patient  of  Dr.  Sims.  I  first  saw 
this  lady  with  him  in  December,  1868.  Dr.  Sims  informed  me 
that  when  he  examined  her  in  Paris,  in  August,  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  enlarged  cervix  was  one  mass  of  rough,  ragged 
ulceration.  When  I  examined  her,  the  diseased  surface  was 
as  smooth  as  if  it  had  been  excised  with  a  knife,  and  there 
was  no  discharge  and  no  odor,  although  she  suffered  from  hor- 
rible pains.  She  died  a  few  months  subsequently;  but  Dr. 
Sims  expresses  the  strong  conviction  (and  I  concur  with  him) 
that  her  life  was  prolonged  by  the  use  of  the  Missisquoi  wa- 
ters. Although  the  general  sentiment  of  the  profession  does 
not  coincide  with  mine  on  this  point,  I  cannot  but  avow  the 
belief  that  the  therapeutic  effects  of  these  waters  are  emi- 
nently worthy  of  careful  investigation."  A  note  appended  to 
the  above  quotation  runs  thus :  "In  a  letter  which  I  have  re- 
cently received  from  Dr.  D.  F.  Fassett,  of  St.  Albans,  Ver- 
mont, a  gentleman  who  is  probably  more  competent  than  any 
one  else  to  give  an  opinion  based  on  extensive  personal  obser- 
vation, as  to  the  effects  of  these  waters,  he  says :  *  I  have 
notes  of  four  cases  only  of  malignant  disease  of  the  uterus, 
under  my  own  observation,  all  of  whom  used  the  water,  one 
with  marked  benefit,  and  three  with  no  benefit.  But  I  have 
seen  many  cases  of  nnalignant  disease  located  elsewhere,  as  in 
breast,  face,  and  extremities,  where  the  effect  was  to  cause 
marked  improvement  in  the  general  health  and  in  the  local 
manifestation   of   the  disease ;  but  there   was  no  positive 


cure. 


>>» 


It  may  be  added  that  during  August,  1871,  the  author  vis- 
ited the  Sheldon  Springs,  and  while  there  saw  a  man  suffering 
from  epithelioma  of  the  lower  lip,  the  ulcer  having  eaten  away 
to  the  level  of  the  gum.    His  own  statement  was  that  he  came 


Yl 


^  ill 

i:i   &.    S 


156 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


to  the  springs  in  June,  1871,  and  remained  for  about  six  weeks. 
During  this  time  he  was  continually  improving.  The  discharge 
lost  its  fetid  odor  and  almost  ceased,  and  he  gained  much  in 
general  health.  He  then  returned  to  his  home  in  Massachu- 
setts. Soon  all  his  symptoms  were  as  bad  as  ever.  Again  he 
went  to  the  springs ;  and,  at  the  time  he  was  seen,  some  weeks 
after  his  return,  had  about  regained  what  he  had  lost.  This 
patient  used  the  water  of  the  Sheldon  Spring. 

Dr.  G.  S.  Brigham  had  a  patient  suffering  from  cancer  of 
the  breast,  who  improved  under  the  use  of  the  Vermont  Spring 
water. 

What  conclusion  do  we  derive  from  these  facts  ?  Not  that 
the  water  will  cure  cancer,  but  that  sometimes  it  is  decidedly 
jjalliative,  and  is  worthy  of  trial  in  a  malady  so  hopeless.  It 
may  also  be  stated  that  intractable  ulcers  (not  cancers)  have 
undoubtedly  been  healed  under  the  use  of  these  waters,  as  has 
been  the  case  in  the  use  of  other  waters. 

The  method  of  using  the  water  is  to  drink  a  glass  three  or 
four  times  a  day,  or  use  it  exclusively  in  the  place  of  ordinary 
drinking-water,  even  making  tea  and  coffee  with  it,  if  they  be 
used.  Besides,  patients  are  in  the  habit  of  applying  clay  dug 
near  the  spring  and  moistened  with  the  water  as  an  epithem. 
The  clay,  no  doubt,  acts  only  by  its  cooling  tendency ;  the 
Avater,  however,  as  a  lotion,  may  be  an  iuitive  agent.  The  wa- 
ters of  Celles,  department  of  Ardeche,  France,  since  1837  have 
been  claimed  to  cure  cancer;  and,  very  sing-  1  irlr,  the  Sheldon 
waters  agree  with  them  in  the  prominenl;  constituents. 

Jiemarks. — No  springs  are  more  delightfully  situated  than 
these,  or  could  be  more  attractive  to  the  invalid.  They  ar^ 
four  in  \mrnber — the  Central,  within  the  village;  the  Verniotit, 
half  a  mile  from  the  village ;  the  Missisqiioi,  one  and  a  half 
mile  northward ;  and  the  Sheldon,  two  miles  from  the  village 
— all  on  the  banks  of  the  Missisquoi  River.  Within  sight  are 
Mount  Mansfield  and  other  of  the  Green  Mountains.  A  cool, 
bracing,  and  pure  aii  sweeps  over  the  hills,  and  attractive  ex- 
cursions invite  in  every  direction.  T\w  altitude  is  stated  as 
two  thousand  fee*  above  the  sea. 


\ 


l\ 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


MIDDLETOWN    SPBINaS. 


157 


Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address. — Middletown,  Rutland  County,  Vermont. 
Access.— From  Albany,  take  Rensselaei  k  Saratoga  Railroad  to  Poultney, 
sixty-eight  miles  north ;  thence  eight  miles,  by  stage,  to  springs. 
Hotel. — Montvert. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  analysis  has  ever  been  made. 


WELDEN    SPBINa. 

Location  and  Post-Office  Address. — St.  Albans,  FrankKn  County,  Vermont. 
Access. — St.  Albans  is  a  prominent  railroad-station  on  the  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  in  tlio  extreme  northwest  comer  of  the  State. 
Hotels. — Welden,  Tremont,  American. 

Analysis. — By  A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.,  Boston,  1867,  gives  the 
constituents  as  follows :  Carbonates  of  soda,  magnesia,  and 
lime;  chloriJe  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  potassa  and  lime  ;  iodide 
of  magnesium,  crenate  of  iron,  silicate  of  soda,  amounting  to 
over  three  grains  in  a  pint.  Tl\e  especial  characteristics  of 
this  water  are  the  crenate  of  iron  and  iodide  of  magnesium. 

Remarks. — St.  Albans  is  a  delightful  town,  of  five  thou- 
sand inhabitants,  overlooking  Lake  Champlain,  two  miles  dis- 
tant, on  the  west.  The  spring  is  situated  on  Edwards  Street, 
south  of  Lake  Street,  about  ten  minutes'  walk  west  of  the 
depot. 

ROOKBBIDQE    BATHS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Rockbridge  Baths,  Rockbridge  County,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Access.— From  the  north,  to  Washington ;  thetice,  via  Orange,  Alexan- 
dria &  Manassas  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight  miles,  south- 
west ;  thence,  via  stage,  nine  miles,  to  the  springs.  From  Richmond,  via 
Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  miles. 
From  the  southwest,  via  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  Lynchburg,  Char- 
lottesville, and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  From  (rmcinnati,  to  Hunting- 
ton, one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east,  by  river;  thence,  by  Chesapeake 
&  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  fifty-one  miles  southeast,  to  Goshen. 

Hotel. — Rockbridge  Baths. 

Analysis. — An  analysis  before  us  shows  these  waters  to 
contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  magnesia  and  iron,  with 


i| 


158 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ii 


WW 


some  iodine,  though  in  what  combinations  is  not  stated. 
Temperature,  74°  Fahr. 

Properties. — These  watois,  as  the  name  implies,  are  mostly 
used  for  bathing,  and  the  large  supply  of  water  and  ebvated 
temperature  render  them  well  fitted  for  this  purpose.  There 
is  a  large  pool  for  gentlemen,  forty  by  sixty  feet,  and  five  feet 
deep,  and  one  somewhat  smaller  for  ladies.  As  a  tonic  bath, 
these  waters  are  of  deserved  merit,  and  find  their  appropriate 
sphere. 

MemarJcs. — These  springs  are  delightfully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  North  James  River,  and  the  ride  to  them  through 
the  Goshen  Pass  affords  views  of  soir.3  of  the  most  picturesque 
scenery  in  Virginia.  Two  miles  from  the  baths,  on  a  little 
island  in  the  North  River,  is  a  sulphur-spring,  which  is  fre- 
quently resorted  to  by  visitors, 

OAPON   SPBINGS    AND    BATHS. 

Location  and  Post-CMDce  Address*— Capon  Springs,  Hampshire  County, 
West  Virginia. 

Access* — From  north,  south,  and  southwest,  go  to  Baltimore  ;  thence,  by 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  eighty-one  miles,  west  to  Harper's  Ferry ;  thence, 
thirty-two  miles,  south,  on  branch  railroad,  to  Winchester ;  thence,  twenty- 
three  miles,  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  From  the  west,  go  to  Harper's  Ferry, 
on  the  Baltim!>re  &  Ohio  Railroad  ;  thence  as  above.  From  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  passengers  may  leave  at  Staunton ;  thence  stage,  twenty-four  miles 
north,  to  Harrisonburg;  thence  sixty-eight  miles,  north  by  railroad,  to 
Winchester. 

Hoteli — Mountiiin  House. 


Attalysis. — It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  quantitative  anal- 
ysis of  this  valuable  water  can  be  given.  A  qualitative  analy- 
sis shows  it  ly/  contain  s'/du  and  magnesia,  in  the  form  of  car- 
bonates ;  also  iodine,  fironiine,  and  silicic  acid.  This  water  is 
highly  difirged  with  carbonic-a(!id  gas. 

Properties. — The  water  has  little  taste  or  odor.  Tempera- 
ture, 6G°  Fahr.  Flow,  one  hundred  gall'^tis  per  mini.##//.  The 
elevation  is  eighteen  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  Tli<«  water 
is  eficacious  in  the  treatment  of  acid  forms  of  dyspepsia,  gat- 
trie  catarrh,  vric-acid  gravely  and  catarrh  of  the  Uadder.     Jt 


II 


'i 


\\ 


ALKALINE  WATERS. 


159 


is  one  of  the  best  carbonated-alkaline  waters  in  Virginia.  It 
may  also  be  stated  that,  for  many  years,  farmers  have  brought 
their  horses  to  drink  these  waters,  as  a  remedy  for  botts,  large 
numbers  of  the  larvae  being  thereby  discharged  dead.  As  a 
deduction  from  this  fact,  they  have  been  successfully  prescribed 
for  intestinal  worms  in  children. 

MemarJcs, — The  location  of  these  springs,  in  a  gorge  of  the 
North  Mountain,  where  cool,  salubrious  air  may  be  breathed, 
and  mountain-climbing,  trout-fishing  and  deer-hunting  indulged, 
renders  it  a  most  delightful  resort.  The  hotel,  five  stories  high, 
with  its  grand  Doric  portico,  is  faced  by  a  large  and  tastefully- 
designed  bathing  establishment,  which  is  complete  in  its 
app<~'*'^tments.  Plunge,  shower,  douche,  and  warm  baths,  are 
at  tae  <  jtion  of  the  visitor. 

There  is  also  a  fine  chalybeate  spring  at  Capon. 


CHAPTER    XI. 


SALINE    WATEES. 


The  word  saline  is  here  used  in  the  ordinary  acceptation 
of  the  term,  meaning  waters  in  which  chloride  of  sodium  (com- 
mon salt)  predominates.  This  designation  has  been  thought 
objectionable  by  some  authors,  inasmuch  as  all  the  chemical 
salts  contained  in  waters  are  included  under  the  term  saline; 
and,  thus  considered,  the  word  is  not  distinctive.  But  the  first 
impression  presented  to  any  one  on  hearing  the  words  saline 
water  is,  that  it  contains  a  notable  proportion  of  chloride  of  so- 
dium ;  and,  thus  restricted,  the  name  seems  exceedingly  ap- 
propriate. 

When  saline  waters  contain  a  very  large  amount  of  chlo- 
ride of  sodium,  they  are  known  as  brines,  and  constitute  true 
salt  wells  or  springs.  Besides  the  chloride  of  sodium  *  tht^re 
are  other  chlorides,  also  sulphates  of  potassa,  soda,  lime,  and 
magnesia ;  and,  in  a  few  instances,  a  considerable  proportion 
of  carbonates.  It  is  in  these  waters  that  the  rare  ingre- 
dients, iodide  and  bromide  of  sodium,  are  most  frequently 
found,  on  which,  no  doubt,  their  value  in  scrofula  in  a  measui-e 
depends. 

Many  of  these  waters  contain  considerable  carbonic-aci-i 
gas,  imparting  to  them  an  agreeable  taste,  and  causing  them 
to  rest  well  on  the  stomach.  When  waters  contain  a  ^«rge 
proportion  of  this  gas,  they  are  sometimes  called  acidulkHis  sa- 
lines. When  they  cont?ain  much  of  the  alkaline  carbonates, 
they  may  be  termed  alkaline-saline  waters. 

Saline  waters  promote  the  action  of  the  intestines — Knng 

•  See  chloride  qf  sodium  In  chapter  on  "Chemical  (^inBtitueiits." 


aperj 
secre 
desqi 
phati 
use  t 


SALINE  WATERS. 


161 


aperient  or  cathartic — augment  the  flow  of  urine,  increase  the 
secretion  of  the  mucous  membranes,  and  promote  epithelial 
desquamation.  They  also  stimulate  the  glandular  and  lym- 
phatic systems,  and  increase  the  flow  of  bile.  Under  their 
use  the  appetite  and  power  of  digestion  are  increased. 

As  a  class,  these  waters  are  valuable  in  the  treatment  of 
scrofula^  in  which  disease  they  should  be  used  both  internally 
and  in  the  form  of  baths.  They  are  also  useful  in  gout  and 
ehroniG  rheumatism,  in  which  diseases,  however,  thermal  sa- 
lines, or  hot  baths,  are  essential.  Where  icterus  is  due  to  ca- 
tarrh of  the  biliary  ducts,  they  often  relieve  the  difficulty,  and 
gall-stones  are  also  favorably  influenced  by  saline  waters,  espe- 
cially if  they  be  of  the  alkaline-saline  class.  Engorged  con- 
ditions of  the  liver  are  especially  amenable  to  their  use.  In 
dyspepsia,  the  mild  alkaline-saline  waters,  containing  consider- 
able carbonic-acid  gas,  as  thos(^  of  Saratoga,  are  often  of  ex- 
ceeding benefit.  Strong  salines  should  be  carefully  emploj'ed, 
as  their  protracted  use  sometimes  proves  debilitating. 

Brines  are  chiefly  used  for  bathing.  When  judiciously 
employed  they  prove  valuable  in  scrofulosis,  paralysis,  and  in 
chronic  rheumatism.  In  these  waters  the  iodides  and  bro' 
mides  are  sometimes  found  in  comparatively  larg«»  }»roportion, 
and  it  is  quite  probable  that  they  contribute  to  their  eflScacy 
in  no  small  degree. 

Brine-baths  act  as  a  powerful  stimulus  to  the  cutaneous 
nerves,  increasing  the  peripheral  circulation,  and,  perhaps,  by 
reflex  action,  influence  remote  organs,  and  even  the  nerve- 
centres.  Elimi»»ation  by  the  skin  and  kidneys  is  increased. 
Brine  vapor-baths  stimulate  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
respiratory  organs  and  promote  expectoration. 


ST.    CATHARINE'S    WELLS. 

l«caftlon  a»4  Post-OHfc  Iddress. — St,  Cath«riin'  h,  Ontario,  Canada. 

Iftfss.— St.  CatiliAHiie's  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad  of 
0»n*iAii,  th»T*«>«»n  miles  west  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  two  hundred  and  eighteen 
miW<:<  e*^?  oe  iKHroit. 

% — St<^t|K«^a  House,  Wolland  Uous^,  Spring  Bank. 


162 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conUini^— 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Chloride  of  ammonium  and  silicic  acid. 

Sulphate  of  lime , 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Iodide  of  magnesium 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  magnesium 


Total. 


Stephenion-Houw 

WeU. 

Prof.  Cion. 


Gnlni. 


2.S87 

217.284 

24.760 

108.271 

0.050 

15.981 

o'.oso 


868.964 


Merrltt'i,  or  Walltnd- 
Houu  WeU. 
Prof.  Croft. 


Gratni. 

.880 

.060 

2.060 

<!76.868 

29.644 

127.202 

14.429 
0.010 

trace. 


449.668 


Temperature  60*  Fahr. 


A  concentrated  watery  similar  to  the  mother-lye  of  Kreuz- 
nach,  prepared  by  evaporation,  gives  the  following  result  on 
analysis : 


One  pint  contains— 
Carbonate  of  magnesia  and  lime 

•                            • 

Grains. 
.       2.08 

Chloride  of  sodium 

• 

•                        • 

781.36 

Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 

• 

• 

•                        •                         • 
•                         • 

1,289.76 
2,950.40 

I'roto-chlorido  of  iron 

•                        t 

•                         • 

18.76 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

• 

• 

.    16.82 

Iodide  of  magnesium 
Bromide  of  magnesium   . 
Silica,  alumina,  and  lithia 

•                        • 

• 
•                        1 

• 
•                        • 

•                         • 

• 

-(J.  B.  Chilto 

2.11 

.      2.01 

2.47 

Total 

6,060.27 
n,  M.  D.,  1868.) 

The  large  amount  of  proto-chloride  of  iron  was  probably 
formed  from  the  surface  of  the  iron  vessel  during  evaporation. 

Properties. — ^These  celebrated  waters  are  the  most  perfect 
type  of  iodo-bromated  saline  water  known  in  this  country. 
They  very  much  resemble  the  celebrated  waters  of  Krueznach, 
in  Prussia,  though  containing  the  chloride  of  sodium,  calcium, 
and  magnesium,  in  much  larger  proportions.  For  this  reason, 
when  used  internally,  they  are  diluted  with  ordinary  water — 
one-eighth  to  one-fourth  of  a  glass  of  the  woll-water,  and  fill 
the  glass  with  pure  water.     But  they  arc  especially  employed 


Wi 


or 


U. 
I. 


3UZ- 

on 


biy 

set 

c;h, 
m, 
)n. 


511 
Ed 


SALINE  WATERS. 


163 


in  the  form  of  warm  baths,  which  are  provided  at  all  the  hotels. 
Thej  have  been  found  beneficial  and  curative  in  gout,  rheu- 
matisnif  scrofula,  and  certain  forms  of  neuralgia. 

The  concentrated  water  is  used  as  an  embrocation  or  di- 
luted ;  a  bandage  is  wet  with  it  and  applied  to  swollen  joints 
from  rheumatism  or  sprain,  after  the  first  inflammatory  symp- 
toms have  subsided.  It  produces  counter-irritation,  which  may 
be  limited  to  simple  redness,  or  carried  to  pustulation,  accord- 
ing to  the  strength  of  the  solution  and  the  time  it  remains  in 
contact  with  the  surj^ace.  For  baths,  ten  to  twelve  fluidounces, 
added  to  an  ordinary  bath-tub  half  full  of  hot  water,  affords  a 
similar  bath  to  that  obtained  at  the  springs.  Internall}',  one 
or  two  teaspoonfuls  to  a  glass  of  pure  water. 

JRemarks. — St.  Catharine's  is  pleasantly  situated  within 
three  miles  of  Lake  Ontario,  whither  visitors  frequently  drive. 
The  air  is  pure,  and  the  heats  of  summer  are  seldom  felt.  The 
wells  are  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Welland  Canal — all  within 
the  distance  of  a  mile.  They  vary  in  depth,  from  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  to  five  hundred  feet  One  of  them — ^that  at  the 
Stephenson  House — has  been  in  use  since  1812.  At  Spring 
Bank,  the  sanitarium  of  Dr.  Theophilus  Mack,  every  form  of 
bath  may  be  had,  including  the  famed  Oriental  Turkish  bath. 

FLANTAGENET    SFBINOS. 

Location! — Prescott  County,  Province  of  Ontario,  Dominion  of  Cnnada. 
Access. — Plantagenet  Springs  are  eighty-eight  miles  west  of  Montreal. 
Same  route  to  Point  Fortune  as  for  Caledonia  Springs,  thence  by  stage. 

Hotels. 

Anatt/sia. — None — &  cold  saline. 

Hemarks. — ^The  name  of  this  spring,  I  am  informed,  has 
been  changed  to  the  "  Caratraca." 

OAI.EDONIA   SPBINGS. 

LocatlODt — Prescott  County,  Province  of  Ontario,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

Post-Offlee  Address. 

Access. — Caledoniiv  Springs  are  seventy-two  miles  west  of  Montreal.  From 
Montreal  take  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  to  Lachine,  thence  by  steamer  to  Caril- 
lon ;  cross  the  Ottawa  River  to  Point  Fortune,  thence  by  stage  to  the  springs. 

Hotels. 


m 


:i    1 


li        ' 

■ 

■ 

ii 

"*■*... 


164 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conldni— 

Ou  Spring. 
44^°  F«hr. 
T.  S.  Hunt. 

Siiline  Spring. 

45*  Fahr. 

T.  S.  Hunt. 

Intermittent  Sprini^. 

60*  F«lir. 

T.  S.  Hunt. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

Grsini. 

.854 

8.834 

I'.m 

'.226 
60.772 

!088 
.008 

'.109 

'.082 
.225 

Gralni. 

1.284 

8.709 

trace. 

.856 

trace. 

.219 

46.984 

'.085 
.010 

'.128 

trace. 
.809 

Giaina. 

Carbonate  of  niairncsia 

6.294 

Ciirbonato  of  irtm 

trace. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.921 

Cflrbonato  of  niUDifanoso 

Chloride  of  potassium 

.222 

Chloride  of  sodium 

69.265 

Chloride  of  ina^nosiuin 

7.688 

Chloride  of  calcium 

2.091 

Sulnhato  of  notassa 

led  de  of  8oahiin 

Iodide  of  iniiirDiiSiiini 

.016 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

.178 

Alumina 

trace. 

Bilica 

.164 

Total 

56.670 

6  cubic  in. 
4  gallons. 

68.589 

4  cubic  in. 
10  gallons. 

106.678 

Gas. 

Carbonic  acid 

Flow  per  minute 

— (184T.) 

I^operties. — ^These  are  valuable  iodo-bromated  saline  wa- 
ters, very  much  resembling  those  of  Dlirkheim,  in  Bavaria. 
They  are  useful  in  scrofula,  gout,  chronic  rheumatism,  etc. 

The  Gras  Spring  evolves,  besides  carbonic  acid,  considerable 
quantities  of  carburetted  hydrogen,  estimated  at  three  hun- 
dred cubic  inches  per  minute.  It  is  pleasantly  saline  to  the 
taste.  The  Saline  Spring,  so  called,  is  similar  to  the  Gas 
Spring,  but  really  less  saline.  It  evolves  very  little  carbu- 
retted hydrogen.  The  Intermittent  Spring  is  two  miles  dis- 
tant fipom  the  springs  named.  It  is  disagreeably  bitter  as  well 
as  saline.  The  reaction  of  these  waters  to  test-paper  is  alka- 
line.* 

liANSINQ   WELI.. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce. — Lansing,  Ingham  County,  Michigan. 

Access. — Lansing  is  eighty-five  miles  west  of  Detroit,  on  the  Detroit,  Lans- 
ing &  Lake  Michigan  Railroad.  The  well  is  one  mile  from  the  city,  accessible 
by  steamboat. 

Hotels* — Lansing,  Chapman,  Everett,  Edgar. 


J 

suffi( 

line 

line 

bles 

sulpl 

more 

quaii 

act  ( 

is  SI 

wou^ 

pani 
duc( 
fron 
eng« 

Gra 
tion 
the 

batl 
and 


"  Geology  of  Canada.^* 


•^:w\ 


SALINE  WATERS 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  containa 

(63^°  Fahr.   Dr.  Jennings) 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

• 

•                         •                         • 

8.094 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

•                        •                         • 

• 

1.421 

Carbonate  of  iron 

• 

•                        •                        • 

0.148 

Carbonate  of  lime 

• 

•                         •                         • 

• 

7.782 

Chloride  of  sodium 

« 

•                         •                         • 

83.349 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

• 

•                        •                        t 

• 

1.664 

Sulphate  of  soda  . 

• 

•                         •                         • 

8.181 

Silica  . 

• 

• 

•                         •                         • 

•                        •                        • 

• 

0.418 

Total 

55.887 

Gas. 

Cubic  inches. 

Carbonic  acid 

• 

•                         •                         • 

* 

24i 

165 


Properties. — ^This  is  a  strong  saline  water,  containing  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  alkaline  carbonates  to  ally  it  to  the  alka- 
line waters ;  therefore  it  should  be  classed  as  an  alkaline-sa- 
line water.  In  chemical  composition  it  considerably  resem- 
bles the  celebrated  Saratoga  waters,  though  the  presence  of 
sulphates  of  potassa  and  soda  in  this  water  causes  it  to  be 
more  decidedly  purgative  in  action.  Taken  in  considerable 
quantity,  they  produce  catharsis,  but  in  moderate  doses  they 
act  freely  on  the  kidneys.  The  iron  contained  in  this  water 
is  sufficient  to  modify  the  otherwise  depleting  effect  they 
would  produce  if  long  continued. 

These  waters  are  applicable  to  cases  of  dyspepsia,  accom- 
panied with  abdominal  plethora,  a  class  of  cases  usually  pro- 
duced by  high  living.  We  should  also  expect  good  results 
from  their  use  in  catarrh  of  the  biliary  ducts,  gall-stones,  and 
engorged  liver. 

Jietnarks. — Lansing,  the  capital  of  Michigan,  located  on 
Grand  River,  is  necessarily  the  seat  of  many  public  institu- 
tions, and  resorted  to  by  the  better  classes  from  every  part  of 
the  State.     The  population  is  about  fifty-five  hundred. 

Adjoiiiing  the  well,  which  is  a  mile  up  the  river,  is  a  good 
bath-house.  The  depth  of  the  well  is  fourteen  hundred  feet, 
and  the  flow  is  nearly  a  gallon  per  minute. 


166 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


SFBINO  LAKE  WELL. 

Locatton  and  Post-Offlce*— Spring  Lake,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan. 

Access*— Spring  Lake  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  eighty-six  miles  northwest  from  Detroit,  three  miles  east  of 
Grand  Haven.    From  Chicago  to  Grand  Haven,  by  lake-steamer. 

Hotels*— Magnetic  Spring,  Middlemist,  Bumum's. 


U 


ANAT.T8I8. 

One  pmt  contains     i 

62°  Fahr.  Prof.  C.  G.  Wheeler): 

SOLIDB. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

.       0.006 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

trace 

Carbonate  of  iron 

.      0.092 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

0.006 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.      0.012 

Chloride  of  potassium 

0.686 

Chloride  of  sodium. 

.     60.691 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

4.626 

Chloride  of  calcium     . 

.     14.177 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 

6.837 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

.      0.271 

Alumina 

....          traces. 

Ammonia 

.      0.002 

Lithia 

traces. 

SUica    . 

.      0.068 

Organic  matter 

2.286 

Total    . 

.     78,603 

a»--            fni-"_ J. 

_A •_    -n_    •-■!-   -i»   _^j« 

Properties. — ^This  water,  strong  in  chloride  of  sodium,  also 
contains  an  active  proportion  of  the  bromide  of  magnesium. 
In  chemical  composition  this  water  much  resembles  the  Edis- 
enquelle  of  Kreuznach.  These  springs,  however,  contain  a 
proportion  of  iodide  of  magnesium. 

Remarks. — ^The  town  of  Spring  Lake  is  located  on  the 
shores  of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  of  the  same  name,  five 
miles  long  and  one  mile  wide.  The  resort  owes  its  rise  to  the 
citizens  of  Chicago,  who  frequent  it  in  considerable  numbers. 
A  good  bath-house  adjoins  the  hotel. 


a  gO( 
phun 
to  th 
abov< 
there 
2 

ItWJ 

pose 

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rs. 


SALINE  WATERS. 


8T.  LOUIS   ABTBSIAN   WELL. 


161 


IiMtttOBt— St.  Louis,  Missouri. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(73.4°  Fahr.  Dr.  Litton): 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

•                      •                      • 

0.127 

Carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron.            .            .           . 

0.066 

Carbonate  of  lime . 

•                      •                          t 

1.829 

Chloride  of  potassium  . 

•                      •                      •                      • 

1.126 

Chloride  of  sodium.            . 

•                       •                       • 

48.826 

Chloride  of  magnesium. 

•                       •                      •                      • 

4.792 

Chloride  of  calcium. 

•                      •                      • 

8.448 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

•                       •                       •                       • 

6.709 

SUica. 

•                      •                      • 
•                       •                      •                      • 

0.017 

Total     . 

60.440 

Oasis. 

Gubio  tnohes. 

Carbonic  acid 

•             •             • 

0.82 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

■             •             •             • 

0.08 

I^opertiea. — It  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis  that  this  is 
a  good  saline  water.  It  contains  a  small  proportion  of  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen,  but  not  sufficient  of  the  gas  to  entitle  it 
to  the  designation  of  a  sulphur-water.  The  temperatiu*e  is 
above  the  mean  annual  temperature  of  St.  Louis,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  technically  speaking,  a  thermal  water. 

Hemarks. — ^This  well  is  located  at  Belcher's  sugar-refinery. 
It  was  bored  in  order  to  obtain  water  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, but  the  saline  quality  of  the  water  rendered  it  useless. 
The  total  depth  of  the  well  is  2,199  feet ;  however,  most  of 
the  water  is  said  to  flow  frori  a  depth  of  1,515  feet.  The 
analysis  was  made  some  IHeon  years  ago,  since  which  time 
the  flow  of  the  water  has  considerably  diminished. 

FBXnX    PORT   WELL. 

Locatloii  and  Post-Office. — ^Fniit  Port,  Ottawa  County,  Michigan. 

Access. — From  Chicago,  via  Chicago  &  Michigan  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  to 
Fruit  Port,  a  station  one  hundred  and  sixteen  miles  north ;  or  from  Chicago, 
by  lake-steamer,  to  Grand  Haven ;  thence  nine  miles,  by  railroad,  to  Nuncia ; 
thence  six  miles,  by  railroad,  to  Fruit  Port 

Hotdt — Pomona  House. 


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168 


MINERAL  SPRINGa 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(48«  Fahr. 

C.  G.  Wheeler): 

8UUD8. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

.       0.565 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

•                         • 

0.308 

Carbonate  of  iron 

.       0.680 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

•                         • 

0  010 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.      0.443 

Chloride  of  potassium 

•                         • 

0.064 

Chloride  of  sodium 

.     68.008 

Chloride  of  magnesium  . 

6.861 

Chloride  of  lime 

.     13.888 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 

•                         • 

6.'r49 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

.       0.095 

Silica  and  silicates  . 

•                         • 

1.326 

Alumina           . 

•                         • 

.     traces. 

Total 

86.971 

I^operties. — This  water,  like  that  of  the  Spring  Lake  well, 
much  reseirbles  the  celebrated  waters  of  Kreuznach,  in  Prussia. 

MemarJea. — ^The  village  of  Frait  Port  is  on  the  shores  of 
Spring  Lake.  The  town  and  surrounding  country,  to  the  ex- 
tent of  thirteen  thousand  acres,  is  owned  by  a  Chicago  com- 
pany, engaged  in  the  development  of  this  fruit  district.  The 
well  is  a  result  of  the  mania  for  seeking  "  magnetic"  wells, 
which  has  prevailed  in  this  State  since  the  discovery  of  the  St. 
Louis  well,  in  1869.  The  resort  is  well  patronized  by  citizens 
of  Chicago. 

SABATOOA    SPRINGS. 

Location  tnd  Post-oflBce« — Saratoga  Springs,  Saratoga  County,  Xew  York. 

Access* — Saratoga  is  a  station  on  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Railroad, 
thirty-seven  miles  north  of  Albany.  Tourists  from  the  North  may  pass  over 
Lake  Champlain,  and  at  Whitehall  take  the  cars  south  to  Saratoga,  forty- 
one  miles. 

Hotels* — Congress  Hall,  Grand  Union,  Clarendon,  Everett,  Waverley,  Albe- 
marle, Continental,  American. 

Boarding-Honsest — Vermont,  Pitney,  Washington  HalL 

Properties. — It  will  readily  be  seen  from  the  table  of  anal- 
yses that  the  principal  constituents  of  these  waters  are  chlo- 
ride of  sodium,  the  alkaline  carbonates,  and  carbonic-acid  gas, 


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170 


MINERAL  SFRIN6S. 


hence  they  may  be  termed  alkaline-saline  waters,  of  whicii 
the  famed  Seltzer  Spring  of  Nassau  is  a  typical  example.  In 
point  of  merit  the  Saratoga  waters  equal,  if  they  do  not  sur- 
pass, any  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  The  large  amount  of  car- 
bonic acid  whicli  they  contain,  and  the  favorable  combination 
of  ingredients,  render  them  very  easy  of  digestion,  and^  to 
most  persons,  exceedingly  pleasant  to  the  taste.  Many  won- 
der why  it  is  that  during  the  hot  months  of  the  year  such 
numbers  crowd  to  Saratoga,  thinking  it  only  a  whim  of  fash- 
ion ;  but,  aside  from  social  attractions  or  amusements,  there  is 
a  positive  value  in  the  water,  and  pleasure  in  drinking  it, 
which  will  always  attract  multitudes  to  its  fountains. 

These  waters  are  especially  adapted  to  cases  of  dysjjepsia  ; 
those  depending  on  high  living,  and  an  engorged  condition  of 
the  abdominal  viscera,  are  peculiarly  subject  to  their  beneficial 
influence.  In  jaundice^  depending  on  catarrh  of  the  biliary 
ducts,  they  are  curative,  and  they  would  undoubtedly  prove 
beneficial  in  cases  of  gall-stones  with  a  tendency  to  their 
continual  formation  and  passage.  In  engorgement  of  tha 
liver^  and  all  conditions  of  abdominal  plethora,  they  are  a 
valuable  remedy.  In  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  they  may  also 
prove  useful,  but  the  decidedly  alkaline  or  calcic  waters  are 
preferable. 

High  Hock. — On  Willow  Walk,  near  the  Seltzer  and  Star 
Springs,  This  spring  was  known  to  the  Mohawk  Indians,  as 
early  as  the  fourteenth  century,  by  the  name  of  "  The  Medicine 
Spring  of  the  Great  Spirit."  It  was,  however,  unknown  to  white 
men  till  many  years  after  the  first  settlement  of  the  country.  Sir 
William  Johnson  being  the  first  white  visitor.  For  many  year? 
after  its  discovery,  the  sick  or  curious  might  be  seen  following 
the  trails  from  the  settlements  into  the  depths  of  the  wilder 
ness,  there  amid  the  solitude  to  drink  silently  of  the  mysterious 
water.  In  1773,  Dirick  Scowton  cleared  a  small  portion  or 
land  on  the  summit  of  the  hill,  in  the  rear  of  High  Rock 
Spring,  and  built  a  log-cabin,  but  misunderstandings  with  the 
Indians  rendered  it  necessary  to  abandon  t^e  ontorprise.  In 
1774,  Jolin  Arnold,  of  Rhode  Island,  took  possession  of  the 


. 


SALINE  WATERS. 


Ill 


house  built  by  Scowton,  and,  having  improved  it,  opened  it  as 
a  tavern,  and  entertained  visitors  during  two  succeeding  sum- 
mers. This  was  undoubtedly  the  first  pleasure-resort  in  the 
Northern  States,  that  of  Berkeley  Springs,  in  Virginia,  being 
the  first  in  the  Southern.  Arnold  was  followed  the  next  year 
by  Samuel  Norton,  under  the  patronage  of  Isaac  Law,  who 
had  purchased  the  land  from  Rip  Van  Dam.  In  this  purchase 
Law  was  associated  with  Anthony  Van  Dam  and  Jacob  Wal- 
ton. Troubles  with  Great  Britain  now  occurring,  Norton  aban- 
doned the  enterprise.  In  1789,  Gideon  Putnam,  of  Sutton, 
came  to  the  springs,  leased  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  and 
was  thereafter  the  pervading  spirit  of  improvement.  In  1803, 
he  built  seventy  feet  of  the  present  Union  Hall.  The  name 
High  Rock  is  given  from  the  concretions  that  have  accumu- 
lated at  the  orifice  of  this  spring  for  centuries,  and  formed  a 
cone-like  rock  three  feor  in  height,  from  the  centre  of  which 
the  water  issues.  The  rock  is  composed  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron,  precipitated  from  the  water. 
Similar  concretions  form  at  many  of  the  springs,  but,  owing  to 
the  direction  of  the  flow  of  the  water  and  other  causes,  do  not 
assume  the  same  form. 

A  few  years  ago,  the  proprietors,  desirous  of  closing  the 
lateral  outlet  of  this  spring,  so  that  the  water  would  again  flow 
over  the  top  of  the  rock,  which  it  had  ceased  to  do,  had  the 
rock  undermined,  and  by  means  of  a  derrick  lifted  to  one  side. 
Just  below  the  rock,  four  logs  were  found  placed  at  right  an- 
gles to  each  other,  so  as  to  form  a  curb.  Under  the  logs 
were  boughs  of  trees,  resting  on  the  black  soil  of  a  previous 
swamp.  Undoubtedly,  some  ancient  visitors  of  the  spring  had 
thrown  brushwood  over  the  swamp-ground  at  the  orifice,  and 
placed  tlie  logs  around  it.  Below  the  rocks,  the  workmen  fol- 
lowed the  spring  through  four  feet  of  tufa  and  muck  ;  next,  a 
layer  of  solid  tufa,  two  feet  thick,  then  one  foot  of  muck,  in 
which  another  log  was  found.  Below  this,  three  feet  of  tufa 
again ;  and  there,  seventeen  feet  below  the  apex  of  the  rock, 
they  found  the  embers  of  an  ancient  fire.  By  whom,  and 
when,  was  the  fire  built  ? 


Hi 


M 


172 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Dimensions  o7  Hioh  Rook. 

Circumference  at  the  surface  of  the  ground     . 
Heights  of  rocli  above-ground 
Diameter  of  aperture,  four  inches  below  the  top 
From  the  top  of  the  rock  to  the  water  within    . 
Depth  of  spring  from  the  top  of  the  rocic 
Depth  of  water  in  the  rock  tAove  the  ground 


Foet. 

Inches 

24 

4 

8 

6 

0 

12 

2 

2 

10 

0 

1 

4 

The  accompanying  section  of  High  Bock  conveys  an  idea 
of  the  formation : 


OEOLOOICAL  SECTION   AT  SARATOGA  SPBINaS. 


Congress  Springy  in  Congress  Park,  on  Congress  Street. 
In  the  year  1792,  twenty-five  years  after  Johnson's  first 


SALINE  WATERS. 


173 


visit  to  High  Rock,  a  party  of  hunters  on  the  return  home- 
ward discovered  a  trail  which  led  them  to  a  new  spring.  One 
of  this  Iiunting-party  was  John  Taylor  Oilman,  a  member  of 
Congress  at  the  time.  On  a  subsequent  visit,  in  honor  of  Gil- 
man,  they  named  it  Congress  Spring.  The  water  proved  ex- 
ceedingly agreeable,  and  soon  became  the  favorite  spring, 
retaining  its  popularity  to  this  day.  In  1836,  John  Clarke,  a 
native  of  Yorkshire,  England,  purchased  the  farm  on  which 
the  spring  was  situated.  Soon  after  the  purchase  he  com- 
menced bottling  the  water  for  exportation,  and  from  that 
period  is  dated  the  large  trade  in  bottled  Saratoga-waters. 

Columbian  Spring^  in  Congress  Park,  a  few  rods  south- 
west of  Congress  Spring. 

This  spring  contains  a  larger  proportion  of  iron  than  the 
other  springs,  rendering  it  a  fine  tonic  in  anaemic  cases,  but  to 
be  used  with  reserve  by  those  who  are  plethoric  or  robust. 

Hamilton  Spring^  on  Spring  Street,  corner  of  Putnam,  in 
the  rear  of  Congress  Hall. 

This  spring  was  first  discovered  by  Gideon  Putnam.  It 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  iron,  and  may  be  used  in  the 
cases  to  which  the  Columbian  is  adapted. 

Pavilion  Spring,  in  the  valley,  a  short  distance  east  of 
Broadway,  between  Lake  Avenue  and  Caroline  Street. 

Star  Spring,  on  Willow  Walk,  near  the  termination  of  Cir- 
cular Street. 

Empire  Spring,  in  the  north  part  of  the  village,  a  short 
distance  above  the  Star  Spring. 

Washington,  or  White  Spring,  in  the  grounds  of  the  Clar- 
endon Hotel,  South  Broadway.    '       • 

Putnam  Spring,  on  Phila  Street,  near  Broadway.  A 
new  shaft  had  been  sunk  here  just  previous  to  my  visit, 
from  which  a  water,  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas, 
flowed  quite  rapidly. 

Saratoga  Seltzer y  a  short  distance  from  High  Rock  Spring. 
The  proprietors  have  attached  a  glass  tube,  some  three  feet 
long  and  one  foot  in  diameter,  to  the  orifice  of  this  spring, 
through  which  the  clear,  sparkling  water,  filled  with  glittering 


174 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


bubbles  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  passes  up  rapidly.  According 
to  the  analysis,  this  spring  resembles  the  celebrated  Seltzer, 
in  Germany. 

Saratoga  A  Spring,  a  few  rods  from  the  Red  Spring. 

Med  Spring,  on  Spring  Avenue,  at  the  intersection  of  Ge- 
neva and  Warren  Streets,  so  named  from  the  red  deposit. 
This  spring,  though  almost  a  century  old,  has  never  been  prop- 
erly developed  until  recently.  Being  less  saline  than  any  other 
spring  at  Saratoga,  it  will  answer  in  some  cases  of  dyspepsia, 
in  which  the  other  waters  prove  irritant.  It  is  claimed  that  it 
is  especially  beneficial  in  cases  of  humid  eczema,  and  other 
diseases  of  the  skin,  taken  internailj'  and  applied  as  a  lotion. 

Mccelsior  Rock  Spring,  about  one  mile  east  of  Broadway. 
One  of  the  most  delightful  walks  at  Saratoga  is  along  Spring 
Avenue,  or  Lake  Avenue,  through  the  woods,  to  this  spring. 
This  is  one  of  the  Ten  Springs,  the  remainder,  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity,  being  yet  undeveloped. 

Eureka  Spring,  on  Lake  Avenue,  one  mile  east  of  Broad- 
way. The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  of  this  spring  is  exceed- 
ingly attractive. 

Hathorn  Spring,  on  Spring  Street,  in  the  rear  of  Congress 
Hall.  This  spring  was  discovered  in  1868,  when  clearing 
away  the  debris  of  the  ruins  of  Congress  Hall,  preparatory  to 
rebuilding.  In  taste  and  general  character  it  resembles  the 
Congress  water,  though  stronger.  • 

United  States  Spring,  adjoining  the  Pavilion, 

Crystal  Spring,  in  Park  place,  Broadway,  opposite  Con- 
gress Park. 

Indian  Encampment. — A  new  spring  was  bored  here  in 
1871. 

EUis  Spring,  on  the  Ballston  road,  near  the  Geyser. 

White  Sulphur  Spring,  immediately  adjoining  the  Eureka 
Spring.  The  proprietors  have  erected  a  commodious  bathing- 
house  of  fifty  baths,  with  ample  accommodations.  Omnibuses 
run  from  the  village  to  these  springs. 

Lake  Sulphur  Spring,  on  the  east  side  of  Saratoga  Lake, 
about  half  a  mile  south  of  Snake  HilL 


mm 


SALINE  WATERS. 


115 


Oeyaer  Spring^  about  two  miles  south  of  the  village,  on 
the  Ballaton  road,  and  a  short  distance  from  the  railroad. 

This  spring  is  one  of  the  curiosities  of  Saratoga.  It  was 
discovered  in  February,  1870.  During  a  dull  season  the  own- 
ers of  a  bolt-factory,  in  which  it  is  located,  concluded  to  bore 
for  mineral  water.  They  those  the  cellar  of  the  factory  in 
which  to  operate.  Having  sunk  a  tube  to  the  depth  of  154 
feet,  the  water  burst  forth  in  such  volume  as  to  entiix  i  v  inun- 
date the  premises.  On  attaching  a  tube  of  smaller  calibre,  the 
water  was  projected  to  the  height  of  twenty-two  fo'^t,  and  con- 
tinues spouting  forth  in  a  steady  stream.  It  is  h^^iily  charged 
with  carbonic-acid  gas,  so  much  so  that,  when  drawn  from  a 
faucet  into  a  glass,  it  foams  up  like  soda-water.  It  is  also 
exceedingly  rich  in  saline  constituents. 

The  dose  of  Saratoga  water  is  as  follows :  For  a  cathartic 
effect,  drink  two  or  three  glasses  leisurely,  before  breakfast, 
then  walk  for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  and  take  another  glass  or 
two ;  breakfast  half  an  hour  afterward. 

As  an  alterative,  take  a  glass  three  or  four  times  a  day. 
An  exception  to  this  rule  must  be  made  in  regard  to  the  Co- 
lumbian, Pavilion,  Hamilton,  and  some  other  springs,  as  they 
contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  iron,  and  should  be  used 
more  guardedly.  The  use  of  these  waters,  however,  as  an 
alterative  and  tonic,  would  be  in  the  quantity  of  one-fourth  to 
a  whole  glass  three  times  a  day. 

Memarks. — Saratoga  Springs  occur  in  a  valley  which  runs 
north  and  south,  for  many  miles,  through  a  series  of  elevated 
table-lands.  Mountain-ranges  are  seen  in  the  distance,  and 
lakes  and  rivulets  are  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  springs. 
The  village,  with  its  magnificent  hotels  and  elegant  private 
residences,  its  densely-shaded  streets  and  attractive  walks, 
renders  desirable  what  might  otherwise  be  a  very  hot  place  in 
sultry  July.  The  grounds  of  the  different  fountains  are  pict- 
uresquely adorned  and  shaded,  and  each  hotel  has  its  embow- 
ered court,  where  delicious  music  is  frequently  discoursed 
throughout  the  day.  Congress  Park,  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Broadway,  is  a  favorite  resort,  where,  during  the  morn- 


1 


176 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ing  hours,  visitors  congregate  at  the  spring,  drink  of  the  wa- 
ters, and  stroll  along  the  beautiful  walks,  beneath  the  shade 
of  ancient  forest-trees. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  here  amusements  of  society,  in 
every  form,  prevail ;  for  the  word  Saratoga,  whenever  spoken, 
calls  up  visions  of  the  dance,  of  walks  and  drives,  of  boating 
and  fishing,  and,  unfortunately  too  often,  of  those  dissipations 
which  seem  inseparable  from  civilization. 

The  principal  drive  is  that  to  Moon's  Lake  House,  four  miles 
distant,  on  the  shore  of  Saratoga  Lake.  From  this  point  there 
is  a  pleasing  view  of  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water.  The  lake 
is  nine  miles"  long  and  between  four  and  five  miles  wide,  oppo- 
site Snake  Hill.  A  drive  along  the  lake-shore  is  exceedingly 
attractive.  An  excursion  steam-yacht,  from  the  Lake  House, 
makes  frequent  trips  to  interesting  points.  The  avenue  known 
as  the  "Mountain  Drive,"  extending  northward  from  Broadway, 
leads  to  Mitchell's  Glen  House,  a  /amous  resort.  A  drive  of 
sixteen  miles  on  the  Mount  Pleasant  road  brings  one  to  Pros- 
pect or  ~\Taring  Hilly  said  to  be  2,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
commanding  an  extended  view.  At  ChapmarCs  Silly  a  mile 
beyond  the  Lake  House,  there  is  a  fine  view.  The  hill  is  180 
feet  above  the  lake.  Wagman^s  Hill,  three  miles  farther,  is 
sixty  feet  higher.  Hagerty  Hill,  six  miles  northward  from  the 
springs,  on  the  road  to  Luzerne,  gives  a  fine  landscape  view. 
Semis's  Heights^  the  scene  of  the  famous  engagement  between 
Burgoyne  and  General  Gates,  is  in  the  town  of  Stillwater, 
fifteen  miles  from  the  springs. 

EXOELSIOB  SPBZNa. 
Location. — Syracuse,  New  York. 
Analysis, — ^This  is  a  pleasant  saline  water. 


BALI.STOir   SPA. 

Location  and  Post-Offlcc— Ballston,  Saratoga  County,  New  Tork. 
Access. — From  Albany,  via  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Railroad,  twenty-six 
miles  north,  to  the  springs.    From  the  north  and  Lake  Champlain,  cars  may 


,: 


SALINE  WATERS. 


177 


be  taken  at  Lake  Ohamplain  Junction,  via  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Railroad ; 

thence  forty-five  miles  south. 

Hotel* — Sans-souci. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conWns— 

United  States. 

50°  Fahr. 
Geology  N.  Y. 

Ballston  Artesian 

Litliiaa  Well. 

52°  Fahr. 

C.  V.  Cliandler. 

Franklin 
Artesian  Well. 

62°  Fahr. 
C.  F.  Cliandler. 

Condo 
Oentonean  Well. 

49°  Falir. 
C.  F.  CliRndler. 

Solids. 
Ctirbouatc  of  soda 

Grains. 
2.11 
0.72 
trace. 
3.65 

53;i2 
6'.22 

•  *  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

i!66 

Grains. 
1.034 

13.378 
0.143 

20.675 
0.701 
0.083 
0.397 
4.159 

93.75;i 
0.065 

o.m 

0.015 
0.455 
trace, 
trace. 
0.009 
0.095 
trace. 

Grains. 

8.200 
18.175 

0.146 
17.565 

0.613 
trace. 

0.125 

4.241 
82.418 

0.095 

o'.ooi 

0.029 
0.5S3 
trace, 
trace. 
0.032 
0.092 
trace. 

Grains. 
2  982 

Carbonate  of  mat^iesla 

Carlxtnate  of  iron 

11.729 
0.208 

Carbonate  o'  lime 

15  494 

Carbonate  of  lithia 

0.950 

Carl)onat«  of  sti'ontla 

Carbonate  of  baryta 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.018 
0.484 
1  154 

80.685 

Sulpliate  of  potassa 

Sulpliate  of  soda 

trace. 

Phosphate  of  soda 

trace. 

Iodide  of  sodium 

0.023 

Uromide  of  sodium 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Biborate  of  soda 

0.296 
trace, 
trace. 

Alumina 

0.049 

Silica 

0.123 

Organic  matter 

trace. 

Total 

60.82 

Cubic  in. 
80.. W 

134.968 

CuUc  in. 
53.20 

127.315 

Culiic  in. 
67.51 

114.205 

Gas. 
Carbonic  acid 

Cubic  in. 
44.79 

I^'ojyerties. — These  waters  present  the  same  properties  as 
those  of  Saratoga.  It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that  they  are 
richer  in  mineral  constituents,  that  of  the  Lithia  well  having 
the  exceedingly  large  quantity  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-four 
grains  of  solid  matter  to  the  pint. 

Remarks. — The  fame  of  Ballston  Springs  is  almost  coeval 
witli  that  of  Saratoga.  The  village  spring,  the  analysis  of 
which  is  not  given,  resembles  closely  the  Red  Spring  of  Sara- 
toga. Low's  Well  is  said  to  be  similar  to  the  United  States 
Spring  in  composition. 

During  the  coa'  oil  excitement,  which  swept  over  the  coun- 
try some  years  ago,  a  capitalist  of  New  York  conceived  the 
idea  of  boring  for  oil  at  Ballston.  He  selected  a  site  on  the 
banks  A  the  Kayaderosseras  Creek,  and  commenced  operations. 
After  much  labor,  and  when  the  well  had  attained  a  depth  of  five 
hundred  and  seventy-one  feet,  water  flowed  from  the  tubing  in 
l&rge  quantity ;  but  oil  was  the  object,  and  the  boring  went  on. 


i^^  J: 


m\ 


ill: 


:t 


178 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


However,  at  the  depth  of  six  hundred  and  seventy-one  feet,  the 
steel  rammer  became  immovably  fixed  in  the  rock,  and  the  un- 
dertaking was  abandoned.  Then  attention  was  turned  to  the 
water  that  flowed  from  the  tube,  and  it  was  discovered  to  be  the 
most  highly  impregnated  with  mineral  ingredients  of  any  in  the 
county.  The  town  of  Ballston  is  an  exceedingly  pleasant  one, 
where  those  who  wish  to  avoid  the  excitement  of  Saratoga 
can  live  quietly,  and  drink  equal,  if  not  superior,  water. 


and 
bea 


WILHOIT'S    SODA-SPRINaS. 


Location* — Clackamas  Coimty,  Oregon. 

Post-OfDce. — Salem,  Marion 

County,  Oregon. 

Access. — From  Salem  go  thirty  miles  northeast  by  road. 

Hotel.— Wilhoit's  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (J.  H.  Veach,  M.  D.) : 

Solids. 

Orains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

•                         •                        • 

.     10.946 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

*                        •                        •                        • 

10.665 

Carbonate  protoxide  of 

iron    . 

.       0.760 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

•            •            •            • 

4.028 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•            •            • 

.     25.126 

Sulphate  of  soda   . 

9                        •                         •                         • 

0.425 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

•                        •                        • 

.       0.810 

Iodine 

•                        •                        •                        • 
•                        «                        • 

trace. 

Total     . 

.     52.749 

Gab. 

Cubic  inches. 

Carbonic  acid 

•                         •                         •                         • 

42 

Properties. — ^According  to  the  above  analysis,  these  waters 
are  of  great  value.  They  are  of  the  alkaline-saline  class,  and 
closely  resemble  some  of  the  finest  waters  of  Europe,  such  as 
the  Seltzer.  "  The  water  is  strongly  impregnated  with  car- 
bonic-acid gas,  constantly  escaping  from  the  surface,  and  giving 
a  sparkling  eflFervescence  to  the  liquid.  Very  pleasant  to  the 
taste,  it  exhilarates  fully  as  much  as  wine,  on  the  first  day,  and 
on  the  second  operates  as  a  laxative  and  diuretic."  *  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  water  contains  considerable  iron,  and 
should,  therefore,  be  used  somewhat  guardedly. 

>  Pwf.  H.  Carpenter,  M.  D.,  in  the  Oregon  Medical  and  Surgiml  Reporter. 


an 

ini 

it 

of 

m: 


SALINE  WATERS. 


179 


Remarks. — ^The  springs  are  enclosed  by  groves  of  fir,  pine, 
and  oak,  and  all  the  surroundings  contribute  to  enhance  the 
beauty  of  the  place. 

ALBANY   ARTESIAN    WELL. 

Loeatloil* — ^Ferry  Street,  Albany,  New  York. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (61°  to  62°  Fahr.    Dr.  Meade)  : 

Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda         .....  5.00 

Carbonate  of  magnesia         ....  2.00 

Carbonate  of  iron  (with  a  little  silica)    .            .            ,  1.00 

Carbonate  of  lime    .           .           .            .            .  4.00 

Chloride  of  sodium        .....  6B.00 


Total  . 
Oas. 
Carbonic  acid 

The  well  is  five  hundred  feet  deep. 


75.00 
Cubic  inches. 
.     28.00 

—("Geology  of  New  Tork.'^ 


CHARLESTON    ARTESLAN    WELL. 
Locatton  and  Post-Office*— Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

ANALYSIS, 

One  pint  contains     (87°  Fahr.  Prof.  C.  U.  Shephard,  Jr.): 

Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda       .....  7.353 

Carbonate  of  magnesia      ....  0.001 

Carbonate  of  lime        .....  0.140 

Chloride  of  sodium  ....  9.459 

Phosphates  of  lime,  iron,  and  aluouna  .  .  0.001 

Silica  ......  0.002 

Organic  matter  .....  0.003 


Total 
Gas. 
Carbonic-acid  gas 


16.969 
Cable  inches. 
0.28 


Properties. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  this  is 
an  alkaline-saline  water,  chloride  of  sodium  slightly  predom- 
inating. The  water  is  a  thermal^  but  it  seems  better  to  class 
it  here,  as  it  is  principally  used  internally.  It  is  a  good  water 
of  the  class.  The  flow  is  estimated  at  twenty  gallons  per 
minute.    The  '  ell  is  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep. 


1    1" 

I 


CHAPTER   XII. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 

Thf  prominent  characteristic  of  these  waters  is  the  pres- 
ence of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  hence  the  peculiar  odor.  Ex- 
cepting the  uniform  presence  of  this  gas,  sulphur-waters  vary 
exceedingly  in  composition.  Some  contain  a  large  proportion 
of  calcic  carbonates,  and  hence  may  be  termed  calcic-sulphur 
waters;  others,  containing  chloride  of  sodium  in  excess  of 
other  constituents,  may  be  termed  saline-sulphur  waters ;  and, 
according  to  the  proportion  of  these  salts,  will  their  action  be 
modified.  Those  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  carbonate 
of  lime  pnd  sulphate  of  lime  will  usually  prove  constipating, 
while  those  characterized  by  the  presence  of  mi  ;h  chloride  of 
sodium,  or  sulphate  of  soda  or  magnesia,  will  be  cathartic.  Still 
another  element  enters  into  the  action  of  these  waters,  in  many 
instances :  organic  matters,  known  by  the  names  of  bar^gine 
and  glairine,  undoubtedly  differing  in  composition  in  different 
springs,  and  producing  varied  results.  However,  as  a  rule,  the 
action  of  these  substances  seems  to  be  sedative ;  as  an  illus- 
tration, see  the  Red  Sulphur  Springs  of  Virginia.  Some  sul- 
phur-waters are  exciting,  others  depressing,  depending  on  the 
quantity  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  the  salts,  and  temperature. 
Many  of  these  waters  are  thermal.  They  all  act  as  diapho- 
retics and  alteratives.  As  a  rule,  they  are  decidedly  diapho- 
retic, a  result  due  to  the  sulphuretted  hydrogen  contained. 
Persons  who  take  considerable  quantities  of  sulphur-water  are 
sometimes  surprised  to  find  articles  of  silver  carried  in  the 
pockets  decidedly  blackened.  This  is  due  to  the  elimination 
of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  in  the  perspiration,  sulphuret  of  silvei 
being  formed. 


II 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


181 


Many  sulphur-waters  uudergo  chemical  alteration  after  con- 
tact with  the  atmosphere.  The  principal  agent  in  this  change, 
according  to  Anglada,  is  oxygen.  Under  its  influence  the  sul- 
phurets  are  decomposed,  sulphur  is  precipitated,  and  sulphites 
are  formed.  At  the  same  time,  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  at- 
mosphere imites  with  a  portion  of  alkaline  bases,  forming  car- 
bonates. 

The  color  of  the  white  sulphur-waters  is  due  to  the  pre- 
cipitation of  sulphur ;  the  yellow,  to  the  formation  of  poly- 
sulphurets ;  the  blue  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  slate  held  in 
suspension  in  the  form  of  impalpable  powder ;  and  the  red,  to 
the  development  of  algae  of  this  color,  or  precipitation  of  oxide 
of  iron. 

Sulphur-waters  are  especially  applicable  to  the  treatment 
of  diseases  of  the  skin^  and,  of  these  diseases,  especially  those 
falling  under  the  class  dartrous.  (See  "Diseases  op  the 
Skin.")  They  are  also  decidedly  efficacious  in  cases  of  chronic 
pharyngitis  and  laryngitis.  ^ 

The  warm  sulphur-waters  are  valuable  in  the  treatment  of 
gout  and  chronic  rheumatism,  more  because  of  their  elevated 
temperature  than  the  saline  constituents,  unless  they  be  of  the 
alkaline-sulphur  class,  though  their  decidedly  diaphoretic  ac- 
tion may  aid  the  elimination  of  uric  acid.  The  warm  waters  also 
prove  exceedingly  serviceable  in  cases  where  exudations  are 
to  be  ribsorbed,  such  as  i,tiff  joints  and  old  gunshot-wounds. 
The  natural  warm  or  hot  sulphur-waters  are  preferable ;  but 
properly-heated  cold  sulphur-waters  will  answer. 

In  chronic  poisoning  by  metals  sulphur-waters  often  prove 
exceedingly  beneficial,  by  favoring  elimination  of  the  poison. 
In  cases  of  engorgement  of  the  liver,  abdominal  plethora,  and 
haemorrhoids,  the  saline-sulphur  waters  have  long  been  justly 
esteemed  as  trustworthy  remedies.  In  secondary  and  tertiary 
syphilis,  sulphur-waters  prove  valuable  as  a  means  of  diagno- 
sis ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  other  remedies,  they  aid  in  elimi- 
nating the  venereal  poison.  Persons  in  whom  syphilis  is  latent 
are  often  surprised  to  see  external  manifestations  caused  by 
the  use  of  these  waters. 


i 

\ 

I!'    I 


m 


I     : 


:t  I 


182 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  much  variation  in  the  quan- 
tity  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  in  the  diflFerent  springs.  It  is 
found  desirable  in  some  cases  to  let  the  water  stand  for  some 
hours  before  drinking,  in  order  that  the  superabundant  gas 
may  escape,  and  thus  avoid  the  undue  excitement  of  the  sys- 
tem caused  by  ingestion  of  large  quantities. 


BLOUNT   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offiee> — ^Blount  Springs,  Blount  County,  Alabama. 

AccesSt — Go  to  Elyton,  a  station  on  the  Alabama  &  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road, 144  miles  southwest  from  Chattanooga ;  also,  on  the  line  of  railroad 
(not  finished)  from  Montgomery  to  Decatur,  about  eighty-five  lailes  northwest 
from  Montgomery ;  thence,  about  thirty  miles  northwest  to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Blount  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contalni 

Solids. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Total 

Oabbs. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Red  Sulpbur. 

Sweet  Sulpbur. 

Prof,  R.  Brumby. 

Prof.  R.  Brumby. 

Oiaini. 

OnUni. 

0.65 

0.46 

0.24 

0.14 

0.85 

0.66 

4.04 

8.86 

0.76 

0.20 

0.80 

6.63 

6.81 

Cubic  in. 

Cable  In. 

0.76 

0.76 

1.87 

1.67 

gui 
sul] 

of! 


L 


JProperties, — A  saline-sulphur  water. 

HemarJcs. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  a  triangular  val- 
ley, at  an  elevation  of  1,580  feet  above  the  sea.  They  are  six 
in  number.  The  present  hotel  was  built  in  1825 ;  but  many 
improvements  are  now  in  contemplation,  among  them  the 
building  of  a  new  hotel. 


SANDWICH   SPBINQS, 

Location  and  Post-Offlee. — Sandwich,  Ontario,  Canada. 
Access. — ^From  Detroit,  cross  the  St.  Clair  River,  by  ferry,  two  miles  to 
Sandwich. 

Hotel* — Sandwich  Springs. 


' 


SULPflUR-WATERS. 


183 


lan- 

b  is 
>me 
gas 
sys- 


lail. 
road 
rest 


ur. 
iby. 


One  pint  conlains 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Silica 


ANALYSIS. 

(62°  Fahr.   Prof.  S.  P.  Duftield)  : 

Grains. 

trace. 

.      6.070 

1.618 

.      4.813 

.  .     *    .  0.070 

.     19.220 

0.007 

.     15.479 

0.014 


47.291 

Cubic  in. 

1.26 

4.72 

0.09 


Total     ..... 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid  ..... 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Nitrogen     ...... 

Properties. — This  spring,  it  will  be  observed,  is  distin- 
guished by  the  large  amounts  of  chloride  of  magnesium  and 
sulphate  of  lime  which  it  contains ;  also,  the  enormous  volume 
of  sulphuretted-hydrogen  gas. 


al- 
six 

:he 


to 


CAIiEDONIA    SPBINQS. 

Location.— See  these  springs,  described  under  "Saline  Waters,"  p.  163. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (46°  Fahr.  T.  Sterrt  Hunt) 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda  .... 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron  .... 


Grains. 
8.321 
2.142 
trace. 


Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Bromide  of  sodium 
Alumina      .  . 

Silica    . 

Total 
Gab. 
Carbonic  acid    . 
Flow  per  minute     . 


.  1.530 
.167 

.  28.004 
.133 
.073 
.019 
.612 

36.001 
Cable  In. 
.       2 
4  gallons 


^mm 


184 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Properties, — ^T.  Sterry  Hunt,  Esq.,  says  of  this  water :  "  It 
has  a  feebly  sulphurous  taste  and  odor,  and  darkens  the  salts 
of  lead  and  silver ;  but  the  quantity  of  sulphur  existing,  either 
as  sulphuretted  hydrogen  or  an  alkaline  sulphuret,  is  very  in- 
considerable, and  cannot  be  quantitatively  estimated  by  the 
ordinary  processes.  It  is,  however,  sufficient  to  impart  medi- 
cinal powers  to  the  water ;  for  the  efficacy  of  this  spring  over 
all  the  others,  in  rheumatic  and  cutaneous  aflFections,  is  well 
attested.  According  to  Dr.  Stirling,  for  many  years  a  resident 
at  the  springs,  the  water  was  formerly  more  sulphurous  than 


now. 


» 


PIEDMONT    SPRINGS. 


Loeatlon. — Contra  Costa  County,  California. 
P08t-0fflee« — Oakland,  Contra  Costa  County,  California. 
Access* — By  omnibus,  three  miles  distant  from  Oakland. 
Hotel. — Piedmont  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Memarks. — From  these  springs  there  is  a  most  extended 
view,  embracing  the  bay  and  city  of  San  Francisco,  the  Golden 
Gate,  the  bay  of  San  Pablo,  Tamalpais,  and  the  coast-liills  of 
Marin  County.  The  climate  is  mild,  and  free  from  fogs.  The 
waters  possess  the  usual  taste  of  waters  of  this  class,  and  are 
said  to  prove  aperient. 

WHITE    SX7LPHUB   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — White  Sulphur  Springs,  Napa  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Access* — ^These  springs  ai^e  twelve  miles  distant,  by  rail,  from  Calistoga 
Springs,  or  an  hour's  drive  by  carriage. 

Hotel. — White  Sulphur  Springs. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made. 


VAIJLEJO   WHITE    SULPHUB   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Yallejo  Springs,  Solano  County,  California. 
Access. — From  San  Francisco,  thirty  miles,  by  steamer,  to  Yallejo ;  thence 
four  miles,  by  stage. 
Hotel. — Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 


t 

s 


■ 


'il 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


QBEEN-OOVE   SPBINa. 


185 


Loeation  and  Post-Offlee.— Green-Cove  Spring,  Clay  County,  Florida. 

Access* — From  the  north  and  west,  by  rail,  via  Charleston  and  Savannah, 
to  Jacksonville ;  thence,  by  daily  steamer,  thirty  miles  south,  on  St  John's 
River,  to  the  spring.  Or,  from  New  York,  by  steamer  to  Charleston  or  Savan- 
nah ;  thence,  by  the  connecting  steamer,  direct  to  the  spring. 

Hotel* — Clarendon  Uouse. 

Analysis. — A  partial  analysis  showed  the  water  to  contain 
sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  iron, 
and  considerable  sulphuretted  liydrogen.  The  water  should 
be  quantitatively  analyzed.  Temperature,  76°  Fahr.  The  flow 
is  exceedingly  large. 

Properties. — A  water  such  as  this  proves  exceedingly  agree- 
able as  a  bath,  in  a  southern  climate,  and  is  adapted  to  a  num- 
ber of  diseases. 

MemarJcs. — These  springs  are  on  the  St.  John's  River,  at  a 
point  where  it  is  five  miles  wide,  and  affords  every  facility  for 
boating,  sailing,  and  fishing.  The  large  flow  of  water  is 
caught  in  a  pool  twenty-five  by  a  hundred  feet,  and  four  feet 
deep,  forming  a  magnificent  swimming-bath,  with  dressing- 
rooms  attached. 

Florida  will  always  be  a  popular  resort  for  those  who  de- 
sire to  escape  the  rigor  of  Northern  winters ;  and  certainly  it 
is  pleasant  to  live  in  a  climate  where  spring  follows  close  upon 
fall,  and  tropical  fruits  are  abundant.  During  the  winter  many 
consumptives  rendezvous  at  this  and  other  points  along  the  St. 
John's  River. 

BED   SXTIiPHXTB   SPBINGS. 

Loeatton  and  Post-Offlee.— Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Walker  County,  Georgia. 
Access* — From  Chattanooga. 
Hotel. 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks. — Red  Sulphur  Springs,  or  "  the  Vale  of  Springs," 
are  at  the  base  of  Taylor's  Ridge.  No  less  than  twenty  springs 
are  found  here  in  the  space  of  half  a  mile.  Near  by,  is  Look- 
out Mountain. 


186 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


OHABLOTSVUiliE   SPBIKOS. 

Locatloilt — Charlotsville,  near  Simcoe,  Norfolk  County,  Province  of  On< 
tario,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

Access*— A  few  miles  from  Port  Dover,  a  landing  on  Lake  Eric. 

Analysis. — This  water  is  notable  for  the  large  amount  of 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  contained — over  three  and  a  quarter 
oubic  inches  to  the  pint.  The  amount  of  mineral  ingredients 
is  small. 

FBENOH   LIOK    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Ofllce  Addresst— French  Lick  Springs,  Orange  County, 
Indiana. 

Access* — Going  east  or  west,  take  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad  to  Shoals, 
one  hundred  and  forty-nine  miles  west  of  Cincinnati,  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
one  miles  east  of  St.  Louis ;  thence  fifteen  miles  south,  by  stage  to  springs. 
From  the  north  or  south,  take  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad  to  Orleans, 
fifty-six  miles  north  of  Louisville,  five  miles  south  of  Mitchell,  a  station  on 
the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad ;  thence  eighteen  n^ii^g,  by  stage,  to  springs. 

Hotels* — French  Lick  (West  Baden,  one  mile  distant).* 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conUInt— 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  iron  and  alumina. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potasslam 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Silica 


Total. 


Oases. 

Carboidc  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


Total 


Pluto't  WeU. 
J.  O.  Rogen,  M.  D. 


Grdni. 

o'.ios 

trace. 
0.868 

17.667 

6'.  669 
2.796 
2.264 
7.678 


81.984 

Cubic  In. 
1.87 
8.18 


5.06 


ProMrplne. 
J.  G.  Robert,  M.D. 


Gntini. 
1.816 
0.662 
0.812 
2.686 
0.626 

11.866 
1.006 

4.690 

8.666 

17.626 

0.212 


48.816 

Cubic  in. 
1.277 
2.126 


8.402 


Chalybeate  Springs  not  analjrzed. 


(1870.) 


Properties. — ^These  waters  are  useful  in  all  those  diseases 
to  which  sulphur-waters  are  applicable,  and,  on  account  of  the 
salines  contained,  especially  to  those  associated  with  engorge- 
ment  of  the  liver  and  abdominal  viscera.    In  these  cases  it  will 


be 

Plul 

whi( 

of  a 
of  a 

Nea 
Tho 


h 

hunc 

leant 

milci 

I 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


187 


be  well  to  combine  warm  baths  with  the  use  of  the  water. 
Pluto's  Well  will  be  foimd  best  adapted  to  most  diseases  for 
which  these  waters  are  beneficial. 

Bemarks, — French  Lick  Springs  are  situated  in  the  heart 
of  a  fine,  rolling,  agricultural  country.  They  issue  at  the  base 
of  a  hill  immediately  on  the  margin  of  French  Lick  Creek. 
Near  by,  flows  Lost  River,  abounding  in  the  choicest  fish. 
Those  who  are  inclined  to  sport,  will  find  game  near  at  hand. 

WEST    BADEN   SPRINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBce. — West  Baden  Springs,  Orange  County,  Indiana. 

Access* — Go  to  Shoals,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  roilos  west  of  Cincinnati ;  thence  by  stage.  Or,  go  to  Or- 
leans, a  station  on  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad,  fifty-six 
miles  north  of  New  Albany  ;  thence  by  stage. 

Hotels. — ^West  Bi  (x?n  (French  Lick,  one  mile  distant). 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint 

contains  (E.T.  Cox): 

SoLn>B. 

Oraina. 

Carbonate  of  potaasa 

.       0.078 

Carbonate  of  soda  . 

.           .           •           . 

0.139 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

.      4.896 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

.... 

5.172 

Chloride  of  sodium 

.       9.748 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

•           .           •           . 

1.425 

Chloride  of  calcium 

.      0.910 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

•            •            •           • 

0.171 

Sulphate  of  soda 

.       0.388 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

.           •           •           . 

4.619 

Sulphate  of  lime 

.       1.S98 

Sulphate  of  alumina 

.... 

0.669 

Oxide  of  iron    . 

.      0.011 

Iodides  and  bromides 

... 

traces. 

Silicic  acid 

•           .           •           • 

.      0.056 

Total 

29.478 

Oasbb. 

Cable  In. 

Carbonic  acid 

.      0.64 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

•           •           •           • 

0.61 

Oxygen 

•           •           • 

.      0.21 

introgen.    . 

•           •           •           • 

0.68 

I 


188 


MINERAL  SPBINOa 


Properties. — It  will  be  aeen,  from  the  ar  ./sis,  that  tliis  is 
a  saline-suiphur  water,  of  much  value  in  all  those  cases  to 
which  such  waters  are  applicable. 

Remarks, — "West  Baden  is  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  agricul- 
tural section.  In  sight  of  the  hotel  flows  Lost  River  and 
French  Lick  Creek,  which  abound  in  choice  fish. 


liOM 

Acecf 

miles  no 

era  Rail' 

Bote 

Am 


1  ; 
!  I 


IKDIAN   SPBINGS. 

LOMtlon  and  P08t-0fflee< — Indian  Springs,  Martin  County,  Indiana. 

Access. — Oo  to  Shoals,  a  station  on  the  Oliio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  ono 

hundred  and  fifty  miles  west  of  Cincinnati ;  thence  nine  miles,  by  stage.    Or, 

go  to  Bedford,  a  station  on  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad, 

seventy-one  miles  north  of  Louisville. 

Hotel. — Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (63°  Fahr.  (E.  T.  Cox) : 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa   . 
Carbonate  of  soda  . 
Carbonate  of  magnesia   . 


Carbonate  of  lime  . 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda    . 
Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  alumina     . 
Oxide  Oi  iron 
Iodides  and  bromides  . 
Silicic  acid 

Total     . 
Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Oxygen 
Nitrogen. 


Grains. 
0.315 
0.462 
2.868 
4.188 
4.021 
0.007 
0.300 
1.478 
3.799 
2.629 
0.104 
trace, 
trace. 
0.056 

20.467 
Cubic  in. 
L19 
0.42 
0.49 
0.81 


Loea 
Acce! 

afty-cigl 
UoU 


Remarks. — This  is  a  good  saline-sulphur  water.  The  flow 
is  large,  estimated  at  four  hundred  gallons  per  minute,  sufficient 
for  all  bathing  purposes. 


I 

of  In 
sulpl 
wate 
Itwi 
wate 


SULPHUR-WATERa 


189 


18 

to 

Ul- 

nd 


>no 
Or, 
ad. 


INDIAN    SPBINQS. 

LoCAtion  and  Post-Offlce. — Indian  Springa,  Butts  County,  Georgia. 

Access* — do  to  Fornyth,  on  tho  Macon  &  Western  Railroad,  twi>nty-flve 
miles  north  of  Macon ;  thence  by  stage.  Or,  to  Grittln,  on  the  Macon  &  WcHt- 
ern  Railroad,  forty-four  miles  south  of  Atlanta ;  thouco  by  stage. 

Hotel* 

Analysis. — None. 

LODI   ABTE8IAN   WELL. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Lodi,  Wabash  County,  Indiana. 
Access* — Lodi  is  a  station   on  tho  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad, 
fifty-eight  miles  west  of  Indianapolis. 
Hotels.—. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Dr.  Pahlc) : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  limo 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 


Sulphate  of  soda     . 
Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Phosphate  of  lime 
Iodide  of  magnesium 
Bromide  of  magnesium 
Silicic  acid 
Sulphur  (mechanically  suspended) 
Nitrogenous  organic  maitcr 


Orains. 
0.082 
0.262 

62.808 
6.692 
6.991 
0.100 
0  267 
0.407 
6.944 
0.160 
trace. 
0.110 
0.066 
0.625 
0.100 


if 


.     84.693 

Cubic  in. 

undetermined. 

.      0.99 
undetermined. 


Total     . 
Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Oxygen  and  nitrogen 

Properties. — ^The  above  anal*  3is, taken  from  the  "Geology 
of  Indiana,"  for  1869,  shows  this  to  be  a  very  valuable  saline- 
sulphur  water.  On  comparison  with  the  celebrated  Blue  Lick 
waters  of  Kentucky,  it  will  be  seen  to  possess  a  close  analogy. 
It  will  prove  useful  in  all  those  diseases  to  which  saline-sulphur 
waters  are  applicable. 


190 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


LAFAYETTE   WELL. 


Locatton  and  Post-OfflcCi- 


One  pint  contains 
SoLioa. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  lime  . 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Iodide  of  magnesium    . 
Alumina  and  oxide  of  iron 
Silica    . 

Total 
Gabis. 
Carbonic  acid  . 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
Nitrogen 


LaFayette,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana. 

ANALYSIS. 
(65'  Fahr.   C.  M.  Wethorell,  M.  D.) : 


GraiDB. 
8.690 
1.044 

40.690 
3.707 
0.466 
7.042 
trace. 
0.062 
0.068 

66.668 

Cubic  in. 

1.62 

0.24 

0.61 


Properties. — An  excellent  saline-sulphur  water,  principally 
used  for  exportation. 

jRemarks. — Flow,  four  gallons  per  minute.  Depth  of  well, 
two  hundred  and  thirty  feet. 


TRINITY   SPBINOS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Trinity  Springs,  Martin  County,  Indiana. 

iccess. — Go  to  Shoals,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  west  of  Cincinnati,  one  hundred  and  uiocty  miles 
east  of  St.  Louis ;  thence,  eight  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hoteh — Trinity  House. 

Analysis. — From  the  report  of  Dr.  E.  T.  Cox,  State  Geol- 
ogist of  Indiana,  1871,  page  110,  we  extract  the  following : 
"The  temperature  of  the  water  of  the  Trinity  Springs  was 
57°  Fahr.;  and  that  of  the  air,  89°  Fahr.  Bubbles  of  gas  es- 
cape through  the  water,  and  a  whitish  deposit  is  found  on  the 
inside  of  the  curbing.  The  qualitative,  chemical  examination 
of'  this  water  gave  the  following  result :  Sulphuric  acid,  car- 
bonic acid,  sulphydric  acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  soda,  potash, 


ma| 
con 
spri 


Ken 


byB 


sal 
tic 
do 

yv 

va 

Li 

th 
cc 


pally 
well, 


Iroad, 
miles 


Jeol- 
ing: 
was 
s  es- 
the 
tion 
car- 
ash. 


< ' 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


191 


magnesia,  lime.  This  is  also  a  saline-sulphuretted  water,  and 
contains  precisely  the  same  constituents  found  in  the  Indian 
springs." 

UPPER   BIiT7E   liICK   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBce.— Upper  Blue  Lick  Springs,  Nicholas  County, 
Kentucky. 

Access* — By  steamboat  to  Maysville,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River ;  thence 
by  Maysville  &  Lexington  Railroad  to  within  six  miles  of  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Boarding  accommodations. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (62  Fahr.,  June  J.  F.  Judge  and 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  lime        .... 
Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium       .... 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Sulphate  of  potassa     .... 
Sulphate  of  lime     .... 
Iodide  of  magnesium    .... 
Bromide  of  magnesium       ... 
Alumina :  phosphate  of  lime  and  peroxide  of  iron 
Silicic  acid  .... 

Loss     ...... 


A.  Fennel) ; 
Orains. 
0.018 
3.133 
0.225 
64.56'7 
4.716 
1.622 

s.sn 

0.019 
0.476 
0.246 
0.125 
18.60 


Total 
Oabks. 
Carbonic  acid   . 
Si.lphuretted  hydrogen 


82.624 
Cubioin. 
.       6.02 
1.02 
(1870.) 

Properties. — lliese  are  exceptionally  fine  waters  of  the 
saline-sulphur  class.  They  are  aperient  and  alterative  in  ac- 
tion, proving  efficacious  in  engorgements  of  the  liver  and  ab- 
dominal organs,  gall-stones^  gastric  catarrh^  granular  phar- 
yngitiSf  and,  combined  with  warm  baths  of  the  water,  are 
valuable  in  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Jiemarks. — These  springs  are  located  on  the  margin  of  the 
Licking  River.  The  water  has  been  deservedly  popular  with 
the  people  of  the  West  ever  since  the  early  settlement  of  the 
country,  and  bottled  and  barrelled  water  is  sold  largely  in  all 


ii 


if' 

its,! 


Si 


4 


'•^^iji. 


192 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


of  the  leading  cities  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Valleys.  The 
flow  of  the  waters  is  large.  The  locality  is  well  adapted  for 
a  summer  resort ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  such  arrangements 
will  be  made  as  will  permit  of  employing  the  waters  in  every 
form  of  bath  at  the  fountain-source. 


liOWEB   BLUE   LICK   SPBIXGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce*— Lower  Blue  Lick  Springs,  Nicholas  County, 
Kentucky. 

AcCfiSS.— From  Maysville,  Kentucky,  a  point  on  the  Ohio  River,  sixty-five 
miles  above  Cincinnati,  via  Maysville  &  Lexington  Railroad,  and  stage. 

Hotel* — Blue  Lick  House. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains 

(62' 

Fahr.   Robert  Peter 

M 

D.): 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.017 

Carbonate  of  lime 

■                      • 

, 

2.957 

Chloride  of  potassium 

0.174 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                       •                      • 

• 

64.107 

Chloride  of  magncsiura 

4.049 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

•                      •                      • 

• 

1.117 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 

4.249 

Iodide  of  magnesium    . 

•                      •                      • 

• 

0.006 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

0.030 

Alumina :  phosphate  of  lime  and  oxide  of  iron 

• 

0.045 

Silicic  acid 

• 

•                       «                       • 

0.138 

Loss     . 

• 

•                       •                      • 

•                      •                       • 

• 

2.216 

Total 

79.105 

Oases. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid   . 

•                      •                      • 

• 

12.35 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

•                      •                       • 

2.28 

— 

"Geology  of  Kontncky," 

vol.  Iti.,  pp.  861-868 

Properties. — These  are  exceptionally  fine  waters  of  the 
saline-sulphur  class,  exceedingly  valuable  in  engorgements  of 
the  liver  and  abdominal  viscera,  and  all  diseases  arising  there- 
from. They  may  also  be  relied  on  in  gastric  catarrh,,  and,  in 
the  form  of  warm  baths,  prove  efficacious  in  diseases  of  the 
skin. 

Remarks. — This  spring  was  well  known  to  the  early  set- 
tlers of  the  West,  and  from  its  waters  Boone  and  other  pio- 


I 


SULPnUR-WATERS. 


103 


The 

for 

ents 

very 


r-five 


neers  obtained  salt  for  curing  their  venison.  While  engaged 
in  its  manufacture  they  were  surprised  by  the  Indians,  and 
one  of  the  deadliest  battles  in  the  annals  of  border  life  was 
fought  near  the  spring. 

The  principal  spring  is  located  on  the  banks  of  the  Licking, 
about  twenty  feet  above  the  water's  edge.  It  rises  in  an  hex- 
agonal reservoir  of  stone,  six  feet  in  diameter  and  about  five 
feet  deep.  The  flow  of  the  spring  is  so  rapid  that  the  removal 
of  almost  2,000  gallons  in  three  hours  caused  the  water  in  the 
reservoir  to  fall  but  one  foot. 

Besides  the  main  spring  there  are  others,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river  and  in  its  bed,  which  on  examination  proved 
to  contain  the  same  ingredients.. 

It  will  be  observed,  on  inspection  of  the  an'alysis,  that  there 
is  a  striking  similarity  between  these  waters  and  these  of  the 
Upper  Blue  Lick. 


' 


the 

of 
;re- 

,  in 

the 


let- 
»io- 


Bia  BONE   SFBINGS. 

Lccation  and  Post-Office. — Big  Bone  Springs,  Boone  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — Go  to  Walton,  a  station  on  the  Louisville  &  Cincinnati  RalU 
road,  eighteen  miles  west  of  Cincinnati ;  thence  seven  miles  by  stage  to  the 
springs.  Or,  by  steamboat  on  the  Ohio  River  to  Ilamilton  Landing ;  thence 
one  mile  and  a  half  to  the  springs. 

Hotel.— Clay  House. 

Analysis, — No  quantitative  analysis  of  these  waters  has 
been  made.  The  following  is  the  statement  in  the  "  Geology 
of  Kentucky,"  volume  ii.,  page  G2 :  "  The  quantitative  analj'sis 
of  these  waters,  at  their  fountain-head,  indicated  as  their  prin- 
cipal constituents :  Sulphuretted  hydrogen — which  escapes  in 
intermittent  volume,  proving,  the  water  to  be  saturated  with 
this  gas — chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate 
of  soda,  sulphate  of  alumina,  bicarbonate  of  lime,  bicarbonate 
of  magnesia,  carbonate  of  soda.  Tliis  w.ater  has  an  alkaline 
reaction."  It  is  also  stated  that  "these  are  truly  fine  sul- 
lihuretted-saline  waters." 

Remarks. — The  supply  of  water  is  very  abundant,  several 
springs  breaking  forth  in  various  directions,  from  the  boggy 

e 


lai 


194 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


flats  forming  the  sources  of  Big  Bone  Lick  Creek.  The  name 
"  Big  Boae  "  is  derived  from  the  fact  that  remains  of  masto- 
dons  are  frequently  found  here,  embedded  in  the  bog.  Some 
exceedingly  fine  specimens  have  been  obtained. 

There  are  three  springs,  known  as  the  "  Big  Bone,"  the 
"  Mastodon,"  and  the  "  American  Epsom." 


PASOaUET    SPBINGS. 

Location.— Bullitt  County,  Kentucky. 
Post-Office* — Shepherdsville,  Bullitt  County,  Kentucky. 
Access* — Go  to  Louisville ;  thence  eighteen  miles  south  on  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Railroad  to  Shepherdsville ;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotel* — Paroquet  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith) 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron  . 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 


Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  soda  . 
Sulphate  of  alumina 
Sulphate  of  lime  . 
Iodide  of  sodium 
Iodide  of  magnesium 
Bromide  of  sodium 
Bromide  of  magnesium 
Silica  . 
Organic  matter 

Total     . 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Grains. 
0.047 
0.188 
0.022 
0.300 
0.061 

38.700 
6.004 

"8.464 
0.302 
0.062 
0.285 
0.019 
0.031 
0.022 
0.039 
0.488 
0.267 


55.301 

Cubic  in. 

0.76 

3.75 

Geology  of  Kentuclcy,"  vol.  11.,  p.  74. 


Properties. — These  are  valuable  saline-sulphur  waters,  con- 
taining a  large  proportion  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


I 


ime 
sto 

the 


Ic  k 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


ESOULAPIA   SPBINaS. 


195 


ItOCation* — Lewis  County,  Kentucky. 

Aeeess* — About  twenty  miles  from  Maysville  and  twelve  miles  from  Vance- 
burg,  on  the  Ohio  River.    Maysville  is  sixty-five  miles  east  of  Cincinnati. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  of  this  water  has  been 
made.  According  to  Dr.  L.  J.  Frazee,*  an  analysis  by  Dr. 
Peter  showed  it  to  contain  free  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas, 
bicarbonate  of  lime,  bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  chloride  of  so- 
dium, chloride  of  magnesium,  sulphate  of  soda,  and  sulphate 
of  magnesia. 

Properties. — Dr.  Frazee  adds:  "It  is  proper  to  remark 
that  most  of  these  saline  ingredients  are  in  very  minute  quan- 
tities, so  much  so  that  the  chloride  of  sodium,  the  sulphate 
of  soda,  and  the  sulphate  of  magnesia  it  contains,  render  it 
very  slightly  if  at  all  aperient.  Sulphur,  in  the  form  of  sul- 
phuretted-hydrogen gas,  with  which  this  water  is  impregnated, 
may  be  considered  by  far  its  most  important  ingredient.  .  .  . 
The  principal  effect  of  the  water  appears  to  be  to  stimulate 
the  secretory  action  of  the  system  generally,  but  more  espe- 
cially that  of  the  skin  and  that  of  the  kidneys." 

Memarks. — The  Esculapia  Springs  are  situated  between 
two  lofty  ranges  of  hills,  lying  almost  parallel.  At  the  base 
of  one  occurs  the  sulphur  spring,  and  at  the  base  of  the  other 
a  chalybeate  spring. 


on- 


GBAYSON   SPRINQS. 

Location  and  Post«OflDce. — Grayson  Springs,  Grayson  County,  Kentucky. 

Access. — From  Louisville,  via  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad,  forty-two 
miles  south  to  Elizabethtown  ;  thence  twenty-six  miles  west,  via  Elizabeth- 
town  &  Paducah  Railroad,  to  Grayson  Springs  Station ;  thence  two  miles 
and  a  half  by  stage  to  the  springs. 

Hotel.— Grayson  Springs. 

Analysis. — These  waters  coatain,  according  to  Dr.  Peter,' 

>  "Transactions  Kentucky  State  Medical  Society,"  1872;  report  on  "The  Mineral  Waters 
of  Kentucky,"  by  L.  J.  Frazee,  M.  D. 

»  Frazee,  "The  Mineral  Waters  of  Kentucky." 


I 


19G 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  phosphate  of  soda 
sulphuretted-hydrogen  gas,  and  carbonic-acid  gas. 

liemarks. — These  springs  rise  in  a  valley,  and  within  a 
circuit  of  a  few  hundred  feet  there  is  a  number  of  sources 
difiFering  but  little  in  constitution.  A  chalybeate  spring  is  said 
to  have  been  discovered  on  the  grounds.  Since  the  completion 
of  the  Elizabethtown  &  Paducah  Railroad,  this  resort  has  been 
considerably  patronized. 

0LYM1>IAN   SPBINOS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Olympian  Springs,  Bath  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — Go  by  rail  to  Lexington,  Kentucky ;  thence,  by  Lexington  &  Big 
Sandy  Railroad,  about  thirty-five  miles  east,  to  Mount  Sterling ;  thence  by 
stage.  During  1873  the  Lexington  &  Big  Sandy  Railroad  will  probably  be 
finished  to  within  three  miles  of  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Olympian  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains  (Salt  Sulphur, 

Dr.  Peter) : 

SOUDS. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

•                       « 

0.904 

Carbonate  of  iron 

•                       • 

trace. 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

•                       • 

1.Y42 

Chloride  of  potassium 

•                       • 

1.334 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                       • 

20.752 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

•                       • 

6.924 

Sulphate  of  lime    . 

•                       • 

trace. 

Bromine  and  iron 

•                       • 

trace. 

Alumina 

•                       • 

trace. 

Silica     . 

•                       • 

0.131 

Water  and  loss 

•                       • 

•                       • 

9.825 

Total     . 

41.612 

Oases. 

Carbonic  acid 

not  estimated. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

.    not  estimated. 

Properties. —  This  is  a  fine  saline-sulphur  w^atcr,  seldom 
cathartic,  promptly  diuretic.  The  flew  is  six  gallons  per  min- 
ute. 

Memarks. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  where  the  surface  is  exceedingly  rough  and 


)(la, 

1  a 

ces, 
5aid 
;ion 
een 


y. 

fby 
be 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


197 


picturesque,  approaching  mountainous.  Besides  the  water 
of  which  the  analysis  is  given,  there  is  also  a  so-called  black- 
sulphur  spring,  and  a  chalybeate.  The  chalybeate  tastes  de- 
cidedly of  iron,  according  to  Dr.  Drake. 

FOX  SPBINQS. 

Location* — Fleming  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — Fox  Springs  are  about    ten  miles  from  Flemingsburg,  which 
place  is  twelve  miles  south  of  Maysville,  a  town  on  the  Ohio  River. 
Hotel. 

Anali/sis. — Dr.  Frazee,  in  his  repoH  on  "The  Mineral 
Waters  of  Kentucky,"  says  these  are  oulphur- waters  similar 
to  the  Esculapia  Springs. 

Jiemarlcs. — This  is  said  to  be  a  pleasant  resort.  There  is 
also  a  chalybeate  water  here. 


)m 
in- 

id 


ESTILL  sPBiiras. 

For  location,  etc.,  see  "Estill  Springs,  Purgative  Waters." 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Red  Sulphur,  Robert  Peter,  M.  D.): 

Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .  .  .  .  .  0.168 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  ....      0.605 

Carbonate  of  lime  .....  1A12 

Chloride  of  sodium      .  .  .  .  .0.612 

Sulphate  of  potassa  ....  0.6Y0 

Sulphate  of  soda         .....       1.254 

Sulphate  of  magnesia        ....  0.073 

Silica    .......      0.044 

Organic  and  volatile  matters  .  .  .  0.292 


Total     . 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid         , 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


5.190 
Cubic  in. 
5.01 
0.07 


Properties. — ^It  will  be  seen  that  this  is  a  light  sulphur- 
water,  the  sulphuretted  hydrogen  arising,  in  all  probability, 
from  decomposition  of  a  sulphate.  There  are  two  other 
springs,  the  white  and  black  sulphur,  containing  almost  the 


t    M 


108 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


same  ingredients  in  about  the  same  proportion.  Tlie  black 
sulphur,  however,  contains  one-half  grain  (0.502)  of  carbonate 
of  iron  to  the  pint. 

liOUISVILLE    ARTESIAN   WELL. 
Location  and  Post-offlce* — Louisville,  Kentucky. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (T6)^°  Fahr.  Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .... 

0.237 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

.       0.204 

Carbonate  of  iron  .... 

0.032 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.       0.520 

Ciiloride  of  potassium 

0.528 

Chloride  of  sodium 

.     77.690 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

1.847 

Ciiloride  of  aluminum 

.      0.151 

Chloride  of  calcium 

8.216 

Chloride  of  lithium 

.       0.013 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

0.403 

Sulphate  of  soda 

.       9.037 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

9.607 

Sulphate  of  alumina     . 

0.?'>"'> 

Sulphate  of  lime    .... 

3.079 

Phosphate  of  soda 

.       0.193 

Iodide  of  magnesium 

0.044 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

.       0.058 

Silica           ... 

0.111 

Organic  matter 

.       0.089 

Loss            ..... 

1.015 

Total      .... 

.  113.959 

Gases. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid          .... 

0.77 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

.       0.25 

Nitrogen      ..... 

0.17 

Properties. — ^It  will  be  seen  that  this  is  a  saline-sulphur 
w^ater,  and  a  valuable  one. 

RemarJes. — This  well  is  located  at  the  paper-mill  of  A.  V. 
Du  Pont  &  Co.,  on  Tenth  Street,  near  Main.  It  is  2,08G  feet 
deep,  and  occupied  sixteen  months  in  boring.    The  tempera- 


m^ 


SULPHUR  WATERS. 


100 


e 


ture  of  the  water,  as  given  in  the  analysis,  is  as  it  issues  from 
the  orifice  of  the  well.  A  self-registering  thermometer,  sunk 
to  the  bottom  of  the  well,  indicated  80^°  Fahr.  Considering 
the  point  of  constant  temperature  below  the  surface  at  Louis- 
ville as  63°  Fahr.,  we  have  an  increase  of  one  degree  of  tem- 
perature for  every  sixty-seven  feet  below  that  point. 
The  water  is  bottled  for  exportation. 


DBENNON   SPBINGS. 

Loration. — Henry  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — Go  to  Newcastle,  Henry  County ;  thence  about  ten  miles  north- 
wardly, 

Ilotcli — ^None. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 

Projyerties, — "  This  is  a  very  fine  mineral  water,  acting  not- 
only  on  the  skin,  but  as  a  mild  aperient,  diuretic,  and  diapho- 
retic."— (  Geological  Survey  of  Kentucky,  vol.  iii.,  p.  52.) 

MemarJcs. — ^Twentj'^-five  or  thirty  years  ago  this  was  one 
of  the  most  fashionable  resorts  in  the  West.  During  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  seasons  the  cholera  appeared  at  the 
springs,  and  the  guests — panic-stricken — departed  precipitate- 
ly.   During  a  following  year  the  property  was  burned. 

BEDFORD   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBce.— Bedford  Springs,  Trimble  County,  Kentucky. 

icccss. — Go  to  Sulphur  Station,  on  the  Louisville  &  Cincinnati  Short  Line 
Railroad,  thirty-six  miles  cast  of  Louisville,  seventy-one  miles  west  of  Cin- 
cinnati ;  thence,  six  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Bedford  Springs. 

Analysis. — In  the  "  Geological  Survey  of  Kentucky,"  vol. 
ii.,  page  79,  the  constituents  of  this  spring  are  noted  as  fol- 
lows :  Chloride  of  sodium,  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia, bicarbonate  of  lime,  bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  carbonate 
of  soda — alkaline  to  test-paper.  The  Epsom  Spring,  in  the 
same  vicinit}',  contains  the  same  ingred'ents,  except  that  sul- 
phate of  magnesia  is  in  larger  proportion. 


200 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


WHITE   SULPHUR  AND    TAB   SPBINQS. 

Location* — Brcckcmidge  County,  Kentucky. 

Post-Offlce.— Cloverporl,  Brcckcnridge  County,  Kentucky. 

Access.— Take  daily  steamers  from  Louisville,  on  the  Oliio  River,  to  C'lo- 
verport,  one  hundred  and  ten  miles  southwest;  thenco  four  miles  south  by 
carriage. 

Uotel. — White  Sulphur  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 

Memarks. — The  springs,  four  in  number,  issue  at  the  bo  so 
of  a  high  cliff.  Their  general  character  is  that  of  sulphur- 
waters.  One  spring,  however,  is  peculiar :  on  its  surface  a 
black  substance  floats,  similar  in  appearance  to  tar ;  hence  the 
name.  Observations  as  to  the  therapeutic  value  of  this  sub- 
stance are  wanting. 

The  surrounding  countrj'^  is  rough  and  the  scenery  pictu- 
resque. 

BE  SOTO   SPBINGS. 

LocatioOt — De  Soto  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Post«Officc« — Mansfield,  Dc  Soto  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Access* — By  steamboat  on  the  Red  River  to   Shrcvcport;  thence,  forty 
miles  by  stage,  to  Mansfield. 
Hotel. — At  Mansfield. 

Analysis. — ^Within  a  radius  of  thirty  miles  of  Mansfield 
are  several  valuable  sulphur  and  chalybeate  waters. 

Memarhs. — At  some  of  these  springs  cabins  have  been 
erected,  and,  during  the  summer  months,  they  are  a  popular 
resort  for  the  neighboring  inhabitants.  The  hotel  at  Mans- 
field is  on  the  site  of  a  spring. 


•WHITE    SULPHUR   SPRINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — White  Sulphur  Springs,  Catahoula  Parish, 
Louisiana. 

Access. — By  steainboat  to  Harrisonburg,  on  the  Washita  River,  or  Alex- 
andria, on  the  Red  River ;  thence,  from  the  first  point  thirty-five  miles  by 
coach ;  from  the  second,  twenty-five  miles.  Each  of  these  places  is  between 
seventy-five  and  one  hundred  miles  northwest  from  the  junction  of  the  Red 
River  with  the  Mississippi. 

Hotel. — Springs. 


BULPHUR-WATERS. 


201 


Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  of  tho  springs  has 
been  made.  A  qualitative  one  shows  them  to  contain  tho 
usual  ingredients  of  sulphur-waters,  with  a  trace  of  iron. 

Properties. — ^These  waters  are  said  to  be  useful  in  diseases 
of  the  skin,  hepatic  engorgements,  and  dyspepsia. 

Bemarks. — Tiie  springs  are  situated  in  the  midst  of  that 
portion  of  Catahoula  Parish  known  as  the  "  piney-woods  re- 
gion." The  surrounding  country  is  undulating  and  covered 
with  the  long-leaf  Southern  pine.  Near  by  is  Trout  Creek,  a 
crystal-clear  stream,  the  waters  of  which  abound  in  large 
brook-trout. 

ALPENA   WELL. 

Lorfttion  and  Post«Offlee« — Alpena,  Alpena  County,  Michigan. 

Access. — Go  to  Bay  City,  one  hundred  and  eleven  miles  north  of  Detroit, 
on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad ;  thence  by  steamer,  on  Tuesdays, 
Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  ahout  one  hundred  and  ten  miles  north  to  Alpena. 

Hotels* — Alpena  House,  Union  House,  Star  Hotel. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(52° 

Fahr.    Prof.  S.  T. 

Duffleld) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa 

• 

•                         • 

• 

trace. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

• 

.       1.364 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

• 

•                         • 

• 

4.661 

Carbonate  of  iron 

•                         •                        • 

.       O.ITO 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

, 

•                         • 

t 

4.787 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                        •                        • 

.       8.532 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 

• 

•                        • 

• 

3.757 

Alumina  and  silica 

• 

■                        •                        • 
•                         • 

• 

.       0.386 

Total 

23.657 

Gases. 

Cubic  In. 

Carbonic  acid  . 

•                         •                        • 

.       1.05 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

•                         • 

• 

4.42 

Nitrogen 

■              '          •                        • 

.       0.03 

Properties. — These  waters  abound  in  sulphuretted  hydro- 
gen, and,  according  to  the  analysis,  there  are  but  few  springs 
in  this  country  or  Europe  equally  rich  in  this  ingredient.  (As 
to  magnetism  of  the  waters,  see  remarks  on  this  subject.) 

Hemarks. — Alpena  is  situated  on  the  shores  of  Thunder 


I 


ii 


202 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Bay,  an  inlet  of  Lake  Huron.  It  is  but  scvcnty-fivo  miles  south 
from  Maekinaw.  From  its  northern  latitude  and  situation  on 
the  lake-shore,  the  temperature  is  cool  and  refreshing  during 
the  hot  months  of  summer.  The  village  numbers  some  3,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  the  outgrowth  of  a  large  lumber  business 
which  centres  therj.  Tlio  waters  flow  from  an  artesian  well 
900  feet  deep. 

SHABON   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-OflUco  Address.— Sharon  Springs,  Schoharie  County, 
New  York. 

leeess.— Take  Albany  &  Susquenanna  Railway  direct  to  the  springs,  fifly. 
nine  miles  west  of  Albany.  Coming  from  the  west,  take  Erie  Railway  to 
Binghamton ;  thence,  by  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railway,  one  hundred  and 
eleven  milet,  to  springs.  Or,  New  York  Central  Railroad  to  Palatine  Bridge, 
fifty-five  miles  west  of  Albany ;  thence  nine  miles  by  stage. 

Hotels.— Pavilion,  Union  Hall,  Eldridge. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  I  int  contalni 

Wblto  Sulphur 

Spring. 

48-  Fahr. 

J.  R.  Chilton,  M.D. 

Red  Sulphur. 

48°  F»hr. 

Prof.  Lawrence  Reed. 

Gmlna. 
0.048 
0.051 
1.122 
0.041 
0.001 
0,(1 -3 

2.;r.o 

T'.OSO 

0.111 
0.056 

Gardner  MspiGiIs. 

48°  Fahr. 

Prof.  Lawrence  Reed. 

Solids. 
CnrboMiito  of  soda 

GnUni. 

6!28 
.80 

h'M 

13.05 
0.28 

Gnlni. 
0.042 

Carbonate  of  maf^ncsla 

0.100 

( 'orbonatc  of  limo 

0.813 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.1, ^t 

Cliloride  of  mapnesium 

0.0.^4 

Chloride  of  lime 

0.020 

Sulphate  of  magnosls 

2.4()0 

Suli)hate  of  lime 

ll.Cs7 

Ilydrosulphuret  of  sodium  and  hydro- 
Bulphuret  of  calcium 

Ilydrosulphuret  of  calcium  and  mag- 
nesium   

0.781 

Silicic  acid 

0.050 

Total 

20.11 

Cubic  in. 
2 

15.978 

Cubir  In. 

0.57 
l.,Sl 
0.50 

10.190 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Culilr  in. 

0.277 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

0.7.50 

Atmospheric  air 

0.875 

Total 

2.33 

1.402 

Chalybeate  Spring,  see  page . 

Projyerties. — As  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis,  these  waters 
are  comparatively  light,  and  for  this  reason  may  be  taken  in 
considerable  quantities.  In  most  instances,  however,  from  two 
to  four  glasses  will  be  found  to  answer.    To  produce  the  alter- 


is 


SULPIIURWATERS, 


203 


} 


ativc  effect,  one  or  two  glasses  should  be  taken  an  hour  before 
meals  and  on  retiring,  and  continued  for  some  weeks.  When 
a  cathartic  effect  is  desired,  and  the  water  does  not  act  readily, 
the  action  may  be  aided  by  taking  a  Scdlitz  powUer,  or  from 
half  to  a  tablespoonful  of  Epsom  salts,  and  afterward  rely 
alone  en  the  water. 

The  bathing  arrangements  are  ample.  The  flow  of  water 
is  abundant,  estimated  at  120  gallons  per  minute. 

jRcmarJcs. — In  describing  Sharon  Springs,  we  catmot  do 
hotter  than  quote  from  a  writer  in  IIarper''s  Monthly^  June, 
185G,  though  with  slight  transposition  of  the  sentences : 

"  The  mineral  springs  at  Sharon  gush  out  from  the  bed 
of  a  small  brook,  and  from  a  steep,  wooded  slope  on  its  mar- 
gin. For  more  than  half  a  century  their  healing  virtues  have 
been  known,  and  parents  often  took  their  children,  who  were 
afflicted  with  cutaneous  disorders,  and  dipped  them  in  the  wa- 
ters. Upon  the  slope  from  which  the  fountains  gush,  a  curious 
phenomenon  is  exhibited  :  within  the  space  of  a  few  rods  are 
five  different  springs — chalybeate,  white  sulphur,  red  sulphur, 
magnesia,  and  pure  water.  Tlic  two  principal  springs  are  the 
white  sulphur  and  magnesia;  the  first  on  the  margin  of  the 
brook,  the  other  higher  uji  on  the  slope. 

"  Although  the  village  and  the  springs  lie  in  a  ravine,  they 
are  900  feet  above  the  Mohawk  Valley.  The  eye,  turned  to 
the  north  and  east,  comprehends  one  of  the  grandest  and  most 
beautiful  prospects  imaginable.  The  hilly  country  seems  sub- 
dued into  a  gently-rolling  plain ;  and  the  woods,  fields,  villages, 
farm-houses,  and  brooks  like  silver  threads,  have  the  appearance 
of  a  gorgeous  piece  of  tapestry,  excelling,  in  richness  of  con- 
ception, form,  and  color,  any  thing  the  looms  of  Gobelin  ever 
produced.  Beyond,  stretches  the  great  valley,  whose  northern 
slopes,  and  the  hills  of  Herkimer,  Fulton,  and  Saratoga,  fade 
away  in  mysterious,  aerial  perspective  of  azure,  vermilion,  and 
gold.  And  far  beyond  all,  in  dim,  spectral  mass,  loom  up  the 
loftier  peaks  of  tl  e  Adirondack  Mountains." 

Besides  the  charming  scenery  immediately  at  the  springs, 
there  are  delightful  rides  to  Cherry  Valley  and  Cooperstown, 


11 

I 


I 


i 


204 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


the  latter  place  commanding  a  view  of  Otsego  Lake,  nine  miles 
in  extent,  and  celebrated  for  salmon  and  trout-fish.  Two  miles 
distant  from  Cherry  Valley  are  the  TeJcaharawa  FalU  {see 
Cherry  Valley  Springs).  Twenty  miles  distant,  by  railway, 
is  JSoice's  Cave,  one  of  the  most  wonderful  natural  curiosities. 
The  cave  has  been  explored  for  seven  miles,  and,  during  the 
searon,  is  illuminated  for  a  distance  of  three  miles  from  the 
main  entrance,  so  that  the  visitor  is  relieved  of  the  annoyance 
of  smoking  torches. 

MASSENA    SPRINGS. 

Loeation  and  Post-Otfice  AddrcsSi — Masscna  Springs,  St.  Lawrence  County, 
New  York. 

AcccsSi — From  the  cast  and  soutli,  via  New  York  Central  and  Rome  &  Wa- 
tertown  Railroads,  to  Potsdam  Junction,  twenty-five  miles  east  of  Ogdensburg ; 
thence  fourteen  n.iilcs  northeast,  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  Or,  go  to  Rouse's 
Point  (outlet  of  Lake  Champlain) ;  thence  eighty-two  miles  west,  by  Ogdens- 
burg  &  Lake  Champlain  Railroad,  ♦.•  Tirasher  Falls ;  thence  ten  miles  north- 
west, by  stage,  to  springs.  From  tho  west,  via  New  York  Central  and  Rome  & 
Watertown  Railroads,  to  Potsdam  Junction.  Or,  through  Lake  Ontario  and 
down  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  Ogdensburg,  v.'hence  a  boat  runs  during  the  sea- 
son to  Dodge's  Landing,  within  three  miles  of  the  springs.  Or,  continue  down 
the  river  to  Cornwall,  whei-^e  by  ferry  and  carriage  to  the  springs. 

llotelSt — Ilarrowgate,  Hatfield  House. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Ferd.  F.  Meyer) : 


bOLIDS. 

Gr.'iins. 

Carbonate  of  iron 

, 

.       0.045 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

0.-122 

Chloride  of  potassium 

•            .            . 

.       0.063 

Chloride  of  sodium 

9.961 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

*            .            . 

.       3.'741 

Sulphate  of  soda     . 

0.437 

Sulphate  of  lime 

•            •            . 

.       7.616 

Hyposulphite  of  soda 

0.526 

Phosphate  of  soda 

t            .            . 

.       0.165 

P>romide  of  magnesium 

0.084 

Sulphurct  of  sodium     . 

•            .            . 

.       0,176 

Silicate  of  soda  and  organic 

compounds    . 

1307 

Total     . 

•            •            . 

.     24.633 

Gas. 

Cubic  In. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

0.663 

SULPHUR-WATERS. 


205 


Properties. — These  arc  saline-sulphur  waters,  much  resem- 
bling those  of  Eilsen,  in  the  principality  of  Schaumburg- 
Lippc,  but  much  richer,  howover,  in  chloride  of  sodium.  I 
need  not  add  that  they  are  ex'^eedingly  valuable  waters  of  this 
class.  They  have  proved  of  decided  utility  in  dartrous  dis- 
eases of  the  sicin,  scrofula^  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  and  gravel. 
Tlieir  use  should  be  combined  in  most  cases  with  the  tepid 
and  warm  bath. 

Remarhs. — The  springs  are  delightfully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Raquette  River,  a  broad  and  rapid  stream,  flow- 
ing into  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  affording  fine  opportunity  for 
fishing.  As  early  as  the  close  of  the  last  century  these  waters 
were  discovered  by  surveyors,  who  noticed  the  ooy  ground 
around  them  filled  with  the  hoof-prints  of  the  moose  and  deer, 
these  animals  visiting  the  spot  to  drink  of  the  water.  The 
Indians  had  used  them  as  remedies  for  ulcerations,  it  is  said, 
as  long  as  tradition  tCils ;  and,  as  early  as  1815,  whits  people 
occasionally  sought  thein  for  the  relief  of  cutaneous  diseases. 

The  quantity  of  water  taken  during  the  day  should  not,  as 
a  rule,  exceed  t'.jrcc  or  four  tumblers.  Bathing  facilities  are 
ample. 

The  drives  in  the  vicinity  of  Massena  are  very  attractive. 
A  favorite  visit  is  to  the  indian  village  of  St.  Regis,  about 
twelve  miles  distant. 


< 


DBYDEN    SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offiee. — Drvaon,  Tompkins  County,  New  York. 

AccPSSi — From  east,  wcs*,  north,  and  south,  go  to  Auburn,  New  York,  on 
New  York  Central  Raiboad;  thence  by  Southern  Central  Railroad  to  Dry- 
den,  thirty-six  miles  south.  Or,  go  to  Owcgo  on  the  Erie  Railway ;  thence 
by  Southern  Central  Railroad  to  Drydcn,  thirty-two  miles  north. 

Hotel* — Drydcn  Springs  House. 

Analysis. — These  v/atcrs  have  never  been  thoroughly  an- 
alyzed, either  quantitatively  or  qualitatively.  However,  it  is 
known  that  they  contain  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  chloride  of 
s:>dium  in  notable  proportions.  One  is  sa^d  to  be  so  strongly 
impregnated  with  sulphate  of  magnesia  "  that  you  can  readily 


1    t 


I 


206 


MINEIUL  SPRINGS. 


imagine  yourself  taking  a  dose  of  Epsom  salts."  There  are 
also  chalybeate  wells  here.  The  waters  are  cold,  varying  in 
temperature  from  48  to  54°  Fahr. 

Remarks, — ^Dryden  Springs  are  elevated,  cool  in  summer, 
and  a  pleasant  resort. 


OHITTENANaO    SPBINQS. 

LoeatiODt — Madison  County,  New  York 

Po:it-Ofl[iee  Address* — Chittenango,  Madison  County,  New  York. 

Accf  SSt — Chittenango  is  a  station  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  one 
hundred  and  tliirty-three  miles  west  of  Albany,  and  fifteen  miles  cast  of 
Syracuse.     From  station,  three  miles  south  by  stage  or  carriage  to  springs. 

Ilotcl. — White  Sulphur  Springs  Ilotel. 

ANALYSIS. 


Ona  pint  contains-^ 

White  Suiiihur. 

49°  Fahr. 

Prof.  C.  F.  Chaniiler. 

Cave  S'.iring. 

49°  Ffthr. 

Prof.  C.  F.Chandler. 

Ma<;ne«is. 

49°  Fahr. 

Prof.  C.  F.Cliau.ller. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Grains. 
I.ft31 
0.007 
0.019 
0.129 
trace. 
0.027 
0.244 

10.177 
trace. 
0,014 

6!oio 

0.035 

Graini. 
1.776 
0.014 
0.029 
0.196 
ti  aco. 

o'.'Jis 

13.265 
trace. 
0.04:3 
0.140 
0.032 
0.027 
0.064 

Gralrs. 
1.139 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

0.029 

Chloride  of  potassium 

0.041 

Cliloride  of  sodium 

0.229 

Cliloride  of  lithium 

trace. 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

1.589 

Sulphate  of  lime , , . , 

14.  as") 

Sulphate  of  strontia 

tnice. 

Ilydrosulphatc  of  sodium 

0.094 

Hydrosulphate  of  calcium 

0.116 

llyposulp  lite  of  soda 

0.002 

Alumina 

trace. 

Silica 

0.072 

Total 

12,293 

Prof.  Collier. 

Cubic  in. 

4.5 

0.1 

16.5:34 

Prof.  Collier. 
Cubic  in. 

8.2 

0.4 

17.996 

Oa8F8.» 

Carbonic  acid 

Prof.  Collier. 

Cubic  in. 

2.8 

Sulphuretted  Hydrogen 

1.6 

Pro2yerties. — These  waters  may  be  taken  in  the  usual  quan- 
tity of  a  glass  three  or  four  times  a  day,  on  an  cnipty  stomach. 
It  will  be  noticed  that,  in  solid  constituents,  they  are  closely 
allied  to  the  calcic  waters. 

Memarks. — The  traveller,  leaving  the  station,  follows  the 
narrow  valley  of  the  Chittenango  Creek  a  mile  or  more  bejon'l 
the  village,  and  the  springs  are  seen,  gushing  out  from  a 

I  Analysis  by  Prof.  CoUior,  in  1870. 


ire 
iu 

■er. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


207 


shelving  ledge  of  rocks  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  stream. 
Ascending  a  neighboruig  summit  to  the  height  of  200  feet,  a 
most  pleasing  view  is  had  of  the  entire  valley,  and  Cazenovia 
and  Oneida  Lakes.  About  two  and  a  half  miles  above  the 
springs  the  valley  terminates,  and  the  stream  falls  perpendicu- 
larly 140  feet,  forming,  with  the  deep  gorge  and  surroundings, 
a  scene  well  worth  a  visit. 


ne 
of 


ler. 


RICHFIELD    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Ollicc  Address. — Richfield  Springs,  Otsego  County,  New 
^'ork. 

Access. — From  Utica,  ninety-five  miles  west  of  Albany  on  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  take  cars  on  Utica,  Chenango,  &  Susquehanna  Valley  Rail- 
road, direct  to  the  springs,  thirty-five  miles.  From  Binghamton,  two  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  miles  northwest  of  New  York  on  the  Erie  Railway,  by  Utica, 
Chenango,  &  Susquehanna  Valley  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  three  miles  to 
springs.    The  first  named  is  the  direct  route. 

IlotclSt — Spring  House,  Hosford  House,  American  House. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Reid) : 
Solids.  Groins. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia       ....  1.480 

t'arbonate  of  limo        .....  O.S'JO 

C}v'(f':'ldes  of  sodium  and  m.agncsium          .            .  0.187 

ii :V'V'"'te  of  magnesia  .....  3.750 

i-ii)!: jisre  of  lime     .....  2.500 

i! ,  Iropnlphate   of  magnesia  and  lime             .            .  0.250 

Undetermined         .....  19.187 


Total     . 

0A8. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


28.224 
Cubic  in. 
3.3 


The  above  is  an  analysis  made  many  years  ago.  A  new 
ait^lysif  is  much  needed. 

/<:m?  irks. — The  village  of  Richfield  Springs  is  delightfully 
si.  ii  i,tcd  upon  a  narrow  plain  near  the  head  of  Canaderaga, 
or  Schuyler's  Lake,  which  forms  the  chief  attraction  to  the 
risitor.  The  lake  is  but  one  mile  distant  from  the  hotel,  and 
conveyances  pass  to  and  fro  every  half-hour.  The  lake  is  five 
miles  in  length,  and  a  mile  and  a  quarter  at  its  greatest 


208 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


breadth.     High  hills  surround  it  on  every  side  except  to  the 
northward. 

The  waters  of  these  springs  were  sought  by  the  Indians 
long  before  the  advent  of  the  white  man,  and  tradition  tells  a 
story  of  one  of  their  healing  prophets,  who  dwelt  on  a  beauti- 
ful island  in  the  midst  of  the  lake.  Hither  the  Iroquois  would 
come  for  the  relief  of  their  maladies.  During  the  night  he 
would  glide  silentlv  to  the  shore  in  his  canoe,  seek  the  foun- 
tains, and  return  wi  i  ^  magic  waters.  He  became  proud 
and  powerful,  and  at  li  issumed  to  be  twin-brother  to  the 
Great  Spirit.  Such  blasphemy  was  visited  with  dire  punish- 
ment. One  morning  a  bridal  party  went  forth  to  receive  the 
prophet's  benediction,  but  on  arriving  at  the  lake-shore  found 
the  island  had  disappeared.  The  Great  Spirit  in  his  wrath 
had  thrust  it  with  the  proud  prophet  so  deep  in  the  earth, 
that  it  is  said  the  waters  of  the  lake  v/here  it  stood  are  un- 
fathomable by  human  measurement. 


AVON  SPRINGS. 

Location. — Livingston  County,  Ncv  York. 

Fost-Oflice  Address* — Avon,  Livingston  County,  New  York. 

Access* — Avon  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  Railway,  sixty-tive  miles  cast  of  Buf- 
falo ;  eighteen  miles  south  of  Rochester ;  three  hundred  and  sixty-seven 
miles  northwest  of  New  York. 

DotrlSt — United  States,  Avon  Springs  Hotel  (at  the  depot).  Congress 
Hall,  Knickerbocker  Hall. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contaliis — 

Upper  Spring, 

Sl'Falir. 
Prof.  Hadley. 

Lower  Sprinir. 
J.  B.  Chilton.  M.  D. 

New  Dath  Spring, 

60*  Falir. 

Prof.  Deck. 

SOLIDH. 

Carbonate  of  limo 

Grnlni, 
1.000 
2.8U0 

2.000 

1.250 

10.501) 

17.060 

CuWi-  In. 
0.70 

Grnlns, 
8.066 

I'.Ofti 
1.716 
«.20l 
7.1M) 
trace. 

19.S14 

Cubic  la. 
0.4» 
1.26 

Grtlns. 
8.870 

Chloride  of  sofHuin 

0.710 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

4.S40 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

1.010 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.440 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Total 

10.870 

Gases. 
Carl)onic  acid 

Cubic  In. 

6ul[)hurettcd  hydrogen 

.060 

SULPnUR-WATERS. 


209 


the 


Properties. — It  will  be  seen  by  analysis  that  these  are  valua- 
ble sulphur-waters,  resembling  in  many  respects  the  celebrated 
Spa  of  Neudorf,  in  Electoral  Hesse.  The  flow  is  large  from 
the  lower  spring,  being  fifty-four  gallons  per  minute.  Bathing 
arrangements  are  extensive.  Dr.  Salisbury,  quoted  by  Dr. 
Francis,  of  New  York,  deceased,  says :  "  Generally  speaking, 
four  or  six  half-pint  tumblers  of  the  water  drank  during  the 
day,  prove  mildly  cathartic,  and,  under  its  long-continued  use 
in  this  dose,  no  debility  ensues,  but  appetite  and  strength  are 
much  increased.  In  doses  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  glasses,  it 
acts  powerfully  on  the  bowels,  kidneys,  and  skin."  * 

Hemarks. — The  location  of  these  springs,  in  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  portions  of  "Western  New  York,  together  with 
the  efficacy  of  the  waters,  conspires  to  make  this  a  most  attrac- 
tive resort.  And  the  place  is  not  without  historical  interest. 
Near  the  Avon  railwaj'^-station,  at  the  foot  of  the  slope,  is  the 
battle-field  of  the  French  under  De  Nouville,  in  1687,  where 
the  invaded  Senecas  drove  them  from  their  hunting-grounds. 
And  eight  miles  distant,  at  the  Geneseo,  General  Sullivan  re- 
taliated with  severity  upon  the  Indians  for  their  cruelties  at 
Cherry  Valley  and  Wyoming. 


liONGMUIBS   WELL. 
Location. — Rochester,  New  York. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (62°  Fahr.) : 
SouDS.  Grains. 

Carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia,  with  trace  of  oxide  of 

iron  ......      1.48 

Cliloride  of  sodium  .  ...  6.52 

Sulphate  of  soda  .  .  .  ,  .6.99 


Total      . 
Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


14.99 

Cubic  Inch. 

small  quantity. 

2.16 

— "  Geology  of  New  York." 


Pamphlet  on  "  Mluoral  Waters."    By  Dr.  Francis.    1831.    (Astor  Library.) 


210 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


CHERRY  VALLEY   SPRINGS. 

Location. — Otsego  County,  New  York. 

Post-Officc  Address. — Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  County,  New  York. 

AceesSi — Take  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railroad  direct  to  Cherry  Valley, 
sixty-eight  miles  west  of  Albany ;  thence  two  miles  to  the  springs.  From 
the  west,  take  Erie  Railway  to  Binghamton ;  thence  by  Albany  &  Susque- 
hanna Railroad,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  to  Cherry  Valley ;  thence  two 
miles  to  springs. 

Ilotels. — None  at  the  springs,  though  one  in  contemplation.  Several  in 
the  village  of  Cherry  Valley. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains 


SOLIBB. 

Carbonate  of  mafiBCsIa. 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  pobissium . . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia... 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Hvdroaulphate  of  soda 

Silica  and  alumina 

Silcx 

Organic  matter. . .' 

Total 


17.589 


Bitth-IIouie  Spring. 

Spring  North  of  Bath- 

Houie. 

Prof.  Perklni. 

J.  B.  Chilton,  M.  D. 

Grntnt. 

Gmlnp. 

2.227 

1.24.5 

o.8or> 

1.177 

1.S44 

0.811 

1..555 

0.20G 

0.460 

0.3.50 

1.385 

8.070 

7,210 

18.6S8 

0.0T5 

0.015 

^  , 

0.455 

0.085 

.... 

28.110 


Remarks. — ^The  above  analysis  of  the  Bath-House  Spring 
shows  these  waters  to  be  worthy  the  improvements  that  are 
contemplated.  At  present  there  are  facilities  during  the  sum- 
mer months  for  taking  baths  at  the  springs. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  a  portion  of  New  York  ren- 
dered historical  by  conflicts  with  the  Indians.  Stories  are 
told  of  fierce  struggles,  and  of  white  men  seized  and  carried 
into  captivity.  Not  long  ago  Judge  Campbell  still  lived  here, 
who,  in  1778,  when  six  years  of  age,  was  captured,  with  his 
mother  and  familj",  and  taken  first  to  Niagara,  thence  to 
Caughnawaga,  near  Montreal,  where  they  remained  for  two 
years,  finally  to  return  to  Cherry  Valley. 

Near  the  springs  are  the  Tekaharawa  Falls,  which  were 
thus  described  fifty-four  years  ago  by  the  late  Alvan  Stewart : 


■liirz 


SULPnUR-WATERS. 


211 


"  At  the  distance  of  one  mile  northeast  of  tbo  village  a  small 
brook  takes  its  rise,  and  runs  north  about  a  mile  and  a  half, 
when,  passing  into  a  dark  wood  of  hemlock,  it  is  precipitated 
down  a  fall  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  feet  of  perpendicular 
height,  where  it  is  lost  in  a  dark  gulf  below.  .  .  .  Tn  approach- 
ing from  the  south  one  advances  to  the  very  border  of  the 
gulf  before  he  dreams,  or  fancies,  from  any  feature  cf  the 
ground,  that  such  a  yawning  abyss  is  within  five  yards  of  his 
feet.  If  sublimity  be  in  any  measure  allied  to  horror,  or  con- 
nected with  the  grandeur  of  objects,  one  must  feel  its  full  force 
the  first  moiiient  his  sight  meets  the  rocks  which  pave  the 
bottom  of  this  tremendous  chasm." 

ClilFTON   SPBXNQa. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce  AddresSt — Clifton  Springs,  Ontario  County,  Xcw 
York. 

Access. — Clifton  Springs  is  a  station  on  the  Auburn  Branch  of  the  New 
York  Central  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  eleven  miles  west  of  Albany ;  sixty- 
three  miles  west  of  Syracuse ;  thirty-nine  miles  east  of  Rochester ;  ninety- 
bcven  miles  east  of  Buffalo. 

lIoteK — Clifton  Springs.  , 

ANALYSIS. 


Solids. 

lua  ^1.  i.\jL»  V*  J.% 

V/UIIbVI 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

•                    • 

• 

1.64 

Carbonate  of  lime 

• 

.    1.21 

Chloride  of  sodium    . 

•                    • 

• 

1.16 

Chloride  of  magnesium    . 

• 

.    0.51 

Chloride  of  calcium    . 

•                    • 

• 

0.51 

Sulphate  of  soda . 

•                           i 

.    0.97 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

•                            • 

• 

2.06 

Sulphate  of  lime  . 

• 

1 

.    8.65 

Organic  matter 

•                           • 

• 

trace. 

Total        .  .  .  .  .  .    16.71 

"Sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  carbonic  acid  abounds,  but  the  quantity 
having  been  materially  lessened  while  conveyed  to  New  York,  the  proper 
amount  could  not  be  ascertained." — (1852.) 

Properties. — ^This  is  a  good  calcic-sulphur  water,  especially 
indicated  when  a  case  otherwise  requiring  sulphur-waters  is 


lit 


212 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


complicated  by  disease  of  the  bladder,  to  which  calcic  waters 
are  applicable. 

liemarhs. — These  waters  were  first  utilized  in  1806  by 
the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of 
those  who  resorted  to  them  from  the  surrounding  country. 
At  that  time  the  springs  flowed  out  on  the  borders  of  a  marsh 
in  the  midst  of  a  forest.  Now  Clifton  is  an  exceedingly  popu- 
lar resort. 

C0LT71CBIA   SPBINaS. 

Location. — Columbia  County,  New  York. 

Post-Ofllce« — Hudson,  Columbia  County,  New  York. 

AcccsSi — Take  cars  on  Hudson  River  Railroad,  or  boat  on  tho  river,  to 
Hudson,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles  north  of  New  York,  and  twenty-seven 
miles  south  of  Albany ;  thence  four  miles  northeast  to  springs  by  carriage. 

IloteU — Columbia  Springs  House. 

ANALYSIS.! 


One  pmt  cont 

ams  (Atwood) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

•                        •                        » 

• 

2.Y24 

Chloride  of  potassium 

0.149 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                        •                        • 

• 

10.590 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

3.929 

Sesqui-chloride  of  iron 

• 
•                                                  • 

• 

0.427 

Sulphate  of  Ume    . 

8.117 

Phosphate  of  soda 

1                        •                        • 

• 

0.267 

Hyposulphate  of  soda 

1.018 

Loss     . 

I                        •                        • 

• 

0.102 

Total   . 

27.323 

Gas. 

Cubic  inch. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

•                        • 

• 

0.56 

This  is  an  exceedingly  pleasant  resort,  where  quiet,  salu- 
brious air,  and  rural  scenery,  may  be  enjoyed. 


WHITE    SULPHUR    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office.— Cairo,  Greene  County,  New  York. 
Access. — Go  to  Catskill,  one  hundred  and  nine  miles  north  of  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  ;  thenc(  ten  miles. 
Hotelt — ^White  Sulphur  Springs  House. 

*  A  new  analysis  is  dosimblo. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


213 


crs 

of 

rsh 
Ipu- 


•,to 
ven 


Analysis. — None  has  been  made. 

Memarks. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, at  an  elevation  of  one  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

SHOCCO   SPBINGS. 

Location. — Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 
Address. — Warrcnton,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 
Aecess* — From  Raleigh,  via  Raleigh  &  Gaston  Railroad,  sixty-two  miles 
north,  to  Warrenton ;  thence  nine  miles  by  stage. 
Hotel. — Buildings  mostly  destroyed. 

Analysis,— The  waters  are  said  to  be  of  the  saline-sulphur 
class.  Dr.  Jos.  A.  Drake,  of  Hilliardston,  who  has  been  famil- 
iar with  them  for  many  years,  writes  that  "  they  are  slightly 
aperient  and  decidedly  diuretic." 


WABREN   WHITE    SXTLPHUB. 

Location. — Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 

Post4)fflce. — Ridgeway,  Warren  County,  North  Carolina. 

Access. — Go  to  Ridgeway,  a  station  on  the  Raleigh  &  Gaston  Railroad, 
fifty-seven  miles  northeast  of  Raleigh,  and  forty  miles  southwest  of  Wel- 
don ;  thence  ten  miles  by  private  conveyance  or  stage. 

Hotel. — Warren  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

liemarks. — Springs  closed  since  the  war,  except  in  186G. 
It  is,  however,  proposed  to  reopen  them. 


u- 


k, 


WHITE    SULPHUR    SPRINGS. 

Location. — Delaware  County,  Ohio. 
Post*Office* — Lewis  Centre,  Delaware  Coimty,  Ohio. 
Access. — Go  to  Delaware,  a  station  on  the  Cleveland  &  Columbus  Rail- 
road,  twenty-four  miles  north  of  Columbus ;  thence  by  stage. 

Analysis. — These  are  very  feeble  sulphur- waters.  Prof. 
E.  S.  Wayne,  who  made  the  analysis,  informs  me  that  there 
are  about  four  grains  of  solid  constituents  to  the  gallon,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime,  with  a  trace 
of  the  chlorides. 

Memarks. — A  few  years  ago  this  was  a  fashionable  resort, 


^ 


214 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


■I  ;     ii 


but  the  positive  value  of  the  water  was  not  sufficient  to  main- 
tain its  temporary  popularity.  The  property  was  sold  to  the 
State,  and  is  now  the  scat  of  an  industrial  reform-school  for 
girls. 

WHITE   SULPHXJB   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce* — White  Sulphur  Springs,  Catawba  County, 
North  Carolina. 

AccesSi — From  Baltimore  by  rail,  via  Richmond,  to  Salisbury,  North  Caro- 
lina ;  thence,  via  Western  Railroad  of  North  Carolina,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel*— White  Sulphur  Springs. 

MINNEQUA   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBce. — Minnequa  Springs,  Bradford  County,  Pcnn. 
Bylrania. 

Access* — Go  to  Minnequa,  a  station  on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad, 
thirty-six  miles  south  of  Elmira,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  miles  north 
of  Harrisburg. 

Hotel. — Minnequa  Springs. 

ANALYSIS.' 

One  pint  contains  (Dr.  Gregg) : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .... 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  .  . 


Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Oxide  of  iron  and  alumina 

Sulphur 

Organic  matter 

Total 
Gab. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Grains, 
0.130 
0.159 
0.091 
trace. 
0.129 
0.062 
0.462 
0.167 
0.093 

1.299 
Cubic  Inches. 
0.60 
undetermined. 


Properties. — According  to  the  analysis  the  water  appears 
to  be  a  chalybeate-sulphur  water.  It  is  said  to  be  agreeable 
to  the  taste,  on  account  of  the  carbonic  acid  contained.  The 
flow  is  estimated  at  six  gallons  per  minute. 


From  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  1872. 


SULPIIUR-WATERS. 


215 


u 


am* 
the 

for 


mty, 
'aro. 


cnn- 

■oad, 
orth 


Hemarks. — The  springs  are  located  in  the  Tovvanda  Val- 
ley, at  an  estimated  elevation  of  several  hundred  feet  above 
the  sea-level.  The  cultivated  hills  surrounding  the  valley  form 
an  agreeable  landscape,  while  neighboring  woods  and  streams 
supply  opportunities  for  huntsmen  and  fishermen. 

YOBK   SUIPHUB   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offleet — ^York  Sulphur  Springs,  Adams  County,  Penn* 
sylvania. 

iccess* — Go  to  Oxford  Station,  ten  miles  cast  from  Gettysburg,  on  the 
Hanover  Branch  of  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad ;  thence  nine  miles  by 
Btugc. 

Hotels. — ^York  Springs. 

Analysis. — The  old  analysis  is  inaccurate. 

Remarks. — ^These  springs  were  discovered  in  1790,  and  at 
that  time  attracted  much  attention.  They  have  ever  since 
been  resorted  to  by  the  citizens  of  Baltimore  and  the  adjoin- 
ing country. 

CABLISLE   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Carlisle  Springs,  Cumberland  County,  Penn* 
sylvania. 

Access* — From  Philadelphia,  via  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  to  Harris- 
burg,  one  hundred  and  six  miles  west ;  thence,  via  Cumberland  Valley  Rail- 
road, eighteen  miles  southwest  to  Carlisle;  thence  four  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel. — Springs. 

Analysis. — None.     They  are  mild  sulphur-waters. 

Remarks. — The  springs  issue  at  the  base  of  the  Blie 
Mountain.  Not  far  distant  is  Canodoquinnet  Creek,  furnish- 
ing opportunity  for  fine  fishing.  These  springs  are  very 
pleasantly  located,  and  are  much  resorted  to  by  families  from 
Pliiladelphia  and  Baltimore. 


;  If-;, 

'II 

J 


ars 
ile 
he 


GLENN   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Officc— Glenn  Springs,  Spartanburg  District,  South 
Carolina. 

Access. . 

Hotel. , 


216 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Analysis, — No  quantitative  analysis  of  these  waters  Ima 
been  made.  A  qualitative  examination  by  Prof.  C.  U.  Shepard, 
of  Charleston,  shows  them  to  contain  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
sulphate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


SITKA,    AI.ASKA. 

As  a  matter  of  curiosity  more  than  utility,  we  insert  the 
following  passages  from  a  letter  to  the  author,  from  H.  J. 
Phillips,  M.  D.,  Post-Surgeon  U.  S.  A.,  at  Sitka : 

"  Sitka  may  be  reached  in  the  following  way :  Steamers 
leave  San  Francisco  weekly  in  summer  for  Portland,  Oregon. 
Fare,  thirty  dollars,  including  meals.  From  Portland  a  small 
but  safe  steamer  leaves  for  Sitka  about  the  end  of  every 
month.     Fare,  seventy  dollars,  with  meals. 

"  The  route  taken  is  from  Cape  Flattery  through  the 
Straits  of  Fuca,  in  among  islands  through  narrow  passes, 
bo'uided  on  either  side  by  high  snow-capped  peaks,  all  tho 
ivay  to  Sitka.  It  is  the  longest  and  most  wonderful  inland 
navigation  in  the  world,  extending  over  twelve  hundred  miles, 
and  well  repays  the  traveller  for  his  trouble  and  time.  There 
is  no  hotel  in  Alaska,  but  plenty  of  empty  houses.  All  the 
Russians  who  could  pay  their  fares  have  left,  and  only  those 
who  cannot,  now  remain,  as  the  place  is  retrograding  very  fiist. 

"  About  twenty  miles  from  Sitka  there  are  two  springs, 
called  here  *  Geysers'  or  Warm  Sulphur.  The  height  of 
these  respectively  above  the  sea  is  eighteen  and  twenty-two 
feet;  the  flow  about  one-half  gallon  per  minute.  The  tem- 
perature of  the  first  is  104°  Fahr. ;  of  second,  9G°  Fahr. 

*'  These  springs  were  much  frequented  and  used  by  tlie 
Russians  hviove  the  session  of  the  Territory  to  the  United 
States.  Two  log-houses  erected  by  the  old  Russian  Fur  Com- 
pany have  been  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  but  the  two  large 
wooden  tanks  still  remain.  These  springs  were  highly  rec- 
ommended for  the  cure  of  syphilis  and  rheumatism,  with  the 
former  of  which  diseases  the  Russians  and  Indians  here  are 
actually  eaten  up. 


SULniUR-WATERS. 


217 


as 

ia, 
in. 


lie 


"  There  is  a  chalybeate  8prin|]f  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
city  of  Sitka,  flowing  from  a  rock  on  the  side  of  a  road  called 
Davis  Avenue.  No  analysis  has  ever  been  made  of  the  water. 
It  was  used  by  the  Russians,  and  since  that  period  occasion- 
ally by  visitors. 

"  There  is  a  mountain  eleven  miles  long,  and  twelve 
hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  main-land  of 
Alaska,  and  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Chilchat  River,  which 
is  supposed  to  be  composed  almost  entirely  of  iron.  From 
the  sides  of  this  mountain  issue  numerous  chalybeate  springs." 

The  following  abstract  from  the  hospital  register  at  Sitka 
is  interesting : 


Warnicst  day  of  summer,  August  9,  1870 
Coldest  day  of  summer,  June  2,  18*70 
Warmest  day  of  winter,  December  1,  1809 
Coldest  day  of  winter,  March  11,  1809 
Mean  annual  temperature,  1870 


Mean  Fabr. 

67° 

.  44° 

40° 

.     3° 

44° 


AliBUBG   SFBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Officei — Alburg  Springs,  Grand  Isle  County,  Ver- 
mont. 

Access* — From  New  York  or  Boston,  purchase  tickets  via  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railroad  to  Alburg  Springs  Station,  sixteen  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Albans,  and  one  mile  distant  from  the  springs.  From  the  west,  go  to 
Schenectady  or  Troy ;  thence  north,  via  Rutland  &  Burlington  Railroad.  Or 
go  down  the  St.  L-^wrence  River  to  Montreal ;  thence,  via  Rouse's  Point,  or 
St.  Albans,  to  springs. 

Hotels* — Alburg  Springs  Ifbuse,  Missisquoi  House. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (C.  T.  Jackson,  M.  D.) : 
Solids.  Grains. 

Chlorido  of  sodium  ....  1.096 

Chloride  of  magnesium  ....  0.627 

Chloride  of  calcium  and  carbonate  of  lime  .  0.601 

Sulphide  of  potassium  and  sulphate  of  potassa  .  1.237 

Sulphate  of  soda   .  .  .  .  .  0.887 

Insoluble  matters        .....  0.100 

Organic  acid  of  the  soil  (crcnic  acid)  and  loss      .  0.250 

Total    .  ....       4.707 

10 


Sr 


218 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


(The  water  gives  off  a  large  quantity  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  ia 
distinctly  alkaline  from  excess  of  sulphide  of  potassium. — (J.  T.  J.) 

A  qualitative  analysis  of  these  waters  has  been  made  by  Prof.  C.  F. 
Chandler,  of  Now  York,  who  finds,  in  addition  to  the  above  ingredients,  the 
bicarbonate  of  litliia  and  stroutia. 

Memarks.  —These  springs  have  been  a  favorite  resort  since 
the  year  181G,  when  Timothy  Sowles,  Elisha  Reynolds,  and 
Stephen  Sweet,  farmers,  were  induced  to  take  boarders.  The 
springs  are  located  on  the  shores  of  Missisquoi  Bay,  amid 
the  beauties  of  lake  and  mountain  scenery.  There  are  two 
springs,  the  northern  one  being  somewhat  ferruginous  in 
character.  They  are  about  eighty  rods  from  the  water's  edge, 
and  thirty  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Champlain. 


JORDAN'S  WHITE    SULPHUR    SPRINGS. 

Location. — Frederick  County,  Virginia. 

Post-Oflicc. — Stephenson's  Depot,  Frederick  County,  Virginia. 

AccesSi — From  the  north,  go  to  Harper's  J'crry,  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  eighty-one  miles  west  of  Baltimore ;  thence,  on  Wiiichostcr  Branch 
of  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Stephenson's  Depot,  tn'cnty-cight  miles 
southwest ;  thence,  by  stage  to  the  springs,  two  miles  southeast  of  the  depot. 
From  the  south,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad,  to  Strasburg ; 
thence  north,  twenty-three  miles,  by  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Stephen- 
son's. 

Hotel* — Jordan's. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (T.  Antisell) : 
Souns.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa          .            .            .            .  1.21.3 

Carbonate  of  magnesia             ....  0.,360 

Carbonate  of  iron               ....  trace. 

Carbonate  of  manganese          ....  0.002 

Chloride  of  sodium              .....  0.095 

Sulphate  of  potassa     .....  0.202 

Sulphate  of  lime      .....  0.G41 

Alumina           ......  0.001 

Silicic  acid              .....  0.032 


i  I 


Total      ......      2.G0G 

Gas.  Cubic  in. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen       .  .  .  .  0.25 

The  proportion  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  much  hirgcr 


^i:      ,\ 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


219 


id  is 

'.  F. 
,  the 


than  here  j^iven,  this  analysis  only  showing  the  amount  in  the 
bottled  water  after  it  had  been  standing  for  some  time. 

Properties. — These  are  light  waters,  and  may  be  taken  in 
considerable  quantity.  Whon  the  waters  do  not  act  as  an 
aperient,  and  it  is  desirable  to  produce  thir  effect,  it  is  aided 
by  adding  a  teaspoonful  of  table-salt  to  each  glass  of  water 
for  two  or  three  doses. 

MemarJcs. — The  springs  are  located  in  the  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah,  five  miles  distant  from  Winchester.  The  build- 
ings and  spring  are  embowered  in  a  grove  of  tall  aspens,  on 
either  side  of  a  strea.n  of  running-water.  From  the  hills,  at 
the  rpa.  of  the  hotel,  fine  views  may  be  had  of  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  Alleghany  Mountains,  Immediately  in  the  vicinity  of 
these  springs  the  contests  between  Jubal  Early  and  Sheridan 
occurred,  and  Winchester  is  said  to  have  changed  masters 
eighty-seven  times. 


^i 


HZGHGATE    SPXUNGS. 

Location  and  Post-OiHee  Address.— Highgate,  Franklin  County,  Ver- 
mont. 

Access* — Eighgatc  is  three  and  a  half  miles  from  Swanton,  a  station  on  the 
Vermont  Central  Railroad,  nine  miles  north  of  St.  Albans. 

Hotels. — Franklin  House,  Champlain  House. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contnius— 

Champlain  Spring. 
A.  A.  Hayes. 

T.  Sterry  Hunt. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  potassa 

Grain- 
0.46SJ 
0.153 
0  ii>2 
0.127 

trace. 
0.093 
0.021 

6'.ii2 

0.102 

Oralna. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

1.718 

Cfn'bonato  of  inufmesia 

0.729 

Carbonate  (>f  lime 

0.176 

Carbonate  of  uinmonia 

Chloride  of  potuB.sium  

Cliloridc  of  sodium 

2.9.S0 

Sulphate  of  soda 

0.306 

Protoxide  of  Iron 

Potas.sa  and  boracic  acid 

Crenic  acid 

SUiclcacid 

Total 

1 .228 

6  853 

— "  Geology  of  Vermont."'    (1867.) 

These  springs  are  situated  on  the  Missisquoi  River,  amid 
exceedingly  attractive  scenery. 


m 

■^' i 

'  li 

J 

ii 

ill 

:/ 


220 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


NEWBT7B7   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office  Address.— Newbury,  Orange  County,  Vermont. 

Access.— From  New  York,  via  New  York  &  New  Haven  Railroad,  New 
Haven,  Hartford  &  Springfield  Railroad,  Connecticut  River  Railroad,  and 
Connecticut  &  Passumpsic  Railroad,  to  Newbury,  two  hundred  and  nincty- 
Ihree  miles  northeast  of  New  York. 

Hotel. — Springs. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Hall) : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda    . 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . 

Carbonate  of  Ume     . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia    . 

Phosphate  of  iron    . 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Nitrate  of  potassa    . 

Hydrosulphate  of  soda 

Silica  and  suspended  clay 

Organic  matter  and  ammonia 

Total 
Gas. — Sulphuretted  hydrogen,  undetcrmmed. 


Grains. 
0.50 
0.30 
2.20 
0.04 
0.30 
0.05 
0.05 

trace. 
0.05 
0.04 
1.10 
0.03 

4.C6 


1 


STBIBLING   SPBINaS. 

(For  location,  access,  etc.,  see  description  of  these  springs  under  "  Cua- 

LTBEATE  WATERS.") 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (No.  IL,  D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D.) : 

Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa         ....  0.093 

Carbonate  of  soda        .....  0.780 

Carbonate  of  magnesia       ....  0.251 

Carbonate  of  iron        .....  0.016 

Caibonate  of  lime  .....  1.204 

Chloride  of  sodium      .....  0.080 

Sulphate  of  lime     .            .            .            .            .  0.156 

Silicic  acid        ......  0.080 


i 


Total 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid  . 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


2.660 
Cubic  In. 
1.30 
0.03 


cvr 
nd 

ty- 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


TELIiOW    SXTLPHUB    SPIUNQS. 


221 


Location  and  Post-Offlce.— Yellow  Sulpliur  Springs,  Montgomery  County, 
Virginia. 

Access, — From  the  north  via  Washington :  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manas- 
sas Railroad,  and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Christiansburg,  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty-four  miles  southwest  from  Washmgton ;  thence,  three  and  a 
half  miles  by  stage,  to  the  sp-.ings.  From  the  south  and  southwest,  strike 
the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad;  thence  to  Christiansburg.  From  the 
west,  via  Huntington  ?nd  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Charlottesville, 
junction  with  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad ;  thence  to  Christiansburg. 

Hotel. — ^Yellow  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pmt  contains      (55°  Fahr.  Prof.  W.  M.  Gilham): 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  potassium 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  alumina     . 
Sulphate  of  limo    . 
Phosphate  of  magnesia 
Phosphate  of  lime 
Organic  extractive  matter 

Total 

Gas. 
Carbonic  acid    . 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Grains. 
0.173 
0.077 
1.080 
0.012 
0.009 
0.013 
t,093 
2.637 
0.397 
7.91^ 
O.uOl 
O.OOl" 
0.466 

12.872 
Cubic  in. 
1.25 
undetermined. 


Projwrties. — ^These  arc  fine  calcic-sulphur  waters,  with  an 
active  proportion  of  purging  sulpha.tcs. 

BemarJcs. — These  springs  are  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  at  an  altitude  of  over  two  thousand  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  mountain-top  rises  but  sixty 
feet  above  them.  Visitors  dwell  amid  the  most  beautiful  moun- 
tain scenery,  and  breathe  a  cool  and  bracing  atmosphere,  even 
during  the  heats  of  July  and  August.  Although  these  springs 
have  been  established  as  a  resort  but  a  few  years,  they  have 


'In 

jH 

IB 

-*;''! 

ilii 

■ 

i1 


\3 


222 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


h-  I 


l! 


V 


I 


met  with  tho  favor  of  the  public.    Bishop  Madison,  as  long 
ago  as  1810,  highly  commended  them. 

The  proprietors  have  arranged  for  baths  of  any  tempera- 
ture de&ired. 

BUFFAIiO    SFBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address.— Buffalo  Springs,  Mecklenburg  County, 
Virginia. 

Access* — From  Richmond,  take  cars  on  Richmond  &  Danville  Railroad,  to 

Scottsburg  Depot,  one  hundred  and  one  miles  southwest  of  Richmond; 

thence,  fifteen  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel.— Buffalo  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains : 
80UD8.  Ci-ains. 

Chloride  of  sodium              ....  trace. 

Chloride  of  magnesium            ....  trace. 

Sulphate  of  soda    .....  0.163 

Sulphate  of  magnesia              ....  1.000 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron         .            .            .  0.325 

Sulphate  of  lime           .....  0.437 


Total 
Oas. 


1.925 
Cubic  In. 


Sulphuretted  hydrogen  .  .  .  .0.15 

Properties. — Although  the  above  analysis  is  very  imper- 
fect, still  it  enables  us,  in  some  measure,  to  estimate  its  prop- 
erties. 

COTNEB'S    SPRINQS. 

Location. — Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

Post-Offlce« — Bonsacks,  Roanoke  County,  Virginia. 

Access* — Bonsacks  is  a  station  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  two 
hundred  and  twenty-six  miles  southwest  from  Washington;  two  hundred 
and  eighty-six  miles  northeast  by  rail  from  Enoxvillc,  Tenn.  Springs  are 
one  mile  from  Bonsacks.  (By  giving  the  conductor  notice,  pas  ^cngers  will 
be  left  at  the  springs-platform,  only  two  hundred  yards  distant  from  the 
hotel.) 

Hotel* — Coyner's  Springs. 

An  all/sis. — None  has  been  made. 

Memarks, — ^There  are  five  springs  here,  the  principal  ones 
known  as  the  White,  the  Black,  and  the  Blue,  the  names  be- 


ing 
The 
from 
with 


mg- 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


223 


to 
I''-; 


ing  due  to  the  color  of  the  sediment  deposited  by  the  water. 
The  proximity  of  these  springs  to  the  main  line  of  railroad 
from  the  Southwest  to  Washington  and  the  East,  together 
with  the  agreeable  surroundings,  renders  this  a  pleasant  rest- 
ino'-place  to  the  tired  traveller. 

EGGLESTON'S    SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-OflBcc. — Eggleston'a  Springs,  Giles  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — ^From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Central  (?),  two  hundred  and  seventy- 
four  miles  southwest ;  thence  forty-one  miles  north  to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Eggleston's. 

Analysis. — None. 

MemarJs. — These  springs  are  located  in  one  of  the  most 
attractive  mountain  districts  of  Virginia,  far  out  of  the  or- 
dinary course  of  travel,  and  on  this  account  all  the  more  inter- 
esting to  the  tourist.  New  River  here  bends  in  a  wide,  majes- 
tic curve,  over  which  towering  cliffs  of  gray-stone,  two  hundred 
and  ninety-five  feet  high,  cast  their  shadows.  The  river  has  a 
depth  at  this  point  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  A  few 
miles  distant  is  Peter's  Mountain  and  the  "  Narrows,"  where 
the  river  forces  its  way  through  a  ragged  defile  in  the  moun- 
tain. 

An  exceedingly  novel  and  romantic  way  of  reaching  the 
springs,  is  to  leave  the  Virginia  &  Tennobse  o  Bailroad  at  New 
River  Bridge,  and  float  twenty-five  miles  down  the  stream  in 
one  of  the  bateaux  which  ply  on  its  waters. 

BOTETOURT    SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Officc. — Botetourt  Springs,  Roanoke  County,  Virginia. 
Access. — By  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad  to  Salem ;   thence  nine  miles 
by  turnpike. 

Analysis. — There  are  two  S]  tings — one  sulphur,  one  cha- 
lybeate. 

Memarks. — Some  thirty  years  ago  this  was  a  popular 
summer  resort,  and  deservedly  so,  both  on  accouui,  of  the 


:M 


Ill    I 


h  'W'  r 


224 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


value  of  the  water,  the  beauty  of  the  scenery,  and  salubrity 
of  the  climate.  But  in  1843  the  property  was  purchased  by 
a  company,  and  converted  into  an  institute  for  young  ladies. 
From  the  name  of  its  i  i  Incipal  benefactor,  it  has  been  called 
the  "  Hollins  Institute."  It  has  had  a  prosperous  career,  and 
is  now  in  charge  of  Prof.  Charles  L.  Cocke,  A.  M. 

COLD    WHITE    SULPHUB    SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OfficCi — Cold  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Rockbridge 
County,  Virginia. 

AeccsSi — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hundred  and  eighty-eight 
miles  southwest ;  thence  by  stage  two  miles  to  springs.  From  Richmond  via 
Gordonsville,  one  hundred  and  sixty-eighty  miles  to  Goshen.  From  West  via 
Cincinnati  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east,  on  the  Ohio 
River ;  thence,  by  Cincinnati  &  Ohio  Railroad  to  Goshen,  two  hundred  and 
fifty-one  miles  southeast. 

Hotel.— Cold  White  Sulphur. 

Analysis. — None.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  57^° 
Fahr.,  and  the  flow  five  gallons  per  minute. 

MONTaOMERT   WHITE    SXTLPHTTIt   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Fost-OQIce  Address. — White  Sulphur  Springs,  Montgomery 
County,  Virginia. 

Access. — ^Visitors  from  North  or  South  should  buy  tickets  to  Big  Tunnel, 
a  station  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  two  hunlred  and  fifty-nine 
miles  southwest  of  Washington ;  thence  by  tramway. 

Hotel. — Montgomery  White  Sulphur. 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks. — ^These  are  decidedly  sulphurous  waters,  appli- 
cable to  those  diseases  which  are  advantageously  treated  by 
waters  of  this  class.  The}'  are  well  located,  and  are  a  desira- 
ble place  of  resort. 

FAUaUIER   WHITE    SULPHUB    SPBINQS. 

Location. — Fauquier  County,  Virginia. 

Post-office. . 

Access. — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 


to  W 

Bran( 

U( 


SULPHURWATERS. 


225 


to  Warrenton  Junction,  forty-seven  miles  west ;  tlience  by  Warrington 
Branch  Railroad  and  stage,  total  distance  about  fifty-six  miles. 
llotel* — (Burned  during  the  war.) 

Analysis. — No  accurate  quantitative  analysis  has  ever 
been  made.    Temperature  56°  Fahr. 

Properties, — The  water  is  purgative  and  diuretic. 

Remarks. — ^Previous  to  the  war  this  was  an  exceedingly- 
fashionable  resort.  The  waters  seem  to  possess  decided  value, 
and  it  may  again  be  improved  by  suitable  accommodations. 

HUGTTENOT   SFBINGS. 

Location* — Powhatan  County,  Virginia. 
Access* — Seventeen  miles  from  Richmond. 
Hotel* — Huguenot  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made.  Prof. 
Rogers  found  it  contained  the  usual  ingredients  of  sulphur 
waters  in  small  proportion. 

Memarks. — The  springs  are  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
they  rise  on  a  tract  of  land  granted  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment to  a  band  of  Huguenot  refugees  in  1685.  The  waters 
are  considerably  resorted  to  by  citizens  of  Petersburg  and 
Richmond.    On  the  same  ground  there  is  a  chalybeate  spring. 

BURNER'S   SJr^tlNGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Bumei  's  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 

Access* — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
to  Woodstock,  one  hundred  and  one  miles  west ;  thence  via  stage,  dight 
miles,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Burner's  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Memarks. — ^These  springs,  seven  in  number,  and  therefore 
sometimes  called  Seven  Fountains^  are  situated  at  the  western 
base  of  the  Massanutten  Mountain.  The  springs  are  known 
as  the  Blue  and  the  White  Sulphur-waters,  the  Willow,  the 
Chalybeate,  etc.  The  location  of  this  resort  is  exceedingly 
beautiful. 


••is 

31 


S     4 


%*" 


226 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


BOANOKE   BED   SULPHUB   SPBINGS. 


Location* — Roanoko  County,  Virginia. 

Post-Offlcc. . 

Access* — From  Washington  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Salem,  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
miles  southwest ;  thence  ten  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel* — Red  Sulphur. 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks. — These  waters  deposit  a  red  sediment,  and  were 
so  named  from  this  fact.  In  medical  action  they  are  supposed 
to  resemble  the  old  Red  Sulphur-Springs  of  Monroe  County. 


.11, , 


;|.: 


DAOaAB'S   SPBING. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce* — Daggar's  Spring,  Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

iccess* — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Buford^s,  two  hundred  and  fifteen  miles 
southwest;  thence  by  stage,  twenty-eight  miles. 

Hotel. — Sprmgs. 

Analysis. — None.    It  is  a  mild  sulphur-water. 

Remarks. — ^This  resort  was  opened  forty  years  ago,  by  Mr. 
Daggar,  from  whose  hands  it  passed  to  J.  W.  Dibrell,  and  is, 
therefore,  sometimes  called  DihrelVs  Spring.  It  is  a  favorite 
resort  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  surrounding  country. 

GBATSON   SULPHUB   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Grayson  Sulphur  Springs,  Carroll  County, 
Virginia. 

Access. — ^From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Wythevillc,  three  hundred  and  thirteen 
miles  southwest ;  thence,  twenty  miles  southeast  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel* — Grayson  Sulphur. 

Analysis. . 

Remarks. — Th'ese  springs  are  situated  to  the  west  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  and  on  the  banks  of  New  River.  The  surround- 
ing scenery  is  exceptionally  beautiful.  Many  years  before 
they  were  improved,  the  neighboring  inhabitants  resorted  here 
during  the  summer  season.  Since  the  hotel  was  built,  the 
springs  have  received  considerable  patronage. 


Iw. 


SULPHUR-WATERS. 


227 


ad, 
?lit 


aBEENBBIEB  WHITE   STTLPHUB   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Greenbrier  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Greenbrier 
County,  West  Virginia. 

Access* — ^White  Sulphur  Springs  is  a  station  on  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  two  hundred  and  twenty-seven  miles  west  from  Richmond,  and  one 
hundred  and  ninety-two  miles  east  from  Huntington,  a  point  on  the  Ohio 
River  one  hundred  and  sixty-fivo  miles  east  of  Cincinnati.  From  Washing- 
ton, via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  two  hundred  and  forty-seven  miles. 

Hotel.— Springs. 

ANALYSIS.  > 


One  pint  contains — 


Solids. 

Cnrbonato  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  Unie 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Cliloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  alumina 

Protosulphate  of  iron 

Earthy  phosphates 

Iodine  (combined  with  sodium  or  magnesium) 

Organic  matter 

Silicates  (silicate  of  potassa,  of  soda,  of  magnesia,  and  a 
trace  of  oidde  of  iron)  


Total. 


Oases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 


Prof.  A.  A.  Ilnycs. 
62°  Fulir. 


Gndns. 
6!884 

6;i25 


4.427 
9.7i)4 


0.545 
0,432 


16.207 

Cubic  In. 
1.41 
0.03 
0.06 
0.53 


Prof.  W.  B.  Rogers. 
62°  Fiihr. 


Oralna. 
0.146 
0.441 
0.065 
0.020 
0.003 
1.1C9 
2.879 
9.148 
0.008 
0.019 
tkaoe. 
undetermined. 
0.001 


13.394 

Cubic  in. 
1.06 
0.87 
0.05 
0.54 


Flow,  thirty  gallons  per  minute. 

Properties. — ^These  waters,  so  well  known  in  the  United 
States,  very  much  resemble  the  celebrated  cold  sulphur-waters 
of  Nenndorf,  in  Electoral  Hesse.  The  combination  of  the  purg- 
ing sulphates,  the  salts  of  lime,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  in 
the  same  water,  is  a  valuable  one,  and  gives  to  the  water  a  wide 
range  of  application ;  though  its  eflPects  in  a  given  disease  may 
not  be  so  decided  as  that  of  a  water  containing  a  larger 
proportion  of  one  of  the  constituents,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
remainder.     It  is  an  excellent  aperient  and  alterative  sulphur- 

>  Five  minutes'  walk  southward,  from  the  sulphur-spring,  is  a  chalybeate  spring. 


r 


m 


m 


228 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


! 

i 

1 

! ■'  ■■ 

: 

water,  possessing  certain  action  on  the  kidneys.  The  diseases 
to  which  it  is  applicable  are,  engorgements  of  the  liver,  dur- 
trous  skin-diseaseSf  cJironip  poisoning  by  metals^  diseases  of 
the  bladder,  as  catarrh  and  gravel ;  and,  as  an  adjuvant,  in  the 
treatment  of  secondary  and  tertiary  syphilis.  As  a  result  of 
its  action  on  the  liver,  it  relieves  dyspepsias  andi  jaundice,  due 
to  congestion  of  this  organ.  In  dyspepsias  associated  with 
obstinate  constipation  it  also  proves  valuable.  In  many  of 
these  diseases  the  warm  or  hot  bath  should  be  combined  with 
tlie  internal  use  of  the  water.  For  this  purpose  the  proprie- 
tors have  erected  a  number  of  well-arranged  baths,  the  water 
being  heated  in  the  tub  by  steam,  a  method  much  preferable 
to  that  of  heating  in  tanks  and  thence  drawing  to  the  bath. 

In  conversation  with  Dr.  Moorman,  resident  physician  at 
the  springs,  he  informed  me  that  the  water  is  decidedly  in- 
jurious in  scirrhus  of  the  stomach,  organic  disease  of  the 
heart,  and  phthisis  pulmonalis.  He  also  states  that,  in  using 
the  water  in  urinary  affections,  its  action  should  be  carefully 
sdrutinized,  in  order  that  irritation  be  not  produced,  and  copi- 
ous diuresis  should  never  be  sought. 

Usually  this  water  decreases  the  number  of  beats  of  a 
rapid  pulse,  by  allaying  the  diseased  conditions  on  which  the 
excited  circulation  depends ;  and  it  is  a  rule,  that  it  never 
proves  beneficial  when  it  perseveringly  excites  the  frequency 
of  the  circulation.^ 

For  general  use  the  water  should  be  taken  in  the  quantity 
of  a  glass  three  or  four  times  a  day.  For  the  purpose  of  pur- 
gation, three  glasses  an  hour  before  breakfast  and  three 
glasses  an  hour  before  dinner. 

MemarJcs. — These  springs  are  the  Mecca  of  all  Virginia 
tourists,  the  resort  of  the  gay  and  fashionable,  a  place  where 
pleasure-seeking  reigns  supreme.  They  are  located  in  a  beau- 
tiful valley,  near  the  summit  of  the  Greenbrier  Mountains, 
nearly  two  thousand  feet  above  the  sea.  Within  this  valley, 
overlooked  by  mountain-summits,  we  behold  the  magnificent 
hotel,  with  its  extended,  white-columned  porticos.    In  front,  the 

'  Moorman,  "  Mineral  Waters  of  the  United  States  and  Canada."  p.  119. 


SULPHUR-WATEBS. 


229 


isco 


of 
the 

of 
due 


broad  lawn  spreads  out  before  us,  interwoven  by  various  wind- 
ing walks.  Encompassing  the  lawn  on  cither  side  are  long 
lines  of  shining  white  cottages,  embowered  beneath  the  shade  of 
ancient  oaks ;  while,  at  the  distant  extremity,  the  famous  spring 
bubbles  beneath  a  pavilion.  Taking  one  of  the  by-paths,  to 
the  right  from  the  lawn,  we  soon  find  ourselves  in  the  roman- 
tic "  Lovers'  Maze."  Here,  under  a  dense  shade  of  forest- 
trees,  obscurely-winding  paths  lead  in  every  direction,  amid  a 
thick  growth  of  laurel,  till  one  is  completely  lost.  At  various 
points  we  find  ourselves  at  the  edge  of  a  precipitous  declivity, 
whence  extended  views  may  be  had  of  the  deep  valley  below, 
and  the  mountain-ranges  in  the  distance.  And  over  the  natu- 
ral beauties  of  the  place  the  "  season  "  throws  a  spell  of  life 
and  revelry.  Ladies  and  gentlemen  throng  the  porticos,  pass 
and  repass  across  the  lawns,  and  each  embowered  seat  in  the 
"  Lovers'  Maze  "  has  its  appropriate  occupants.  One  wakes 
drowsily  at  morn,  and  lounges  through  the  day,  only  to  pre- 
pare for  the  brilliant  scenes  of  the  levee  and  ballroom. 


SALT   SULPHUR   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-OfBee.— Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West 
Virginia. 

Access* — From  the  north  go  to  Washington ;  thence  via  Orange,  Alexandria 
&  Manassas  Railroad,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alderson's  Sta- 
tion, two  hundred  and  forty-nine  miles  west  from  Richmond ;  thence  about  fif- 
teen miles  south.  Or,  leave  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  at  Alleghany  Station ; 
thence  via  Sweet  Springs,  twenty-nine  miles,  to  the  springs.  From  the  west, 
via  Cincinnati  to  Huntington,  a  point  on  the  Ohio  River,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-five  miles  cast ;  thence  by  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  to  Alderson's, 
one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  southeast.    (See  Analysis,  page  230.) 

Properties. — These  waters  are  alkaline  in  reaction,  p,nd 
somewhat  bitter  to  the  taste.  They  contain  an  active  propor- 
tion of  purging  sulphates,  and  are  valuable  waters.  The 
Iodine  Spring,  according  to  the  analysis,  much  resembles  the 
waters  of  Challes,  in  Savoy,  both  containing  similar  salts,  and 
the  unusual  ingredients,  in  sulphur-waters,  of  iodine  and  bro- 
mine.    These  waters  are  applicable  to  engorgenunts  of  the 


230 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


\ 


ANALYSIS 

One  pint  contalut— 

01(1  SprlniTt 

49»  Fahr.  to  M'  Fahr. 

Fror.  W.  B.  Rogert. 

loillna  Spring, 

SSj"  Fahr. 

D.  Sttwart,  M,  0. 

Solids, 

Gralni. 

0.414 
1.2S3 
0.107 
0.038 
0  007 
2.71)5 
2.270 
10.018 
0.012 
trace. 

trace. 
1.165 

Hralna. 
0.291 

1.350 

Carbonate  of  moirnosla 

0.875 

C^arhonato  of  lime 

4.125 

Ohioride  of  80<liiim 

0.188 

Chloride  of  inairnosluin 

0.(W5 

C7hloriclo  of  oaloium •••> 

0.070 

Sulnhflto  of  soda 

8.000 

Sulnhato  of  mairncsla 

'/.(Mil) 

8iilrihnto  of  limo 

8.600 

Peroxide  of  Iron 

0.1 3!J 

Iodine 

0.079 

Bromine 

0.0>(1 

Silicic  acid 

0.220 

Alumina 

0.023 

Kapthv  iihonnhatGA  ^soda  find  Hlhla^ •  • . 

0.01)1 

Onran  c  matter  f with  sulnhur) 

Total     

18.785 

Cubic  In. 
1.66 
0.48 

21.561 

Oases. 
Carboidc  acid 

Cubic  In. 
4.32 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

2.31) 

liver f  dartrous  akin-diseases^  and  chronic  metallic  poisoning. 
The  waters  of  the  Iodine  Spring  are  said  to  prove  especially 
beneficial  in  cases  of  scrofula  and  syphilis. 

There  are  facilities  for  employing  the  water  in  the  form  of 
warm  baths. 

HemarJcs. — North  of  the  Iodine  and  Salt  Sulphur  Spring 
is  another  water  known  as  the  Sweet  Sulphur  Spring,  the  first 
discovered  of  the  group,  but  for  many  years  neglected.  It  is 
lower  in  temperature,  and  more  pleasant  to  the  taste  than  the 
other  waters,  and,  when  they  prove  too  cathartic  in  action, 
may  be  temporarily  substituted.  The  name  salt  applied  to 
these  waters  is  inappropriate,  as  it  conveys  a  wrong  impres- 
sion of  their  constituents. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  a  charming  valley  on  the 
banks  of  the  Indian  Creek,  and  are  shut  in  on  every  side  by 
hills  and  mountain-summits.  Eight  miles  distant  to  the 
southeast  the  graceful  outlines  of  Peter's  Mountain  are  seen, 
while  Swope's  Mountain  is  but  two  miles  distant  to  the  north- 
west. 


SULPIIUK-WATERS. 


BED   SUIiPHUB   SPBINaS. 


231 


Lof Hon  and  Post-Ofllcc. — Red  Sulphur  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West 

Virginia.  '''^' 

Af  f  esSt— From  the  North  go  to  Washington ;  thence  via  Orange,  Alexandria 
&  Maniissaa  Railroad,  and  Chesapcuko  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alderson's,  two 

hundred  and  sixty-nine  miles  west  frona  Woshington ;  thence  miles 

southwest.  From  south  and  southwest,  go  to  Dublin  Depot,  two  hundred  and 
eighty-two  miles  southwest  from  Washington,  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee 
RailiiMd;  thence  thirty-eight  miles  north  by  stage.  From  west,  via  Cincin- 
nati and  Ohio  River  to  Huntington,  ono  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  cast ; 
thence  ono  hundred  and  seventy  miles  by  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  to 
Aldcrson's ;  thenco i jilcs  south. 

Hoteli— Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

(54°  Fahr.  A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.) : 


Ono  pint  contains, 

BOLIDfl. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . 

( 'arbonatc  of  lime    . 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphuv  compound  (organic  matter,  W.) 

Silicious  and  earthy  matter 

Total       .... 
Gases. 
Carbonic  acid  .  .  . 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  . 


Groins. 
0.602 
0.656 
0.518 
0.069 
1.049 
0.102 

2.996 
Cubic  in. 
1.00 
0.13 
(1842.) 


This  analysis,  having  been  made  from  water  sent  to  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  is  not  an  index  of  the  quantity  of  gas  as  it  exists 
at  the  spring.  There  it  evolves  considerable  sulphuretted  hy- 
drogen. 

The  chemical  character  of  the  sulphur  compound  is  given 
by  Prof.  Hayes,^  as  follows : 

1,  When  separated  from  a  solution  by  evaporation  or  by 
drying  from  a  gelatinous  state,  it  forms  greasy  films,  which  do 
not  darken  solutions  of  lead  or  copper. 

2.  In  pure  water  they  slowly  dissolve,  and  the  solution 
gives  salts  of  the  compound  with  the  bases.  ^ 

>  Burko  on  tho  "  Virginia  Springs,"  p.  101. 


m 

pi 


m 


Hi 


l''i;i 


ll.l 


II 

ill! 


ill/if  ^;l-^i' 

ill! 


I 

iUii 


«jl 


III 


')  *: 


232 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


3.  Solution  of  carbonate  of  soda  dissolves  them,  and  a 
fluid  results  which  froths  by  agitation. 

4.  In  cvustio  solutions  of  alkalies  the  films  dissolve,  and  the 
solutions  are  slightly  yellow-colored.  These  solutions  have 
the  peculiar  odor  of  soap-lyes.  They  do  not  blacken  metals, 
nor  color  metallic  solutions.  Acids  decompose  the  solutions 
and  the  sulphur  compoimi  separates  in  the  form  of  a  bulky 
jelly  generally ;  some  oxyacids,  giving  flocks. 

5.  Nitric  acid  di!?solves  the  films,  and  the  salts  of  baryta 
and  lead  do  not  indicate  the  presence  of  sulphuric  acid.  On 
heating  the  solution  a  yellow  matter  separates,  which  resem- 
bles that  produced  by  acting  on  azotized  bodies  by  this  agent ; 
sulphuric  acid  is  thus  produced,  and  the  yellow  precipitate  re- 
quires a  large  proportion  of  nitric  acid  for  its  complete  oxida- 
tion. The  result  of  this  action  is  an  acid  which  gives  a  deep- 
yelloAV  color  with  ammonia  in  excess. 

6.  Chlorine  in  muriatic  acid  separates  from  tlie  sulphur 
compound  some  white  flakes,  which  arc  finally  oxidized,  and 
a  colorless  solution  formed,  in  which  sulphuric  acid  exists. 

7.  Alcohol  did  not  dissolve  the  compound. 

In  another  portion  of  his  report,  Prof.  Hayes  saj^s  :  "  Tlie 
peculiar  sulphur  comjiound  which  forms  a  part  of  tlic  saline 
contents  of  this  water  has  never  been  described,'  if  it  has  ever 
before  been  met  with  ;  while  in  the  natural  state,  and  out  of 
contact  with  atmospheric  air,  it  is  dissolved  in  the  water,  and 
forms  a  permanent  solution.  Air,  acids,  and  other  agents-, 
separate  it  from  the  water  in  the  form  of  a  jelly,  and  alkaline 
carbonates,  alkalies,  Avater,  and  other  agents,  redissolve  it. 
It  has  no  acid  action  on  test-fluids,  but  buais  that  character 
with  bases,  and  forms  compounds  analogous  to  salts.  In  its 
decomposition  ammonia  is  formed,  and  hydro-sulphuric  acid  is 
liberated;  or,  if  heat  be  employed  in  the  experiment,  sulphur 
is  separated.  It  combines  with  the  oxide  of  silver,  and  forms 
a  salt  of  a  reddish-purple  color,  in  the  form  of  a  floccuient 
precipitate,  which  dissolves  in  pure  water;  with  the  oxide  of 
lead  a  yellowish-white  powder,  and  with  the  oxide  of  copper  a 

>1842. 


i 


the 


SULPUUR-WATERS. 


233 


pale-blue  salt  in  fine  powder.  In  these  compounds  it  remains 
unaltered,  and  may  be  separated  from  them  and  transferred  to 
other  bases.  Mixed  with  a  small  quantity  of  water,  and  ex- 
posed to  a  temperature  of  80"^  Fahr.,  it  decomposes,  and  emits 
a  most  offensive  odor  of  putrefying  matter  with  hydro-sul- 
phuric acid." 

The  red  deposit  which  occurs  in  the  springs  is  considered 
by  Prof.  Hayes  to  be  an  algoid  growth  from  the  viscid  deposit 
of  the  sulphur-compound. 

Properties. — As  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis,  this  water 
contains  but  a  small  proportion  of  saline  constituents,  the 
chief  ingi'cdient  being  the  sulphur-compound.  This  sub- 
stance, in  many  of  its  reactions,  resembles  hydrosin  or  the 
soluble  organic  matter  of  sulphur-waters,  though  the  num- 
ber of  corresponding  tests  are  not  sufficient  to  establish  the 
identity.* 

The  action  of  these  waters,  taken  internally,  is  decidedly 
sedative.  In  corroboration  of  this  fact  we  may  give  the  testi- 
mony of  Dr.  Jos.  Scott.  He  went  to  the  springs  with  a  pulse 
which,  for  some  months,  had  ranged  from  100  to  110,  accom- 
panied with  occasional  cough  and  hasmorrhage  from  the  lungs. 
He  drank  the  first  day  four  pints,  the  second  day  six  pints,  the 
tbird  day  eight  pints.  On  the  third  day  the  pulse  fell  co  70 
in  the  morning,  and  80  to  84  in  the  evening,  and  so  continued 
while  i;sing  the  water.  Dr.  Henry  Huntt  arrived  at  the 
springs  \vith  pulse  115.  cough  and  pulmonary  hajmorrhage. 
He  confired  himself  to  low  diet,  and  drank  six  ^glasses  of  the 
water  during  the  day — two  before  breakfast,  one  at  eleven  a. 
M.,  one  at  five  p.  m.,  and  two  at  bedtime.  In  ten  days  the 
pulse  was  reduced  to  78.  Dr.  Woodville,  of  the  Sweet 
Springs,  tells  me  he  has  experienced  the  sedative  action  of 
the  water  on  the  heart  in  his  own  person  when  in  a  state  of 
health. 

This  water  seems  to  possess  a  peculiar  tendency  toward 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  lungs,  allaying  irritation  and 

1  Compare  Henry,  "Analyse  Chlmiquo  dos  Eanx  Minorales,"  p.  4M,  Paris,  1858.    Also 
*'  Nouveau  Dictionnalro  do  Mudicino  ot  do  Chirui^'io,"  tome  xii.,  p.  210,  Paris,  1S70. 


Pll 

m 


234 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


SI 


lllli 


I 


{ 


lilli 

w 


diminishing  expectoration.  It  also  acts  on  the  intestines  and 
kidneys.  In  small  quantities  it  is  cathartic^  in  larger  quan- 
titieb  diuretic.  According  to  Dr.  Huntt,  its  beneficial  effects 
are  'nost  decided  when  it  acts  freely  on  the  kidneys.  The 
wat<  r  should  first  be  taken  in  moderate  quantities — two  or 
three  glasses  each  day — and  gradually  increased  till  diurelio 
action  is  produced.  The  time  recommended  for  taking  the 
principal  draughts  is  at  bedtime  and  before  breakfast,  an  ad- 
ditional glass  being  taken  once  or  twice  through  the  day. 

The  water  by  its  sedative  action  proves  hypnotic  in  some 
oases. 

The  diseases  in  which  the  water  proves  decidedly  beneficial 
are  chronic  bronchitis^  chronic  pharyngilis^  and  chronic  laryn- 
gitis. In  these  diseases  they  equal,  if  not  surpass,  any  known 
waters.  It  has  also  given  temporary  relief  in  cases  of  phthisis 
pulmonalis  of  the  chronic  form,  not  by  any  specific  curative 
influence,  but  in  its  action  in  allaying  congestion  and  irritation 
cf  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  lungs. 

Remarks. — These  springs  are  beautifully  situated  on  In- 
dian Creek,  at  the  edge  of  a  mountain-enclosed  plain.  The 
mountains,  rising  on  either  side,  are  clothed  to  the  summit 
with  the  pine.  The  approach  is  by  roads  that  lead  through 
most  charming  scenery. 


li!  I 


BLXTE  ST7LFHTTB  SFBINGS. 

Location. — Greenbrier  County,  West  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Greenbrier  White  Sulphur  Springs,  a  station  on  the  Chesa- 
peake &  Ohio  Railroad,  twenty-three  miles  west  by  stage. 
notch — (Lurned.) 

Analysis. — None. 

Memarks. — Tliis  was  once  a  well-improved  spring,  and  may 
at  some  future  time  again  be  a  place  of  resort. 


and 

mi- 

O'Cts 

The 
or 
elio 
the 
ad- 


CHAPTER   XIII. 


CHALYBEATE      WATEES. 

These  springs,  as  the  name  indicates,  are  strongly  impreg- 
nated with  iron,  or  iron  is  the  principal  active  ingredient. 
This  last  clause  is  added,  inasmuch  as  some  "fvaters  may  not 
contain  an  exceedingly  large  proportion  of  iron,  yet,  owing  to 
absence  of  other  salts,  this  is  the  predominant  agent.  In 
each  class  of  waters,  springs  are  found  containing  iron ;  in- 
deed, there  are  not  many  that  do  not  contain  it  in  some  pro- 
portion. The  iron  is  usually  found  as  a  bicarbonate,  though 
in  some  instances,  in  which  sulphuric  acid  is  in  excess,  it  exists 
as  a  sulphate. 

Waters  of  this  class  are  usually  limpid  and  devoid  of  odor. 
Tliey  have  an  astringent  and  inkv  taste  if  the  iron  is  present 
in  large  quantity,  but,  if  the  water  be  highly  charged  with 
carbonic-acid  gas,  this  taste  is  disguised. 

The  eflfcct  of  iron-waters  is  to  increase  the  appetite,  pro- 
mote digestion,  stimulate  the  activity  of  the  heart,  and  red- 
den the  blood. 

The  chalybeate  waters  which  prove  most  valuable  are 
those  containing  a  large  amount  of  carbonic-acid  gas  and  but 
a  small  proportion  of  other  constituents. 

Pure  acidulous  chalybeates  prove  of  exceeding  benefit  in 
cases  of  anmmia  and  chlorosis.  And  not  only  are  they  used 
in  cases  in  which  a  deficiency  in  redness  of  the  blood-globules 
is  the  prominent  indication :  they  are  also  valuable  as  an 
adjunct  to  treatment  by  other  waters.  It  is  not  unfrequent 
for  patients,  who  have  undergone  a  course  of  alterative  treat- 
ment, to  be  sent  to  springs  of  this  class  as  an  appropriate 


236 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


termination.  These  waters  are  also  useful  in  cases  of  indi- 
gestion, amenorrhcea,  dysmenorrhoea,  hysteria,  paralysis,  and 
sterility,  in  which  ana?mia  is  a  prominent  indication. 

Many  waters  containing  considerable  iron  are  also  strongly 
impregnated  with  saline  (chloride  of  sodium)  or  alkaline  con- 
stituents, and  may  be  termed  saline-chalybeates  or  allcalme. 
chalyheates.  They  will  be  found  under  the  class  Saline  or 
Alkaline  "Waters.  It  need  hardly  be  added  that,  in  prescrib- 
ing these  chalybeates,  we  apply  them  to  those  anaemic  cases 
in  which  the  other  constituents  of  the  spring  are  especially 
applicable. 

The  so-called  Alum  Waters  of  Virginia  have  been  included 
in  this  class,  inasmuch  as  iron  is  one  of  the  most  prominent 
constituents.  Of  all  the  neral  waters  these  are  among  the 
most  decided  in  the  curative  effect.  The  peculiarity  of  these 
waters  consists  in  the  large  proportion  of  alumina  and  the 
presence  of  free  sulphuric  acid ;  the  last-named  ingredient  oc- 
curring in  only  two  or  three  places  in  this  country  outside  of 
Virginia,  as  at  the  Oak  Orchard  Acid  Springs,  New  York,  and 
the  Tuscarora  Acid  Springs,  Canada.  These  waters  are  of  a 
yellowish  tint,  and  have  a  strongly  astringent,  accompanied 
with  a  styptic  taste.     In  temperature  they  are  cold. 

In  what  manner  these  waters  prove  efficacious — whether 
by  the  peculiar  combination  of  alum  with  other  ingredients, 
or  by  some  undiscovered  agent — is  unknown.  It  is  worthy 
of  notice  that,  while  from  the  chemical  character  of  the  water 
we  should  expect  an  astringent  action,  the  fact  is  that  they 
frequently  act  as  a  mild  cathartic.  The  diseases  in  which  they 
are  curative  are  scrofula  in  all  of  its  forms,  and  chronic  diar- 
rhcea^  except  cases  accompanied  with  considerable  congestion 
of  the  mucous  membranes  and  liver.  They  are  also  decidedly 
beneficial  in  chronic  eczema  and  leucorrhoea^  occurring  in  scrof- 
ulous individuals. 

BAILEY   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Bailoy  Springs,  Lauderdale  County,  Alabama. 
AecesSt — Go  to  Tuscumbia,  a  station  on  the  Memphis  &  Charleston  Rail- 
road, one  hundred  and  forty-five  miles  oast  from  Memphis,  one  hundred  and 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


237 


nixty-four  miles  west  from  Chattanooga,  fifty-two  miles  cast  from  Corinth, 
and  forty-three  miles  west  from  Decatur ;  thcucc,  via  Florence  Branch,  to 
Florence  forty  minutes ;  tlieilce,  nine  miles  northeast,  by  stage. 
Hotel.— Bailey  Springs. 

Analysis. — The  following  qualitative  analyses  have  been 
made : 


Rock  Spring. 

(Prof.  Tuomoy.) 
Carbonate  of  potassa  (traces). 
Carbonate  of  soda. 
Carbonate  of  iron. 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Sulphur,  perhaps  combined  with  soda. 


CnALYBEATE  SPRING. 
(Dr.  Curry.) 
Carbonate  of  potassa. 
Carbonate  of  soda. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia. 
Chloride  of  sodium. 
Oxide  of  iron. 
Carbonic-aeid  gas. 
Sulphuretted-hydrogen  gas. 

Accompanying  his  analysis,  Prof.  Tuomey  says :  "  I  regret 
that  I  had  it  not  in  my  power  to  make  a  quantitative  analysis 
of  this  far-famed  water.  My  analysis  was  conducted,  however, 
with  as  much  care  as  nossible ;  yet  it  is  proper  to  state  that, 
under  favorable  circumstances,  an  analysis  in  which  a  large 
quantity  of  water  could  be  used  might  develop  other  ingredi- 
ents in  addition  to  those  given. 

"  The  iron  is  in  greater  abundance  than  would  appear  from 
the  deposit  below  the  outlet  of  the  spring.  It  is  even  thrown 
down  slowly  during  the  process  of  concentration  by  boiling. 

"  The  prominent  ingredients  are  carbonic  acid,  iron,  and 
soda." 

Properties. — These  waters  are  alkaline-chalyheate^  and  we 
would  expect  them  to  prove  useful  in  a  number  of  diseases. 
Dr.  H.  A.  Moody  informs  me  that  they  have  proved  especially 
beneficial  in  scrofula  and  dropsy,  the  latter  more  particularly 
when  associated  with  disease  of  the  kidneys,  or  enlargement 
of  the  liver  or  spleen.  Dropsy  being  but  a  symptom  of  some 
other  disease,  they  act  in  this  respect  as  a  palliative  by  diure- 
sis. In  leucorrhoea,  amenorrhea,  dysmenorrJicea,  and  irrita- 
bility of  the  bladder,  they  are  said  to  prove  of  service. 

Remarks. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  a  fertile  and  roll- 
ing country.     The  hotel  is  on  the  summit  of  a  semicircular 


238 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


hill,  horseshoe  in  form ;  and  in  the  valley,  under  cover  of  a 
shed,  are  the  springs,  five  in  number — the  Rock,  the  Chalybe- 
ate, the  Soda,  the  Alum,  and  the  Fre^itone. 

A  short  distance  from  the  spring?  is  Shoal  Creek,  where 
curious  Indian  remains  may  be  seen ;  and  those  fond  of  sport 
may  amuse  themselves  with  fishing.  Muscle  Shoals,  six  miles 
distant,  present  a  series  of  broken  water-falls,  the  roar  from 
which  may  be  heard  for  several  miles. 


FBT'S   SODA   SrHINa. 

Loeation. — Siskiyou  County,  California. 

AceesSt — Go  to  Sacramento  ;  thence,  by  Oregon  division  of  Central  Pacific 
Railroad,  to  Red  Bluff;  thence  by  stage,  about  ninety  miles,  to  the  spring. 
The  Oregon  Railroad,  when  finished,  will  pass  within  half  a  mile  of  the  spring. 

notch — Fry's  Soda  Springs. 

Analysis. — "  The  water  is  a  chalybeate,  there  being  an  ox- 
tensive  ferruginous  deposit  around  the  spring ;  it  is  also  high- 
ly impregnated  with  carbonic  acid,  sparkling  like  soda-water. 
The  temperature  of  the  water  was  53°  Fahr.  in  September, 
1862." ' 

Jtemarks. — ^These  springs  are  located  at  the  bottom  of  the 
canon  of  the  Upper  Sacramento,  at  an  elevation  of  two  thou- 
sand three  hundred  and  sixty-three  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
sides  of  the  gorge  are  studded  to  the  summit  with  pine,  fir, 
and  cedar,  while  the  banks  of  the  river  are  beautiful  with  the 
"  vivid  incessant  green  "  of  the  eternal  spring  which  rules  in 
California.  Here  we  are  but  a  short  distance  from  the  base 
of  Mount  Shasta,  fourteen  thousand  four  hundred  and  forty 
feet  high,  almost  equal  in  altitude  to  Mont  Blanc. 

The  ascent  of  Mount  Shasta  is  most  readily  made  from 
this  side.  Persons  wishing  to  make  the  ascent,  procure 
horses  and  guides  at  Sisson's  Ranch,  eight  miles  from  the 
springs.  "  The  best  season  of  the  year  for  the  ascent  is  in 
July  or  August.  Before  July  the  snow  is  hardly  gone  from 
the  camping- ground  from  which  the  ascent  to  the  summit  and 
return  is  to  be  made  in  one  day,  and  after  that  month  the  in- 

»  "Geological  Survey  of  California,"  vol.  i,,  p.  831. 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


239 


cessant  fires  in  the  surrounding  forests  fill  the  air  with  smoke, 
and  take  away  all  distinctness  from  the  distant  view.  Tlie 
plan  adopted  by  those  ascending  the  mountain  is  to  pass  the 
first  night  at  Camp  Ross,  near  the  line  of  perpetual  snow; 
and  from  that  point  to  start  sufficiently  early  to  keep  always 
«  on  the  hard-frozen  snow,  the  heat  of  the  sun  by  mid-day  soft- 
ening it  nearly  to  the  summit,  so  as  to  make  climbing  almost 
if  not  quite  impossible ;  while  the  ascent  on  the  frozen  surface 
is  quite  easy,  especially  if  one  has  the  soles  of  his  boots  well 
provided  with  nails.  Our  party  started  at  d^  A.  m.,  and 
reached  the  summit  by  11^  a.  m.,  but  others,  not  encumbered 
as  we  were  by  barometers  and  instruments,  would  be  able  to 
make  the  ascent  in  considerably  less  time.  Of  course  a  night 
near  the  full  of  the  moon  is  preferable,  although  the  usual 
bright  starlight  of  the  summer  will  answer  to  enable  one  to 
pick  his  way  over  the  snow.  It  is  advisable  to  leave  Straw- 
berry Flat  in  season  to  camp  early  and  comfortably  at  the 
base  of  the  snow,  and  to  have  plenty  of  warm  clothing,  as  the 
temperature  at  an  altitude  of  seven  thousand  six  hundred  and 
twenty-nine  feet  will  probably  be  pretty  near  the  freezing- 
point  before  morning.  There  is  abundance  of  wood  and 
water  at  Camp  Ross,  and  the  trail  from  Strawberry  Flats 
sufficiently  good,  to  allow  those  wishing  to  save  their  strength, 
to  ride  the  whole  waj'."  * 


STAFFORD    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Oiflee. — Stafford  Springs,  Tolland  County,  Connecticut. 

Access. — Go  to  Willimantic,  thirty-two  miles  east  of  Hartford,  on  the 
llartfoii,  Providence  &  Fishlcill  Railroad  ;  thence  twenty  miles  north  to 
StafiFord. 

Hotel. — Stafiford  Springs  House. 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analy'jis  has  been  made.  In 
Trumbull's  "  History  of  Connecticut  "  (1818),  the  following 
occurs :  "  The  springs  are  two  in  number.  The  first  dis- 
covered contains  iron,  held  in  solution  by  the  carbonic  acid, 
or  fixed  air,  natron  or  native  alkali,  a  small  proportion  of  marine 

»  "Geological  Survey  of  California." 


240 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


salt,  iodine,  soda,  magnesia,  and  some  earthy  substances.  Tlio 
other  is  charged  principally  with  hydrogen  gas  of  sulphur* 
it  also  contains  a  very  minute  portion  of  iron.  Tlie  spring 
first  discovered  has  been  pronounced  by  chemists  to  be  one  of 
the  best  chalybeate  springs  in  the  United  States."  Prof.  C. 
U.  Shepard,  in  his  report  of  the  "  Geological  Survey  "  of  the 
State,  1837,  states  that  these  springs  are  "  the  most  impor- 
tant in  the  State.  No  escape  of  gas  perceptible.  Sides  of 
reservoir  were  lined  with  a  thick  flocculent  precipitate  of 
oxide  of  iron  caused  by  the  decomposition  of  the  carbonate 
of  iron  from  access  of  air." 

GBEENOASTLE   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-OIfice. — Grcencastlc,  Putnam  County,  Indiana. 

Access. — Greencastle  is  thirty-eight  miles  west  from  Indianapolis,  by 
cither  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  or  St.  Louis,  Yandalia,  Tcrre  Haute 
&  Indianapolis  Railroad.  Also  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  miles  north 
from  Louisville,  by  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  Railroad. 

Hotels. — Jones  House,  Centre  House. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contalnc— 


Solids. 

Carbonato  of  potassa 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  protoxide  of  iron. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Ciiloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Alumina 

Silicic  add 

Loss,  and  undetermined 


Total. 


2.771 


North  or  Daggy 

Middle  or  Dew- 

Spring, 

drop  Spring, 

56"  Falir. 

62»  Fahr. 

Graini. 

Grolni. 

0.011 

0.009 

0.012 

0.003 

0.5S8 

0.667 

0.051 

0.293 

1.819 

1.4S5 

0.099 

0.0S7 

0.017 

0.012 

0.131 

0.129 

0.020 

0.009 

0.011 

O.OOl 

0.012 

0.023 

2.73.3 


Remarks, — There  is  another  spring  on  the  grounds,  known 
as  the  South  or  Diamond  Spring.  It  is  similar  to  those  of 
which  the  analysis  is  given. 


CATOOSA    SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Catoosa  Springs,  Catoosa  County,  Georgia. 
Access. — Go  to  Ringgold,  a  station  on  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad, 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


241 


Tlio 
lur: 


twenty- two  miles  southeast  from  Chattanooga,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles 
northwest  of  Atlanta ;  thence  four  and  a  half  miles  east,  by  stage,  to  the 
springs. 

Hoteh— Catoosa  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  exact  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 
The  waters,  however,  are  reported  as  strongly  chalybeate. 
There  are  also  sulphur-waters  here. 

MemarTca, — There  are  very  many  springs  at  this  point,  all 
rising  within  the  space  of  two  acres.  They  were  much  re- 
sorted to  before  the  war,  but  the  buildings  subsequently  needed 
repair.  They  are,  however,  open  for  visitors,  and  are  being 
reimproved. 

HADISON   SPRENQS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Madison  Springs,  Madison  County,  Georgia. 

Access. — From  Augusta  via  Georgia  Railroad,  to  Union  Point,  seventy-six 
miles ;  thence,  via  Athens  Branch,  to  Athens,  three  and  a  half  hours ;  thence 
by  stage. 

Hotel. . 

Analysis. — ^None.  ^ 

ESTHiL   SFBINaS,    KENTUCKY. 

(For  location,  etc.,  see  "  Estill  Springs,  PcRaATivE  Waters.") 

ANALYSIS. 


Solids. 

tuiiio  y^ui.,  xctui^ 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

.                  . 

0.335 

Carbonate  of  iron 

.                  • 

.       0.233 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.                  . 

1.159 

Chloride  of  sodium 

.                  • 

.       0.066 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

.                  . 

0.080 

Sulphate  of  soda 

.                   • 

.       0.087 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

*                  . 

1.224 

Sulphate  of  lime 

•                  « 

.       2.084 

Alumina  and  trace  of  phosphates  . 

trace. 

Silica 

.                  . 

.      0.233 

Organic  and  volatile  matter 

1.028 

Total     . 

.       6.529 

Gab. 

Cubic  In. 

Carbonic  acid 

•                  . 

4.15 

11 

242 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


KinOHTSTOWN   SPBINa. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce«— Knightstown,  Henry  County,  Indiana. 

Access*— Knightstown  is  a  station  on  the  Indianapolis  &  Chicago  division 
of  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  k  St.  Louis  Railroad,  thirty-four  miles  cast  of 
Indianapolis. 

Hotels* 

Analysis. — No  complete  analysis  of  this  water  has  been 
made.  Dr.  T.  C.  Fox,  State  Geologist  of  Indiana,  in  a  letter 
to  the  author,  remarks :  "  From  a  qualitative  examination  of 
some  of  the  water  sent  to  my  office,  it  proved  to  be  almost  a 
pure  chalybeate,  having  only  about  twenty-five  grains  of  solid 
constituents  in  an  imperial  gallon,  mostly  calcic  and  ma'_  ncsio 
salts." 

SCHUYLER   OOUNTT  .SPBINaS. 

Location* — Schuyler  County,  Illinois. 

ANALYSIS.' 
One  pint  contauis  (Dr.  Blaney) : 


Solum. 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Protosulphate  of  iron 
Silica     . 
Alkaline  sulphates 

Total    . 


Grains. 

9.242 
8.745 
0.164 
0.979 

19,503 


Dr.  Blaney  remarks  that  the  water  "  has  an  acid  reaction, 
a  strong,  st^  »tic  taste,  a  trace  of  organic  matter,  and  an  ob 
scure  trace  of  chlorides." 


HOFKINTON   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Hopkinton,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts. 
Access* — From  Boston  to  Westborough,  a  station  on  the  Boston  &  Albany 
Railroad,  thirty -two  miles  west ;  thence,  about  three  miles  southeast. 
note!. 

Analysis. — ^The  waters  are  said  to  contain  carbonic  acid, 
carbonate  of  lime,  and  iron. 


"Geology  of  Illlnols,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  89. 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


243 


OWOSSO   SPBING. 

Location  and  Post-Ofllce. — Owosso,  Shiawassee  County,  Michigan. 
AcfesSt — Owosso  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  scv- 
cnty-nine  miles  northwest  from  Detroit, 
llotel. — National. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains : 

SOUDS. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

• 

1.413 

Carbonate  of  iron        .            .           .           . 

.       1.443 

Carbonate  of  lime  .... 

• 

2.228 

Chlorides  of  sodium  and  potassium 

.      0.262 

Silica  and  alumina  .... 

• 

0.077 

Total     ......      6.423 

Properties, — This  is  a  strong  chalybeate  water ;  but,  that 
the  proportion  of  iron  is  as  large  as  shown  in  the  analysis,  I 
very  much  doubt.     It  should  be  reanalyzed. 

BemarTcs. — The  town  of  Owosso  is  situated  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad  and  the  Jackson, 
Lansing  &  Saginaw  Railroad.  The  population  is  over  two 
thousand. 

SCHOOLEY'S  nOUNTAIX  SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce  Address. — Schoolcy's  Mountain,  Morris  County, 
New  Jersey. 

Access. — From  New  York  via  Morris  &  Essex  Railroad  to  Hackettstown, 
sixty-two  miles  west,  thence  two  and  one-half  miles  by  stage. 

Ilotels. — Belmont  House,  Heath  House. 

Analysis. — None.     Said  to  be  a  pure  chalybeate. 

Remarks. — This  is  an  exceedingly  popular  resort,  on  ac- 
count of  its  accessibility  and  the  beauty  of  the  surrounding 
scenery. 

The  spring  issues  from  the  earth  near  the  summit  of  the 
mountain,  and  is  conveyed  some  distance  to  a  convenient 
place  by  pipes.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  50°  Fahr., 
the  taste  strongly  chalybeate.  The  water  contains  consider- 
able carbonic-acid  gas,  and,  for  this  reason,  is  acceptable  to 
the  stomach.  The  discharge  is  small — about  one-half  gallon 
per  minute. 


244 


!, 


MINERAL  SrHINGS. 


COOPER'S   WELL. 


Location  and  Post*Offlee* — Cooper's  Well,  Hinda  County,  Mississippi. 

Access. — From  New  Orleans,  one  hundred  and  eiglity-tliroe  miles  north, 
via  New  Orleans,  Jiickson  &  Great  Northern  Railroad,  to  Jackson ;  thence, 
twelve  miles  west,  by  stage. 


Hotel.— r* 


««  Ull. 


One  pint  contains. 
Solids. 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  alumina 
Peroxide  of  iron 
Crcnate  of  lime 
Silica    . 

Total 

Oasks. 
Carbonic  acid  . 
Oxygen 
Nitrogen 


ANALYSIS. 
(50"  Fahr.  Prof.  J.  Lawrence  Smith) ; 


Grains. 
1.04S 
0.435 
0.540 
0.070 
1.403 
2.910 
5.205 
0.705 
0.420 
0.039 
0.225 

13.183 

Cubic  in. 

4.0 

1.6 

4.5 


I^operties. — This  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  chalybeate 
water,  containing  a  proportion  of  purgative  salts,  and  bearing 
considerable  resemblance  to  the  waters  of  Booklet,  near  Kis* 
singen,  in  Bavaria.  This  combination  adapts  the  waters  to 
numerous  conditions  in  which  anaemia  is  associated  with  con- 
stipation or  abdominal  plethora.  It  is  found  exceedingly  val- 
uable in  certain  dyspepsias,  in  dropsy,  and  in  chlorosis.  In 
chronic  diarrhoea  this  water  has  long  enjoyed  high  repute. 
The  waters  act  as  a  diuretic  or  aperient,  according  to  the 
quantity  taken  and  the  mode  of  drinking. 

Memarks. — This  is  the  most  noted  mineral  water  in  Mis- 
sissippi, and  has  long  been  a  favorite  with  the  people  of  the 
Southern  country. 

The  artesian  well  whence  the  water  flows  is  one  hundred 
and  seven  feet  deep,  and  the  flow  is  exceedingly  abundant. 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


245 


OOEAN  SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Ofllcet — Ocean  Springs,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi. 

jiffdgg, Ocean  Springs  is  a  station  on  tlio  Now  Orleans,  Mobile  k  Tcxus 

Railroad  eighty-three  miles  east  from  New  Orleans,  and  fifty-seven  miles  west 
from  Mobile.  Or  the  springs  may  bo  reached  by  coast-steamers  from  either 
New  Orleans  or  Mobile. 

Hotels.— Morris  House,  Egan  House. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint 

contains 

(J.  L.  Smith): 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  potassium 

• 

•           • 

trace. 

Chloride  of  sodium 

• 

•            • 

6.971 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

• 

•           • 

0.621 

Chloride  of  calcium 

• 

•            • 

0.485 

Protoxide  of  iron     . 

• 

•            • 

0.589 

Iodine 

• 

•            • 

trace. 

Alumina 

• 

•           • 

trace. 

Organic  matter 

t 

• 

•            • 
•            • 

trace. 

Total 

7.66(5 

Gases. 

Cubic  In. 

Carbonic  acid 

• 

• 

1.22 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

• 

•            • 

0.16 

— "  Gkology  of  Mississippi. 

Properties. — This  water  is  a  saline-chalybeate^  abounding 
in  iron,  which  no  doubt  is  held  in  solution  in  the  form  of  a 
carbonate.  The  unusual  combination  of  chloride  of  sodium, 
carbonate  of  iron,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  especially  adapts 
it  to  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  skin  allied  to  a  scrofulous 
diathesis. 

MemarJcs. — The  name  of  these  springs  is  derived  from  their 
proximity  to  the  ocean,  the  beach  being  but  half  a  mile  distant, 
and  aflFording  ample  facility  for  sea-bathing.  The  springs  are 
much  resorted  to  by  citizens  of  New  Orleans  and  Mobile. 


OAK-OBCHABD  ACID  SPRINGS. 

Loeatlon* — Genesee  County,  New  York 
Post'Offlce. — Medina,  Orleans  County,  New  York. 
AccesSt — Go  to  Medina,  a  station  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
forty  miles  west  of  Rochester,  thence  six  miles  south  by  carriage.    Or  go  to 


T 


( 


2iQ 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Batavia,  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  New  York  Central  Raih"oad,  thirty.tv,o 
miles  west  of  Rochester,  thence  twelve  miles  north  by  carriage, 
Uatel.— (Closed.) 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (J.  R.  Chilton,  M.  D.) : 

Solids.  Grains, 

Sulphate  of  magnesia         ....  1.035 

Sulphate  of  alumina      .....  1.210 

Sulphate  of  lime      .                         .                         .  4.950 

Trotosulphate  of  iron               .            .                        .  1.790 

Silica           ......  0.130 

Organic  matter              .....  0.422 

Free  sulphuric  acid             ....  10.370 

Total 19.907 

Projyerties. — This  spring  is,  in  one  respect,  tlie  most  re- 
markable in  this  country.  The  occurrence  of  notable  quanti- 
ties of  sulphuric  acid  in  springs  in  a  free  state  is  exceedingly 
rare.  Only  two  other  springs  of  this  character  are  known  in 
this  country,  that  of  the  neighboring  town  of  Byron  in  tlie 
same  county,  and  the  Tuscarora  Sour  Spring  in  the  county  of 
W  cntworth,  Canada.  None  of  the  kind  are  known  in  Europe. 
"  An  earth  somewhat  similar  to  that  found  in  Byron  is  said  to 
exist  in  great  quantities  at  a  village  called  Danlakie,  in  the 
south  of  Persia,  between  three  and  four  days'  journey  from 
Bushire,  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  natives  employ  it  as  a 
substitute  for  lemons  and  limes  in  making  their  sherbets." 
These,  with  Paramo  de  Ruiz  ud  llio  Vinagre,  New  Granada, 
South  America,  comprise  all  the  known  sjirings  containing 
free  sulphuric  acid  in  considerable  quantity. 

The  Oak-Orchard  water  has  been  used  wi'h  advantage  in 
a  number  of  diseases.  Prof.  J.  II.  Armsby,  of  Albany,  says  : 
"  The  diseases  in  which  I  have  found  it  most  useful  arc  as  fol- 
lows :  ill-conditioned  ulcers,  diseases  of  the  skin,  passive 
haemorrhages,  diarrhoeas  depending  on  an  atonic  condition  of 
the  mucous  membranes,  in  depraved  and  impoverished  con- 
ditions of  the  body  from  spccifi(3  disease  and  from  intemper- 
ance." 

When  drunk  the  water  is  dilutjd  with  an  equal  quantity 


of  p 
timci 
is  ta 


^ 


-tr.-u 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


247 


of  pure  water.  From  half  a  wineglass  to  a  wineglass  three 
times  a  day  is  thus  taken.  In  treatment  of  ulcers  the  water 
is  taken  internally,  'ind  also  applied  directly,  lint  being  satu- 
rated with  the  water  and  changed  twice  daily. 


J 


{ 


SSABON  SPBJNQ3, 

Location,  tit* — Sec  these  springs,  uj.'der  Sulphur-waters. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Maisch) : 
Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia      .            .            .            .  1.120 

Sulphate  of  potassa                              .            .            .  trace. 

Sulphate  of  soda    .....  .46*7 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  .....  1.019 

Sulphate  of  lime     .....  ^.916 

Frotosulphate  of  iron  .....  0.175 

Organic  matter        .....  3.560 

Total      ......     14.316 

(1861.) 

mNEBAI.   SPRING. 

Location. — Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

Access. — Near  Oceanville,  two  miles'  drive  from  Long  Branch. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  analj'sis  has  been  made  ;  one  gal- 
lon is  said  to  contain  one  and  a  quarter  grain  of  carbonate  of 
iron. 

ADAMS   COUNTY    SFBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Oflice* — Mineral  Springs,  Adams  County,  Ohio, 
Access. — From  Cincinnati,  seventy-five  miles  east,  by  steamboat  on  the 
Ohio  River,  to  Rome ;  thence,  nineteen  miles  north  by  stage. 
Hotel. — Mineral  Springs. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  quantitative  analysis  has  been 
made ;  a  qualitativ^e  analysis,  by  Prof.  E.  S.  Wayne,  states 
that  there  arc  fifteen  grains  of  solid  matter  to  the  pint,  com- 
posed of  chloride  of  magnesium,  sulphate  of  lime,  carbonate 
of  lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  chloride  of  calcium,  and  oxide  of 
iron.  The  flow  of  the  spring  is  about  one  gallon  per  minute, 
and  the  temperature  5G°  Fahr, 


I'*  11 


ImI 


t' ' 


iSj; 


■ 


Jl 


mi 


248 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


HemarJcs, — These  springs  are  located  in  that  portion  of 
Ohio  which  most  nearly  is  entitled  to  the  name  of  mountain- 
ous. The  springs,  two  in  number,  are  situated  in  a  valley  at 
the  base  of  a  high  hill,  several  hundred  feet  in  altitude,  known 
as  Peach  Mountain.  From  the  surrounding  elevations,  far  ex- 
tended and  attractive  views  may  be  had,  while  the  woodlands 
and  streams  supply  amusement  for  the  sportsman.  "  Point 
Lookout,"  three  miles  from  the  springs,  is  frequently  visited 
by  those  who  delight  in  an  extended  view. 

CBESSON    SPIUNaS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Cresson,  Cambria  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — Cresson  is  a  station  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  two 
hundred  and  fifty-two  miles  west  of  Philadelphia,  and  one  hundred  and  two 
miles  east  of  Pittsburg. 

Hotel. — Mountain  House. 

Analysis. — None.  Principal  spring  said  to  be  a  chalyb- 
eate. 

MemarJcs. — Cresson  is  resorted  to  more  because  of  its 
mountain  elevation  than  the  value  of  the  waters.  The  air  is 
pure  and  bracing,  and  the  thermometer  seldom  Tisi'M  to  ?5° 
Fahr.  in  the  hottest  days  of  summer.  Guests  sleep  und(M- 
blankets  the  entire  season.  The  mountains  furnish  abundant 
opportunity  for  excursions,  while  many  delightful  drives  wind 
through  the  valleys.  The  springs  are  seven  in  number,  the 
principal  one  being  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant,  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Alleghany  Portage  Railway,  now  abandoned, 
but  still  showing  the  manner  of  constructing  railways  many 
years  ago. 

BLOSSBURG    SPRINGS. 

Location. — Tiop;a  f'ounty,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — From  New  York,  via  Erie  Railroad,  to  Corning,  two  hundred 
and  ninety  miles  nortliwest ;  thonce,  via  BIoss'Mirg  &  Corning  Railroad,  to 
Blo8sl)»rg,  forty-one  miles  soutW, 

Hotel. . 

Analysis. — None.  Tlio  waters  arc  .said  i/j  bear  sorno  re- 
semblance to  the  alum-waterg  of  Virginia. 


i 


i  r 
)  • 

i 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


249 


|nof 
ftain- 
3yat 
lown 
[r  ex- 
lands 
'oint 
iitcd 


FATETTE    SPRTNGS. 

Location  aad  Post-Offlcc. — ^Fayette  Springs,  Fayette  County,  Tennsyl- 
vaiiia, 

jlc(C8S« — From  rUtsburg,  via  Pittsburg,  Baltimore  &  Washington  Rail- 
road, to  Connoilsville,  fifty-seven  miles  south  ;  thence,  via  Fayette  County 
Branch  Railroad,  to  Uniontown,  fourteen  miles  south  ;  thence,  twelve  miles  by 
stage  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Fayette  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

lieaiarhs. — These  springs  are  located  in  the  Laurel  Moun- 
tains, amid  most  romantic  scenery,  where  cool  mountain-air 
may  be  enjoyed. 

MONTVALE   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Officc. — Montvale  Springs,  Blount  County,  Tennessee. 

Access. — Go  to  Knoxville  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad ;  thence, 
via  Knoxville  &  Cliarloston  Railroad,  to  Maryville,  sixteen  miles  northwest ; 
tlicnce,  nine  miles  by  stage  to  the  springs. 

Eotel. — Montvale  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains — 

Hol.ins. 

C'.ir1)onnto  of  iron 

<'ai'i;nnat«*  of  limo 

<  'hloni'u  of  (Mjdiiim 

<  blio-Wlo  of  iimj.'in'sii'in 

('liliii'i/lo  of  c/.iclu:;! 

Siilpliiiti'  <>t  uodtt 

Hulphato  of  motrnosia 

Sulphate  of  Wiur 

( ).vi(lt'  of  iron 

Alutiiina 

Siitcj 

Orgaiiii-  mafctiT 

Toil*,,,, 


BO"  Ftthr. 
Prof.  J.  B.  Mitchell. 


Oraln«. 
0.3(10 
l.»).')7 
0.245 


o.r)(U 

L.'^iitO 

6!6ii2 


13.604 


60"  Fahr. 
J.  n.  Chilton,  M.  D. 


Gnuna. 


0.012 
0.018 
1.102 
2.134 
10.24;? 
0.14'J> 

trace. 
0.005 


1.3.068 
(1S57.) 

Properties, — These  nre  calHc'chal ybeate  waters.  They  have 
considerabh^  rrputati<yi  in  rhronic  dlarrhcea  and  scrofula.  In 
dropsy,  associated  with  eiigorpcenicnt  of  the  liver,  they  act  fa- 
V0rab'_, ,  \)(A]^i  fty  ;i  diuretic  himI  by  their  effect  on  that  organ. 

'  In  a  noto  aocornp'j|»yV«(r  M*  »n.il.vfiis.  Dr.  (Chilton  says :   "  Tho  oxide  of  iron  was  do- 
poHitxMi  ^  Um  hffUU> ;  M  wtM  yHfu^ity  held  in  solution  in  tlie  water  by  carbonic  acid." 


250 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


: 


r 


II : 


ii 


&i 


'.mil 


I  !! 

i    l! 


In  large  quantities,  llie  waters  are  cathartic;  in  moderate 
quantities,  laxative  and  diuretic. 

Memarks. — These  springs  are  situated  in  a  mountain-glen, 
amid  the  heights  of  the  Chilhowee  Mountains.  Here,  amid 
the  pleasures  of  mountain-rambles,  the  various  sports  of  field 
and  stream,  and  the  luxury  of  cool,  pure  mountain-air,  one 
may  pleasantly  pass  the  summer  days. 

Three  miles  distant  is  a  sulphur-spring. 

BEEBSHEBA   SFBINQS. 

Location  and  Post*OfficCt — Bccrshcba  Springs,  Grundy  County,  Tennessee. 

Access* — Go  to  TuUahoma,  a  station  on  the  Nashville  &  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road, sixty-nine  miles  southeast  from  Nashville,  and  eighty-two  miles  northwest 
from  Chattanooga ;  thence,  thirty-four  miles  northeast  by  rail,  to  McMinnvillc ; 
thence,  about  twelve  miles  by  stage.  Or,  go  to  Cowan,  a  station  on  the  Nash- 
ville &  Chattanooga  Railroad,  sixty-four  miles  northwest  from  Chattanooga ; 
thenee  by  stage. 

Hotel. — Becrsheba  Springs. 

Analysis. — The  water  has  never  been  analyzed,  but  is 
said  to  be  a  fine  chalybeate.     Temperature,  58°  Fahr. 

HemarJcs. — These  springs  arc  situated  near  the  summit  of 
a  spur  of  one  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains.  The  scenery  is 
wild  and  attractive.  The  temperature  is  cool  during  the  sum- 
mer months.  A  register  of  temperature  taken  at  the  hotel, 
from  July  20  to  August  ],  1873,  gave  the  following  result: 
Mean  temperature  for  twelve  days :  G  a.  m.,  TZ°  ;  1"^  m.,  79.8°; 
G  r.  M.,  78.8°  Fahr. 

Being  convenient  of  access  from  Nashville  and  Chatta- 
nooga, the  springs  are  much  resorted  to  by  tbc  wealthy  of 
those  cities. 

RAWLEY    SPRINGS, 

Location  and  Pof>t-01I!fC  Addrcj^s. — Rawlw  Hpt^iowys,  Rockin<^hani  County, 
Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexutnlria  tt  Muna.ssas  ILnih-oaU, 
to  Harrisonburg,  one  huntlred  and  thirty-eisrht  luilos  west,;  thoneo,  twelve 
miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  Or,  via  IJaltinioie  &  Oliio  Kaihrod,  to  IIhjv 
pcr's  Ferry;  thence, by  Wimhcster  branch, to  Uarrit^uuburg  (^connections  iu»» 


gooa 
6tag< 


V 

a\ 

C( 

ti 

t< 

s 

9 


II 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


251 


Jrato 

rlen, 
imid 
field 
one 


IS 


cood).    Or,  by  rail  to  Staunton,  Virginia ;  thence  north,  twenty-five  miles  by 
stage,  to  Harrisonburg. 
Hotel.— Rawley  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains      (61"  Fahr.    Prof.  J.  W. 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  manganese 
Carbonate  of  lime  . 
Carbonate  of  ammonia 
Carbonate  of  lithia 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  lime     . 
Alumina 
Silica 

Organic  matter 
Loss 


Mallet) : 

Grains. 
0.085 
0.203 
0.002 
0.055 
trace, 
trace. 
0.005 
0.011 
0.008 
0.013 
0.005 
0.085 
0.030 
0.0'73 


Total 

Oas. 
Carbonic  acid 


0.644 
Cubic  in. 
0.77 
(1870.) 

Proi^crties. — ^This  water  is  the  best  pure  chalyheate  in 
Virginia,  and  proves  efficacious  in  chlorosis^  leucorrhoea, 
amenorrhceaj  and  menorrhagla^  when  de|H?nding  on  ana&mic 
conditions,  and  all  maladies  caused  br  an  impoverished  condi- 
tion of  the  blood.  It  forms  an  adminible  tonic  after  the  al- 
terative treatment  by  other  waters. 

Remarks. — These  springs  arc  delightfully  situated  on  tlio 
southern  slope  of  the  North  Mountain,  amid  salubrir)us  air 
and  pleasing  landscapes. 

SWEET    CHALYBEATE    SFBIiraS. 

Loratlon  and  Post-Offlfc  Address. — Sweet  Chalybeate  Springs,  ATIcffhaay 
County,  Virfrini:' 

Access. — From  Washinj^ton,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chosapeake  &  Oliio  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred  and 
forty -one  milerf  west;  thence,  by  stage  nine  miles,  to  the  springs.     From 


■'■■\ 


'fi 


252 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Richmond,  via  Gordonsville,  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  miles,  to  Alleghany 
Station.     From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one 
hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  miles  southeast,  to  Alleghany  Station. 
llotel* — Sweet  Chalybeate  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains      (75° 

to  Id"  Fahr.   Trof.  W. 

B. 

Rogers) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.       0.337 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                         •                         a 

• 

0.011 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

.       0.196 

Chloride  of  calcium 

•                        •                         • 

• 

0.003 

Sulphate  of  soda 

.       0.404 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

•                         •                         * 

• 

0.897 

Sulphate  of  lime 

.       4.110 

Scsquioxidc  of  iron 

•                         •                         • 

• 

0.092 

Total     . 

.       6.030 

Gas. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid 

•                         •                         • 

• 

13. 

Properties. — This  is  a  fine  calcic-chalyheate  water,  contain- 
ing a  proportion  of  purgative  salts.  The  taste  of  the  water 
is  sweet  and  ferruginous.  The  water  is  beneficially  employed 
in  cases  of  anwmia^  chlorosis^  leucorrhoea^  and  other  diseases 
associated  with  an  impoverislied  condition  of  the  blood.  It 
has  also  proved  decidedly  efficacious  in  neuralgia  and  gas- 
tralgia. 

Mernarks. — These  springs,  formerly  called  the  Med  Sioect 
Springs,  are  situated  in  one  of  the  most  beauliful  valleys  of 
Virginia.  They  are  four  in  number,  and  flow  from  the  base 
of  a  curiously-incrusted  ledge  of  rocks.  Although  there  are 
four  different  sources,  they  do  not  differ  essentially  in  chemical 
constitution,  unless  it  be  the  \ipper  one,  which  is  some  win  t 
similar  to  the  Old  Sweet  Springs,  one  mile  above.  On  the 
19th  of  August,  1871,  I  found  tlic  average  temperature  of  the 
four  sources  to  be  70°  Fahr.  The  flow  of  the  springs  is  eight 
hundred  gallons  per  minute.  The  red  substance  covering  the 
bottom  of  the  springs  is  not  an  o.xide  of  iron,  but  an  algoid 
growth. 

Besides  the  use  of  the  ^\  atcr  internally,  it  is  largely  used 


as  a 
twei 
tainc 
use 


inny 

one 

oad, 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


253 


as  a  bath.  Swimming-baths  have  been  constructed,  about 
twenty  by  thirty  feet  in  area.  Doubtless  the  good  results  ob- 
tained in  many  maladies  treated  here  are  principally  due  to  the 
use  of  these  baths.  The  temperature  of  the  bath  is  76°  Fahr. 
The  temperature  at  this  resort  is  usually  cool  and  agree- 
able. A  record  taken  at  the  office  of  the  hotel  gives  the  fol- 
lowing results : 

Average  Temporature.  6  a.  m.  12  m.  6  p.  h. 

From  July  2  to  September  5,  1870  .        .        70>^°        84i^°        18"  Fahr. 
From  July  24  to  August  19,  1871        .        .     65  80  IS 


BOCKBBIDGE  ALTJH  SPRINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlcei — Rockbridge  Alum  Springs,  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia. 

Access* — From  the  North  to  "Washington ;  thence,  via  Orange,  Alexandria 
&  Manassas  Railroad,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Goshen,  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-eight  miles  southwest ;  thence,  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 
From  Richmond,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  miles,  to  Goshen.  From  the  southwest,  via  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Rail- 
road, Lynchburg,  Charlottesville,  and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad.  From 
the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  ia  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred 
and  fifty-one  miles  southeast,  tJ  Goshen. 

IloteU — Rockbridge  Alum. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  conlnini— 

No.  1. 
A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D. 

No.  2. 
A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D. 

No.  4. 
A.  A.  Hayee,M.D. 

SoUDfl. 

(Jhloride  of  sodium 

Grains. 
0.068 

6!  185 
0.180 
0.400 
1.846 
0.175 
0.81S 
2.347 

Graini. 
0.126 
0.221 
0.220 
0.4(IS 
O.fidS 
2.238 
0.0S3 

I'.im 

0.3r)5 

Grains. 
0.065 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Siilnhate  of  mairnesia 

0.552 

Sulnhnte  of  lime 

0.418 

Protoxide  of  iron 

0.5S7 

Alumina 

8.011 

("reuate  of  nmmonia 

0.15.3 

Silicate  of  Roda 

Sulphuric  acid  (free) 

0.6'^f> 

Silicic  acid  (free) 

0.218 

Orffanic  lualter 

0.127 

Total 

6.514 

Cnliir  tn. 
O.T 

6.167 

CiiMc  in. 
1.9 

5.800 

Oa8. 
Carbonic  acid 

Cubi(!  In. 
1.1 

(1S52.) 


Properties, — These  waters  are  clear  and  odorless.     They 
|X)S8css  a  strongly  astringent  and  styptic  taste.     In  tempera- 


J,  ..,,J 


■i-i 


]l 


6'        ^'    Ml 


3  '■■ 


254 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ture  they  are  cold.  A  mass  or  extract  is  prepared  from  the 
water  by  evaporation,  which,  when  redissolved,  is  said  to  pos- 
sess the  virtues  of  the  spring-water. 

These  are  the  best  known  of  the  alum-waters  of  Virginia. 
Their  value  in  the  treatment  of  disease  is  undoubted.  In 
what  diseases  do  they  prove  curative  ?  The  answer  is  simple 
and  explicit.  In  every  form  of  scrofula — scrofulous  ulcers, 
scrofulous  diseases  of  the  skin,  scrofulous  discharges  from  the 
ears  and  nose,  and  scrofulous  diseases  of  the  bones.  In  chron- 
to  diarrhoea  they  have  proved  a  most  reliable  remedy,  ex- 
cept in  those  cases  in  which  there  is  congestion  of  the  mucous 
membranes  and  liver.  They  are  also  beneficial  in  Icucorrhoea 
and  chronic  eczema. 

Contrary  to  what  we  would  expect,  these  waters  occa- 
sionally prove  purgative.  In  a  letter  to  the  author.  Prof.  H. 
R.  Noel,  of  Baltimore,  resident-jDhysician  at  the  springs,  re- 
marks :  "  It  is  true  that  the  waters  sometimes  prove  purga- 
tive, but  I  believe  it  to  be  true  in  two  classes  of  cases.  1. 
Great  atony  of  the  digestive  tract,  especially  of  the  small 
intestine.  2.  When  persons  drink  it  in  great  excess  because 
they  are  at  the  springs,  and  wish  to  reap  rapidly  the  greatest 
possible  benefit. 

"  The  waters,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  should  be  used  as 
a  diuretic,  and  taken  in  doses  of  from  one-fourth  to  one-half 
of  a  small  tumbler,  six,  eight,  ten,  or  twelve  times  a  day,  and 
afterward  gradually  increase  the  dose,  and  diminish  the  num- 
ber of  doses,  to  about  six  or  eight  glasses  a  day.  The  water 
does  not  act  simply  from  its  astringent  character,  but  it  is  a 
most  powerful  agent  in  restoring  perverted  histogenesis.  I 
have  seen  the  worst  forms  of  scrofula  and  some  bad  syphilitic 
eruptions  cured  in  ten  weeks  by  it,  and  not  one  grain  of  medi- 
cine used. 

"<The  water  should  be  taken,  as  a  rule,  from  four  to  ten 
weeks,  and  but  little  improvement  will  occur  under  two,  and 
in  most  cases  not  under  three  or  five  weeks ;  but,  once  inau- 
gurated, its  effects  will  last  for  months." 

HemarJcs. — The  springs  are  situated  in  a  glen-like  nook 


CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


255 


formed  by  the  spurs  of  the  North  and  Mill  Mountains,  and 
break  forth  from  a  mass  of  shale-rock  at  the  base  of  the 
ridge.  This  shale  contains  large  quantities  of  alumina  and 
the  salts  of  iron,  and  the  springs  are  formed  by  the  percola- 
tion of  water  through  this  mass.  Four  diflfercnt  reservoirs 
have  been  formed,  numbered  respectively  No.  1,  No.  3,  No.  3, 
No.  4.  They  diflfer  somev^hat,  as  is  seen  in  the  analysis,  es- 
pecially in  the  quantities  of  sulphuric  acid. 

The  immediate  surroundings  of  this  resort  are  attractive. 
The  hotel  and  brick  cottages  encircle  a  lawn  embowered  with 
trees,  and  sociability  and  amusement  add  their  charms. 

From  a  register  of  temperature  at  the  hotel  I  made  the 
following  averages : 


Average  Temperature 

during 

6  a.m. 

12  m. 

6r.M. 

June,  1869 

•                           • 

60.3° 

72.2" 

71.8°  Fahi 

July,  1869    . 

•                           • 

72.2 

76.9 

76.4 

August,  1869 

•                            , 

64.8 

76.9 

75.9 

June,  18*71   . 

,                            , 

62.1 

72.6 

70.3 

July,  1871 

•                           • 

62.9 

73.5 

71.5 

August  (to  the 

24tb)  isn    . 

64.9 

79.1 

77.3 

Warmest  days  during  summer  of  1869— July  14th,  15th,  16th— 87°  Fahr. 
at  12  M. 

Warmest  days  during  summer  of  1871  (up  to  24th  of  August) — August 
16th— 89°  Fahr.  at  12  m. 


>    ; 


FUIiASKI   ALUM    SPBINGS. 

Locatioilt — Pulaski  County,  Virginia. 

Post-Offlcet — Dublin,  Pulaski  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Dublin,  a  station  two  hundred  and 
eighty-two  miles  southwest ;  thenee,  twelve  miles  by  stage.  From  Richmond, 
via  Rurkeville,  two  hundred  and  twenty-nine  miles  southwest,  to  Dublin,  and 
via  Gordonsville  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  miles.  From  the  south  and 
southwest,  strike  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad  ;  thence  to  Dublin. 

Ilotel* — Pulaski  Alum. 

Analysis. — ^Thesc  waters  are  similar  to  the  Rockbridge 
Alum.  According  to  an  analysis  before  me,  they  contain  a 
larger  proportion  of  iron. 

Properties. — These  waters  may  be  used  in  very  much  the 
same  way,  and  in  the  same  diseases,  as  the  Rockbridge  Alum. 


250 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Memarks, — The  springs  are  very  pleasantly  situated  on 
Little  Walker's  Creek,  at  the  base  of  Walker's  Mountain. 
The  surrounding  country  abounds  in  minerals.  In  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  springs  is  a  rich  lead  of  plumbago. 

BATH  ALUM  SPRINGS. 

Location  aud  Post-Offlce* — Bath  Alum  Springs,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Access* — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  and 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroads,  to  Millboro\  one  hundred  and  ninety-six 
miles  southwest ;  thence,  ten  miles  by  stage,  to  the  springs.  From  Rich- 
mond, via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  .Railroad,  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  miles 
northwest,  to  Millboro'.  From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio  River, 
to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake 
&  Ohio  Railroad,  244  miles  southeast,  to  Millboro. 

Hotel. — Springs. 


ANALYSIS 

One  pint  contains — 

No.  I. 
A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D. 

No.  S. 
A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D. 

SotlPS. 
Clilorlde  of  sodium 

Grains. 
0.022 

o!352 
0.476 
1.814 
1.286 
0.282 
0.2.^)3 
0.726 

Grains. 

Sulphate  of  potnssa 

0.(182 

Sulnhatc  of  inatrncsia 

0.1  (iO 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.317 

Protoxide  of  iron 

2.7-22 

Alumina 

1  ..5H6 

Crenate  of  ammonia 

0.222 

Silicate  of  soda 

O..SS)4 

Sulphuric  acid  (free) 

0.1»S5 

Total. 

6.101 

CuMc  In. 
1.4 

6.868 

Gas. 

(^irbonic  acid 

CuMc  In. 
1 

Properties. — These  waters  very  much  resemble  the  Rock- 
bridge Alum,  and  are  valuable  in  similar  diseases,  as  follows : 
Scrofula,  chronic  diarrhcea,  eczema,  and  diseases  depending 
on  an  impoverished  condition  of  the  blood.  They  contain  a 
larger  proportion  of  iron  than  the  Rockbridge  Alum. 

Memarks. — The  springs  arc  very  pleasantly  located  on  the 
stage-road  from  Millboro'  to  the  Warm  Springs.  Tlie  build- 
ings, consisting  of  an  hotel  and  cottages,  are  of  brick,  tastefully 
designed,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  looking  out 
upon  a  beautiful  lawn  of  ten  acres.  The  waters  issue  from  a 
ledge  of  slate-stone,  and  are  caught  in  pools  formed  in  the 
rocks.     Besides  those  of  which  the  analysis  is  given,  there 


are  c 
tor. 
blani 
invci 


L( 

A( 

and  ( 
miles 
Chest 
From 
sixty- 
two  1 

n 


■ 


Pulph 
Siill)li 
Buiph 
Suli)li 
Bull)] 
Bulpl 
Sulpl 
Silici 
Orga 


Carb 
Carl 
Carh 
Carli 
Carli 
Sulp 
Sillc 


Carl 


i- 


:(       ' 


on 
ain. 
nic- 


CIIALYBEATE  WATERS. 


257 


are  others  varying  in  strength,  but  of  the  same  general  charac- 
ter. There  are  also  one  or  two  springs  which  bear  no  resem- 
blance to  those  named,  but  which  have  not  been  sufficiently 
investigated  for  their  medical  properties  to  be  assigned. 


cake 


STBIBLINQ   SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Stribling  Springs,  Augusta  County,  Virginia. 

iecesSi — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 

and  Cliesapeake  &  Oliio  Railroad,  to  Staunton,  one  hundred  and  fifty-six 

miles  ;  thence,  thirteen  miles  northwest  by  stage.    From  Richmond,  via 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  miles  to  Staunton. 

From  the  West,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 

sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Staunton, 

two  hundred  and  eighty-three  miles  southeast. 

noteh — Stribling  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


Alum  Springs. 

One  pint  contnlns— - 

No.  4. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

No.  5. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

No.  6. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

80LID8. 
Sulphate  of  potnssa 

Grains. 
0.007 
0.()S3 
0.000 
2.0S8 
1.102 
1.S33 
O.ftSl 
0.244 
0.409 

Grains. 
0.113 
0.293 
0.(»4;i 
2.244 
l.»!43 
2.1  IS 
1.227 
0.2(>4 

Grains. 
0.126 

Ktilithnto  of  Hoda 

0.224 

Siilnhato  of  inairnesla 

0.S22 

Siill»hate  of  alumina 

Siilitliatu  of  iron 

4.S01 
1.015 

Sulnhatc  of  lime 

2.389 

Sulphuric  acid  (free) 

0.817 

Silicic  add 

0.261 

Oriranic  matter. 

Total 

6.670 

7.945 

11.053 

ANALYSIS. 


pint  contain*— 

Chalybeate  Springs. 

On.i 

No.  1. 
D.  K.  Tuttlo,  M. 

D. 

No.  .3. 
D.  K.  Tuttle,  M.  D. 

Solid  s» 
Carbonate  0  f  pot.asdf  ^ 

Grains. 
0.044 
0.095 
0.122 
0.009 
0.183 
0.023 
0.165 

Grains. 
0  0'.*5 

Carbonate  of  soda 

0.123 

Carbonate  0'  magnesia. - 

01.33 

Carbonate  of  iron. . . . 

" 

0  014 

Carl>onate  of  lime 

0.104 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.836 

Silicic  acid 

0.114 

Total 

0.651 

Cubic  Id. 
3 

0.974 

Cubic  in. 
2 

Gas. 
Carbonic  acid 

For  analysis  of  No.  2,  see  Sulphur- Waters. 


\ 

■i 


'0  .F 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0    ^1^  I2£ 

itt  IM   12.2 


1.1 


u 

IIS 

111 


«   vs.    120 


y5  m^  11.6 


<^         ^k 


^l< 
%* 


.V 


Fhotographic 

Sdenoes 

Carporation 


^ 


H^ 


\ 


<^ 


V 


23  WIST  MAIN  STIIIT 

WnSTII,N.Y.  UStO 

(71«)l7a-4S03 


v\ 


..fc 


258 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Properties. — The  Alum  Springs  are  beneficial  in  scrofula 
chronic  diarrhoea^  eczema,  and  all  skin-diseases  depending  on 
a  scrofulous  diathesis. 

The  Chalybeate  Springs,  containing  as  they  do  consider- 
able carbonic  acid,  arc  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  very  old  and  well-known  resort, 
dating  back  to  1811.  It  takes  the  name  from  Erasmus 
Stribling,  who  first  drew  decided  attention  to  the  value  of  the 
waters,  and  made  many  improvements  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  public.  They  are  sometimes  called  the  Augusta 
Springs, 

The  springs  are  delightfully  situated  in  a  cool  and  salubri- 
ous locality.  They  enjoy  the  advantage  of  being  protected  to 
the  northward  by  a  range  of  mountains,  which  enables  visitors 
to  go  earlier  in  the  season,  and  remain  later  in  the  fall,  than 
at  many  other  Virginia  watering-places. 


CHTJUCH    TTTTili   AliTJK   SPBINGS. 


Location. — Not  far  from  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Pnst  Offlrr 

Aaaaoci   . 

Ilatrl 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (J.  C.  Booth,  M.  D.) 

SOMDB. 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  sodium      .... 

.       O.S'JS 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

0.305 

Sulphate  of  soda          .... 

.       0.243 

Sulphate  of  magnesia         .           .            .            . 

10.758 

Sulphate  of  lime          .... 

.     11.104 

Sulphate  of  ammonia         .            .            .            . 

0.080 

Persulphate  of  scsquioxidc  '■<;'  iron 

.       6.408 

Bisulphate  of  sesquioxidc  of  iron 

10.419 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron   .            .            , 

.       3.023 

Persulphate  of  alumina      .            .            .            . 

9.116 

Silica    ...... 

.       1.303 

Phosphoric  acid      ..... 

trace. 

Total 

.     63.337 

(1864,  U.  S. 

Dispensatory.) 

CHALYBEATE  WATERS. 


259 


fuhy 
»gon 

iider- 

Jsort, 
smus 
fthe 
ation 
7iista 

ubri- 
3(1  to 
liters 
than 


BEDFORD  AliUM    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-OlBcc. — Bedford  Alum  Springs,  near  New  London, 
Bedford  County,  Virginia. 

Access* — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Bailroad, 

and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  ninety-three  miles 

southwest,  to  Forest  Depot;  thence,  four  miles  by  stage  to  the  springs. 

From  Richmond,  via  Burkeville,  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  miles;  via  Gor- 

donsville,  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine  miles  to  Forest  Depot. 

IIotcK — Bedford  Alum. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  William  Gilliam) : 

Solids.  Grains. 

Sulphate  of  potassa           ....  1.2Y0 

Sulphate  of  magnesia   .....  1.583 

Sulphate  of  lime    .....  2.334: 

Sulphate  of  alumina     .....  .905 

Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron         .            .            .  2.932 

Sulphuric  acid  (free)    .....  2.497 


Total  .....  11.521 

Pro2)erti€S. — This  is  another  of  the  valuable  alum-waters 
of  the  same  general  character  as  the  Rockbridge  alum,  though 
differing  in  containing  a  larger  proportion  of  the  salts  of 
potassa,  magnesia,  lime,  and  iron,  and  a  smaller  amount  of 
alumina.  They  have  been  found  beneficial  in  scrofula^ 
chronic  diarrhoea^  eczema,  and  diseases  depending  on  an 
impoverished  condition  of  the  blood.  A  mass  or  extract  is 
prepared  from  this  water  by  evaporation,  which,  when  dis- 
solved in  water  in  proper  proportions,  is  said  to  possess  the 
remedial  qualities  of  the  water. 

Hemarks. — This  spring  is  located  on  the  line  dividing 
Campbell  and  Bedford  Counties.  It  is  within  three  hundred 
yards  of  the  village  of  New  London,  of  Revolutionary  memory. 
Here  stands  the  old  court-house  in  which  Patrick  Henry  made 
several  of  his  finest  efforts,  among  others  the  celebrated  speech 
against  the  notorious  Johnny  Hook.  These  are  the  nearest 
springs  to  the  Peaks  of  Otter^  five  thousand  three  hundred 
and  seven  feet  above  the  sea — the  highest  peaks  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  by  many  considered  the  highest  in  Virginia.  The 
ascent  well  repays  the  tourist. 


II -i 


i 


■M 


1 1 


Ui 


260 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


VABIETY   SPBINaS. 


LocatlODi — Augusta  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — By  Cliesapealse  &  Ohio  Railroad.  The  springs  arc  a  statioa 
during  the  summer  season,  one  hundred  and  seventy-three  miles  west  from 
Washington,  and  two  hundred  and  sixty-six  miles  southeast  from  Hunt- 
ington. 


Hotel* — Variety  Springs. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains  (Prof.  Wm.  Gilham) : 
Solids. 
Chloride  of  sodium.  .... 

Sulphate  of  potassa     .... 
Sulphate  of  magnesia         .... 
Sulphate  of  alumina     .... 
Sulphate  of  protoxide  of  iron 
Sulphate  of  lime  .... 

Free  sulphuric  acid  .... 

Silica    ...... 

Total  ..... 


Groins. 
0.03Y 
0.036 
1.455 
4.301 
0.639 
1.666 
O.lYl 
0.142 

8.447 


Properties. — ^This  water,  known  as  the  "Alum  Spring," 
bears  a  resemblance  to  the  celebrated  Rockbridge  iVlum,  and 
may  be  used  for  the  same  diseases. 

Jiemarks. — ^Besides  the  above  spring  there  are  others, 
termed  the  All-Healing,  the  Sulphur,  and  the  Chalybeate. 
From  the  number  of  different  waters  here  the  name  "  Variety" 
is  derived. 


station 

from 

Hunt- 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


inir, 


» 


and 


rs. 


he  , 
eate. 
etj" 


PURGATIVE  WATERS. 

These  waters  are  characterized  by  containing  a  large  pro- 
portion either  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  (Epsom  salts),  or  sul- 
phate of  soda  (Glauber's  salts) ;  and,  as  a  consequence  of  these 
ingredients,  they  produce  copious  alvine  dejections.  They  are 
bitter  to  the  taste,  and,  in  some  classifications,  are  called  bitter 
waters. 

Although  many  mineral  waters  act  as  an  aperient,  or  laxa- 
tive, they  do  not  produce  active  catharsis,  and  possess  other 
qualities  for  which  they  are  esteemed ;  while  these  waters  are 
used  almost  exclusively  for  the  purgative  eflfect. 

Waters  of  this  class  are  useful  in  all  cases  requiring  active 
saline  purgation,  and  are  especially  applicable  to  persons  of 
robust  constitution,  with  tendency  to  abdominal  plethora. 
They  should  be  used  with  care,  since  constant  use  of  saline 
purgatives  produces  decided  derangement  of  the  digestive 
organs. 

It  is  perhaps  needless  to  say  that  the  familiar  name,  Epsom 
salts,  is  derived  from  the  name  of  the  purging-well — Epsom, 
or  Ebbesham — near  London,  of  which  sulphate  of  magnesia  is 
the  active  ingredient.  These  waters,  as  a  rule,  act  much  more 
mildly  than  a  simple  solution  of  the  active  ingredient ;  a  re- 
sult due  to  the  other  ingredients  present,  such  as  the  salts  of 
lime  and  chloride  of  sodium.  Those  purgative  waters  are 
preferable  which  contain  a  considerable  quantity  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas. 

A  subdivision  of  purgative  waters,  classed  as  alkaline-pur- 
gative waters,  of  which  Carlsbad,  in  Bohemia,  is  a  prominent 


U\ 


262 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


,v  !  l 


example,  does  not  readily  produce  purgation.  The  water,  and 
those  of  like  character,  is  applicable  to  a  large  class  of  diseases 
to  which  pure  purgative  waters  are  not  adapted,  such  as  func- 
tional and  even  organic  disease  of  the  liver,  gastric  catarrh, 
gout,  gall-stones,  etc.  {See  "  Carlsbad,"  under  "  Eukopeait 
Spas.") 

ESIIIiL   SPBINaS. 

Location. — ^Estill  County,  Kentucky. 

Access* — From  Cincinnati,  via  Kentucky  Central  Railroad,  to  Nicholas- 
villc,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  south ;  thence,  via  stage,  about  furty 
miles  east,  to  Irvine. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(Robert  Peter,  M. 

D.): 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.321 

Carbonate  of  iron 

0.16G 

Carbonate  of  lime 

3.841 

Chloride  of  sodium 

5>.201 

Chloride  of  calcium 

0.211 

Sulphate  of  potassa     . 

0.313 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

32.910 

Sulphate  of  lime 

3.987 

Silica 

0.503 

Loss     . 

10.736  • 

Total 


55.189 


Properties. — It  will  be  seen  that  the  Irvine  Spring  is 
largely  impregnated  with  sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  there- 
fore decidedly  purgative. 

(For  sulphur  spring,  see  "  Sulphur  Waters."  For  cha- 
lybeate spring,  see  "  Cualybeate  Waters.") 


CBAB-OBCHABD   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Crab  Orchard,  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky. 
iccess. — From  Louisville,  via  Knoxville  branch  of  Louisville  &  Nashville 
Railroad,  to  Crab  Orchard,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles  southeast. 
Hotel. . 


PURGATIVE  WATERS. 


263 


'r  1 


ANALYSIS.! 


One  pint  containt— 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Cliloride  of  sodium.... 
Sulphate  of  potassa.  . . . 

Sulpliato  of  soda 

Suli)liate  of  magnesia. .. 

Suipliate  of  lime 

Bromine 

Silica 

Loss  and  moisture 


Total. 


Gab. 

Carbonic  acid , 


Foley'!  Sprlii!(. 
R.  Pater,  M.  D. 


Gralna. 
0.1)55 
trace. 
6. 648 
2.216 
1.239 
7.884 

25.660 
1.849 

6!463 

4.823 


50.182 


Not  estimated. 


Sowder'a  Spring. 
R.  Peter,  M.  D. 


Oralni. 
2.734 
trace. 
8.6i>9 
7.200 
2,173 
2.000 
21.789 
1U416 
trace. 
0.158 


52.143 
Not  estimated. 


Properties. — These  waters  are  chiefly  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  Crab-  Orchard  Salts^  produced  by  boiling  down 
the  water.  Thousands  of  pounds  of  these  salts  are  sold  in 
the  Western  States.  They  prove  much  less  irritant  in  their 
action  than  Epsom  salts ;  and,  when  taken  in  small  and  re- 
peated doses,  are  more  likely  to  produce  bilious  evacuations. 
An  analysis  of  a  specimen  is  as  follows : 

ANALYSIS. 

One  hundred  parts  contaia  (R.  Peter,  M.  D.) : 

Parts. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  .....  63.19 

Sulphate  of  soda    .....  4,20 

Sulphate  of  potassa      .  .  .  .  .1.80 

Sulphate  of  lime     .....  2.54 

Chloride  of  sodium       .....  4, 77 

Carbonates  of  lime,  magnesia,  iron,  and  silica        .  0.89 

Bromine            ......  trace. 

Water  of  crystall'''.ation  and  loss  .            .           .  22,61 

Total 100.00 

Remarks, — The  spring  called  Foley's,  in  the  analysis,  is 
usually  termed  Epsom.  It  is  half  a  mile  from  the  centre  of 
the  village,  on  the  Fall  Dick  road.  Sowder's  Spring  is  about 
one  mile  and  a  half  from  Crab  Orchard ;  flow,  two  hundred 
gallons  a  day. 

»  "  Geology  of  Kentucky,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  233-239. 


I.  , 


■51 


1: 


204 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


HABBODSBUBG  SPAIKOS. 


Location  and  Post-Offic«* — Uarrodsburg  Springs,  Mercer  County,  Ken- 
tucky. 

iccf  ss» — From  Cincinnati,  via  Kentuclcy  Central  Railroad,  to  Nicholas- 
ville,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  south  ;  thence,  via  stage,  about  twenty. 
five  miles. 

Hotel. . 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  conUiut— 

Granville  Spring. 
RAymond. 

Saloon  Spring. 
lUymond. 

Carbonate  of  mamiesiA. 

Graiiii. 
2.87 

oieo 

trace. 
16.16 
11.06 

Onini. 
0  26 

Carbonate  of  iron 

0  80 

Carbonate  of  lime 

2.99 

Chloride  of  sodium 

1.24 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

27.92 

Sulphate  of  lime 

10.24 

Total 

80.69 

43.01 

I^operties. — ^The  principal  characteristic  of  these  springs 
is  the  sulphate  of  magnesia.  This  salt  is  cathartic ;  but,  in  the 
presence  of  the  almost  equal  amount  of  sulphate  of  liine,  and, 
in  the  Saloon  Spring,  of  the  carbonate  of  iron,  the  action  is 
considerably  modified,  and  they  are  generally  laxative. 

Dr.  Drake,  a  man  of  admirable  judgment,  stated  that 
"  these  waters  are  very  beneficial  in  chronic  inflammations  and 
obstructions  of  the  abdominal  viscera ;  in  such  cases  of  dys- 
pepsia as  are  attended  with  subacute  gastritis ;  and  in  almost 
every  kind  of  hepatic  disorder,  except  when  the  liver  is  in- 
durated and  consequently  incurable.  They  are  almost  equally 
beneficial  in  chronic  inflammations  of  many  other  parts  of  the 
system,  especially  of  the  serous  and  fibrous  membranes." 

BEDFORD    SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — ^Bedford  Springs,  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — From  Huntingdon,  a  station  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Rail- 
road, two  hundred  and  three  miles  west  of  Fhikudelphia,  and  via  Broad  Top 
Railroad,  fifty-two  miles  south  to  the  springs.  Or,  from  Cumberland,  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  miles 
northwest  from  Baltimore,  and  via  railroad  lately  finished,  about  forty  miles 
north  to  the  springs. 

Ilotel.— Bedford  Springs. 


beai 
brat 
acti( 
tion 
time 
dim 
ver^ 

r 

accc 
liWi 
are 
anae 

vail 
wat 
bas< 
lea(] 
bea 
Bee 

tors 
des( 
spri 
reti 


PURGATIVE  WATERS. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (68°  Fahr.  Dr.  Church) : 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  iron        ..... 
Carbonate  of  lime  ..... 
Chloride  of  sodium      ..... 
Chloride  of  lime      ..... 
Sulphote  of  magnesia  »  .  .  .  . 

Sulphate  of  lime     ..... 

IjOSS       ••••••• 


266 


Total 
Oas. 
Carbonic  acid 


Grains. 
.       0.625 

1.000 
.       1.250 

0.375 
.     10.000 

1.876 
.       0.375 

15.600 
Cubic  inch. 
9.26 


Properties. — ^This  valuable  water  is  a  purgative-chalybeate, 
bearing  considerable  resemblance  in  its  properties  to  the  cele- 
brated springs  of  F'^anzensbad,  in  Bohemia.  The  cathartic 
action  of  the  water  is  so  much  modified  by  the  large  propor- 
tion of  iron  contained,  that  it  can  be  taken  for  a  considerable 
time  without  producing  other  eflfect  than  that  of  a  laxative 
diuretic,  and  diaphoretic.  The  diuretic  action  of  the  water  is 
very  marked. 

The  waters  are  decidedly  valuable  in  all  cases  of  anaemia, 
accompanied  by  abdominal  plethora.  In  engorgement  of  the 
liver  they  give  decided  relief,  and  in  gravel  and  calculus  they 
are  useful.  Dyspepsias,  accompanied  with  constipation  in 
anajmic  subjects,  are  subject  to  their  remedial  action. 

RemarJcs. — ^These  springs  are  beautifully  situated  in  a 
valley  of  the  eastern  range  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The 
waters  break  forth  from  a  fissure  in  the  limestone-rock  at  the 
base  of  a  mountain-spur.  From  the  spring,  terraced  walks 
lead  upward  in  every  direction  to  the  summit,  whence  a  most 
beautiful  and  extended  view  of  the  valley  and  the  town  of 
Bedford  is  obtained. 

The  hotel  accommodations  are  extensive,  and  the  proprie- 
tors have  made  arrangements  for  supplying  baths  of  every 
description.  About  two  hundred  yards  distant  from  the  main 
spring  is  a  sulphur-spring  which  evolves  considerable  sulphu- 
retted hydrogen.  It  is  said  to  contain  no  iron. 
12 


266 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


BEEB 

spsnras. 

Location. ,  Oregon. 

■lA^ikl 

rALYSIS. 

AN 

One  pint  contains — 

SOT.IDS. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

.    •     . 

1.61 

Carbonate  of  lime 

•                 •                 • 

.    1.93 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                   •                   • 

1.12 

Chloride  of  magnesium    . 

•                      * 

.    0.66 

Chloride  of  calcium    . 

•                       •                      • 

0.67 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

•                       • 

.    6.06 

Sulphate  of  lime 

■                           .                           . 

1.06 

Vegetable  extractive  matter 

• 

.    0.42 

a] 
t( 

tl 
B 

ft 


t^ 
F 


Total 


13.42 


f  n 


MIDIiANB  WELL. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Midland,  Midland  County,  Michigan. 
Access. — ^From  Detroit,  via  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  and  Flint  &  Ptire  Mar- 
quette Railroads,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  north,  to  Midland. 
Hotels. — Empire,  St.  Nicholas,  International. 


One  pint  contains     (47°  Fahr.  S.  P.  Duffield,  M.  D.) : 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  sodium 

.       3.406 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

0.228 

Chloride  of  calcium      .            ,            , 

.       0.647 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

8.669 

Sulphate  of  soda 

.       2.298 

Sulphate  of  lime     .... 

0.464 

Phosphate  of  alumina  . 

.      0.180 

Silica           ..... 

0.308 

Organic  matter 

.       0.257 

Loss           ..... 

0.334 

Total     .... 

.     16.680 

(( 
a 

S' 

b 
b 

g 


Pro^yerties. — This  is  a  purgative  water,  its  action  being 
chiefly  due  to  the  sulphate  of  potassa,  a  laxative  salt,  not  used 
in  modern  medicine,  but  known  and  much  used  in  the  middle 
ages  as  Polychrestus  salt,  or  Paracelsus's  Specific.    The  waters 


PURGATIVE  WATERS. 


1 
3 
2 
6 

1 
>6 
)6 
2 

2 


^re  Mar- 


being 
t  used 
riiddle 
wraters 


267 


are  valuable  of  the  class,  but  observation  is  necessary  to  de- 
termine their  special  indicatioi.  s, 

MemarTcs. — The  well  is  located  in  the  town  of  Midland, 
the  county-seat  of  Midland  County,  on  the  Tittibawassee 
River.  The  flow  is  about  two  gallons  per  minute.  Good 
facilities  for  bathing  have  been  provided. 

SLGIN   SPBINQ. 

Location* — Addison  County,  Vermont. 

Post-Offlee* — ^Vergcnnes,  Addison  County,  Vermont. 

Access* — Go  to  Vergennes,  a  station  on  the  Vennont  Ci^ntral  Railroad, 
twenty-one  miles  south  of  Burlington,  and  ninety-nine  miles  north  of  Bellows 
Falls ;  thence,  three  miles  south  by  stage. 

Hotel. . 

A  qualitative  analysis  by  C.  L.  Allen,  M.  D.,  given  in  the 
"  Geology  of  Vermont,"  is  as  follows :  In  one  pint  there  are 
about  thirty  grains  of  solids,  of  which  the  principal  element  is 
sulphate  of  magnesia.  There  are  also  carbonate  of  soda,  car- 
bonate of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  iron,  and  car- 
bonic-acid gas,  five  cubic  inches  to  the  pint.  The  water  is  a 
good  cathartic. 


|^«:i 


iii 


"fi 


i 


I  :,; 


^    i 


CHAPTER   XV. 


OALCIO  WATBBS. 


Thbse  waters  contaii\  the  salts  of  lime  as  principal  con- 
stituents, usually  In  the  form  either  of  the  sulphate  (gypsum) 
or  the  carbonate  (limestone).  In  addition,  the  alkaline  carbon- 
ates and  carbonic-acid  gas  are  sometimes  found  in  consider- 
able proportion.  The  waters  are  usually  limpid,  and  possess 
but  little  taste,  though  an  exception  is  met  with  in  the  Sweet 
Springs  of  Virginia. 

Lime  exists  in  the  human  body  in  considerable  quantity.  It 
is  estimated  there  are  two  pounds  of  this  substance  in  the  bones 
of  the  adult,  combined  with  phosphoric  acid,  forming  a  phos- 
phate. It  also  enters  into  the  composition  of  the  blood,  saliva, 
muscles,  nerves,  and  other  organs.  It  is  eliminated  by  the 
kidneys  as  a  carbonate  or  phosphate,  and  in  certain  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system  the  quantity  excreted  is  much  increased. 

No  exact  investigations  have  been  made  concerning  the 
physiological  action  of  calcic  waters.  As  a  rule,  they  increase 
the  excretion  of  urine,  and  promote  perspiration.  They  usual- 
ly prove  constipating,  though,  when  taken  in  large  quantities, 
they  may  cause  purgation  in  some  persons.  On  the  skin  and 
mucous  membrane  they  seem-  to  possess  an  astringent  and  ex- 
siccating action,  which  Buchheim  thinks  is  due  to  a  chemical 
combination  of  lime  with  fatty  acid.  Upon  the  urinary  appa- 
ratus they  possess  a  sedative  action. 

These  waters,  especially  those  rich  in  carbonate  of  lime 
and  carbonic  acid,  prove  decidedly  beneficial  in  diseases  of  the 
urinary  apparatus,  such  as  catarrh  of  the  bladder ^  gravely  and 
calculuSj  and  are  even  preferable  to  alkaline-waters.     That 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


260 


waters  containing  a  large  proportion  of  the  salts  of  limo 
should  be  useful  iv  calculus,  may  seem  paradoxical ;  neverthe- 
less such  is  the  fact.*  It  is  probably  duo  to  their  diuretic  ac- 
tion, and  the  influence  of  the  lime  on  the  inflamed  mucous 
membrane  of  the  bladder  and  urinary  passages.  They  are  not 
solvents  of  the  stone.  These  waters  a^e  also  useful  in  gastral- 
gic  dyspepsia.  The  waters  included  under  this  cl;it  ?,  contain- 
ing considerable  alkaline  carbonates,  prove  valuable  in  cases 
of  diabetes  mellitus. 

BTTTTERWOBTH   SPBIKaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlcf. — Grand  Rapids,  Kent  County,  Michigan. 
Access*— Grand  Rapids  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad, 
one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  miles  northwest  from  Detroit. 
Hotels. — Rathbun,  Eagle,  Sweet's. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains     (64  Fahr.°  S.  P.  Duffleld) : 

SouDS.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda            .           .           .           .  0.484 

Carbonate  of  magnesia             .            .                        .  0.482 

Carbonate  of  iron  .....  0.088 

Carbonate  of  lime        .....  0.724 

Chloride  of  potassium        ....  1.227 

Chloride  of  sodium      .....  1.691 

Chloride  of  magnesium      .            .                        .  6.232 

Chloride  of  calcium      .....  0.763 

Sulphate  of  limo     .....  9.892 

Silica 0.064 

Alumina      ....  0.061 

Organic  matter  and  loss           ...  0.083 

Total  .....  20.081 

Properties. — ^This  calcic  water  much  resembles,  in  chemi- 
cal constitution,  the  waters  of  Bath,  England,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  exceedingly  large  proportion  of  chloride  of  mag- 
nesium which  it  contains. 

Remarks. — The  city  of  Grand  Rapids  is  at  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Grand  River,  about  forty  miles  from  its 
mouth.     At  this  point  the  river  is  three  hundred  yards  wide, 

1  See  Garbonate  of  Lime. 


:« 


%A 


210 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  falls  eighteen  feet  in  a  mile.     The  population  is  over  six- 
teen thousand. 

The  spring  is  located  on  Huron  Street,  near  the  centre  of 
the  city.  Adjoining  is  a  commodious  bath-house,  with  suites 
of  rooms  on  separate  floors  for  ladies  and  gentlemen. 


l!;; 


EATON-BAPIDS   WELLS. 

Loeatiftn  and  Post-OflBce. — ^Eaton  Rapids,  Eaton  Oounty,  Michigan. 

Access. — From  the  east  take  Great  Western  Railroad  of  Canada  to  De- 
troit; thence,  Michigan  Central  Railroad  to  Jackson;  thence,  via  Grand- 
River  Valley  Railroad,  to  Eaton  Rapids,  twenty-four  miles  northwest  of 
Jackson.  From  cast  and  south  go  to  Toledo ;  thence,  via  Lake  Shore  & 
Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  to  Jackson ;  thence  as  above.  From  Chicago 
and  the  west  take  Michigan  Central  Railroad  to  Jackson;  thence  as  de- 
scribed. 

Hotels* — Yaughan  House,  Frost  Uouse,  Eaton-Rapids  House,  Central 

Hotel. 

Ar,  \LT8I8. 


One  pint  contain)— 


SotlDB. 
Carbonate  of  potassa. . . . 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia. . . 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Sulphate  of  soda. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia.. . . 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Nitrate  of  ammonia 

Silicic  acid 

Silica 

Organic  matter  and  loss. 


Total. 


Oases. 

Carbonic  add ,. 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


I 


Grains. 


0.949 
0.248 
4.816 
0.969 


0.488 


1.689 
0.094 


9.188 

Cub.  In. 
2.82 


3m 


Gralni, 
0.159 
1.446 
0.480 
0.154 
2.692 
0.112 


6.016 
trace. 
0.176 

o!ii2 


11.246 

Cub.  lu. 

2 
trace. 


^1 

■goi 

^1 


Oraina. 
0.144 
0.672 
0.665 
0.125 
2.429 
0.112 


6.645 
trace. 
0.817 

o'.m 


10.116 

Cub.  In. 
1.92 
trace. 


Gralni. 

»0!642 
0!292 
1  "" 

I'.sii 

0.978 
6.748 


8.871 

Cubic  In. 
2 


I 


Grains. 
0.284 
0.472 
0.622 
0.208 
8.518 
0.187 


7.187 


0.260 


12.718 


Cubic  In. 


Properties. — These  waters  possess  the  usual  qualities  of 
calcic  waters,  and,  at  the  same  time,  from  the  presence  of  a 

t  In  this  analysis,  carbonate  of  soda  and  chloride  of  sodium  together  amount  to  0.642 
grains. 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


271 


proportion  of  alkaline  carbonates,  partake  of  the  properties 
of  alkaline  waters.  In  the  French  classification  they  belong 
to  the  mixed  bicarbonates.^  The  analysis  of  these  weils  was 
made  before  the  insertion  of  the  final  tubing,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed the  water  analyzed  contained  a  notable  proportion  of 
surface-water. 

Remarks. — The  town  o'f  Eaton  Rapids  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  Grand  River,  and,  since  the  discovery  of  the  wells  in 
1869-70,  has  grown  rapidly. 

Every  facility  for  baths  in  every  form  may  be  found  here, 
several  of  the  wells  being  directly  connected  with  the  hotels. 


•2o5 
I 


liESLIE   WEIiIi. 

Location  and  Post-OflBce* — Leslie,  Ingham  County,  Michigan. 

AeeesSt — From  Detroit,  via  Michigan  Central  Raibroad,  seventy-six  miles 
west,  to  Jnckson ;  thence,  fifteen  miles  north,  via  Jackson,  Lansing  &  Sagi- 
naw Railroad,  to  Leslie. 

IIoteL . 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  R.  C.  Eedzie) : 

BoLiDB.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  potassa         ....  0.369 

Carbonate  of  soda        .....  0.380 

Carbonate  of  magnesia      ....  0.660 

Carbonate  of  iron        .....  0.171 

Carbonate  of  lime  .....  2.214 

Sulphate  of  lime          .....  0.733 

Silica 0.216 

Organic  matter            .....  0.067 

Total  .....  4.790 

Gab.  Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid  .  .  .  .  .  .1.68 

Properties. — This  is  a  calcic  water,  containing  almost  suffi- 
cient iron  to  entitle  it  to  be  classed  with  the  chalybeates,  and, 
cop-^equently,  is  especially  applicable  to  those  cases  in  which 
a  calcic  water  is  needed,  and  in  which  anaemia  is  an  indica- 
tion for  the  administration  of  iron.  , 


I 


See  Magnetism.. 


i  w 


272 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


JRemarks. — Leslie  is  an  enterprising  town  of  about  one 
thousand  inhabitants.  The  proprietors  of  the  well  have  pro- 
vided a  bath-house  adjoining. 

HUBBABDSTON    WELL. 

Location  and  Post-Olfice* — Hubbardstou,  Ionia  County,  Michigan. 
AecesSi — From  Detroit,  via  Detroit  &  Milwaukee  Railroad,  to  Pcwamo,  one 
hundred  and  thirteen  miles  northwest ;  thence,  six  miles  and  a  half  by  stage. 
Hot«l. . 

ANALYSIS 

One  pint  contains  (Prof.  P.  H.  Douglass) : 

Solids.  Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia             ....  0.794 

Carbonate  of  lime  .....  2.06*7 

Protoxide  of  iron          .....  0.019 

Silica           .....  0.017 

Total      ......      2.897 

Remarks. — The  prop  ietors  have  erected  a  bath-house  at 
the  well. 

YELLOW    SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce* — ^Yellow  Springs,  Greene  County,  Ohio. 
Access* — ^Yellow  Springs  is  a  station  on  the  Little  Miami  Railroad,  seventy- 
four  miles  north  of  Cincinnati. 


Hotel.— Neff  House  Park. 

One  pint  contains 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Oxide  of  iron 
Organic  matter 


ANALYSIS. 

(52°  Fahr.  Wayne  and  Locke) : 

Grains. 

2.446 

0.019 

.       0.021 

0.193 

.       0.169 

0.049 

.  .  .     None. 


Total  .....  2.897 

Properties. — ^This  water  is  diuretic,  and  sometimes  laxative. 
The  union  of  a  proportion  of  iron  with  the  other  ingredients 
imparts  tonic  qualities.  The  water  is  a  good  one,  and  popular 
in  the  section  of  country  where  it  is  located. 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


273 


Jiemarka, — Yellow  Springs  are  beautifully  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Little  Miami  River,  which  here  clears  a  passage 
between  precipitous  banks,  fifty  feet  high,  known  as  the  Cliffs. 
The  surrounding  country  is  undulating,  and  attractive  drives 
lead  in  every  direction ;  those  to  Cedars,  Springfield,  Xenia, 
and  Clifton  (which  gives  a  charming  view  of  the  Falls  of  the 
Miami),  are  particularly  delightful. 

GETTTSBTTBa  SPBINaS. 

LocatloDt — Gettysburg,  Adams  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Access. — From  Baltimore,  via  Northern  Central  Railroad,  forty-seven  miles 
north,  to  Hanover  Junction;  thence,  thirty  miles  west,  to  Gettysburg;  thence, 
by  street-railroad  or  omnibus,  to  the  springs. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(Prof.  F.  A.  Genth): 

BOLIBS. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

0.027 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.041 

Carbonate  of  iron  . 

0.003 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

0.001 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

0.627 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.082 

Chloride  of  lithium 

trace. 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

.      0.026 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 

0.308 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  . 

0.847 

Sulphate  of  lime     . 

0.104 

Phosphate  of  lime 

.      0.001 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

0.001 

Borate  of  magnesia 

.       0.004 

Silicic  acid  . 

0.254 

Organic  matter,  with  trace  of  nitric  acid,  etc. 

.       0.088 

Impurities  suspended  in  the  vi 

rater,  like  clay,  etc.  . 

•                       ■                      • 

0.138 

Total     . 

.       2.552 

In  addition,  minute  quantities  of  carbonate  of  copper,  sulphate  of  stron- 
tia,  alumina,  and  traces  of  carbonate  of  nickel,  carbonate  of  cobalt,  and 
sulphate  of  baryta.  (1873.) 

Properties. — This  water  is  clear,  inodorous,  and  tasteless. 
As  will  hf  seen  by  the  analysis,  it  partakes  both  of  an  alkaline 


ii.  li 


m  I 

•III 
I" 


f 


I 


274 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  calcic  character,  though  the  salts  of  lime  predonunate. 
The  combination  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  one,  and  produces 
good  results.  The  water  has  proved  beneficial  in  gravely  cal- 
culus, catarrh  of  the  bladder,  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  and 
dyspepsia.  It  is  said  to  be  efficient  in  gout  and  rheumatism, 
and  that  chalk-stone  concretions  of  the  joints  have  been  re- 
moved by  its  use.  The  dose  of  the  water  in  the  majority  of 
cases  is  a  gill  three  times  a  day,  though  in  some  instances  it 
is  recommended  to  commence  with  a  very  much  larger  quan- 
tity, and  gradually  diminish  the  dose.  The  water  has  been 
named  Katalysine  water  by  the  proprietors  of  the  spring. 

Remarks. — These  springs  break  forth  in  a  picturesque 
valley,  a  few  miles  west  of  the  town  of  Gettysburg.  Within 
view  are  the  Catoctin  and  South  Mountains.  The  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  springs  was  the  scene  of  the  commencement  of 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  The  value  of  the  water  was  long 
known  to  the  neighboring  inhabitants,  but  it  has  only  been 
brought  to  public  notice  within  a  few  years.  The  bottled 
water  is  largely  sold  throughout  the  country.  ' 

CliABENDON    SPRINGS. 

Loeation  and  Post-Office* — Clarendon  Springs,  Rutland  County,  Ycrmont. 

Access* — Go  to  West  Rutland,  a  station  on  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga 
Railroad,  four  miles  from  Rutland  ;  thence,  four  miles  by  stage,  to  the 
springs. 


Hotel* — Clarendon  House. 

One  pint  contains 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Muriate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 


ANALYSIS. 

(50°  Fahr.   A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.): 


1 


Grains. 
0.38 

0.34 


Total  ......        0.72 

Gases.  Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid        .....  5.77 

Nitrogen  ......         1.20 

Properties. — ^This  is  a  water,  the  reputed  efficacy  of  which 
is  not  a<;counted  for  by  the  solid  ingredients  shown  by  the 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


276 


analysis.  The  water  is  remarkable  as  containing  a  consider- 
able proportion  of  free  nitrogen  gas,  an  unusual  constituent. 
It  also  contains  a  large  proportion  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  render- 
ing it  acceptable  to  the  stomach.  It  is  used  as  a  remedy  in 
gravel,  dyspepsia,  and  engorgement  of  the  liver. 

Remarks. — These  springs  have  been  a  favorite  resort  since 
the  early  settlement  of  the  country,  and  are  among  the  first 
ever  visited. 

An  extract  from  the  *'  Geology  of  Vermont "  runs  thus  : 
"  Tradition  informs  us  that  their  medicinal  virtues  were  first 
discovered  in  1776  by  one  Asa  Smith,  who  resided  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  township.  He  is  reported  to  have 
'  dreamed '  of  a  spring  in  the  western  part  of  the  town,  and 
full  of  faith  started  through  the  wilderness,  and  over  the  high 
hills  that  separate  the  two  portions  of  the  town,  in  search  of 
the  spring  that  would  furnish  water  that  should  restore  him  to 
health.  Arriving  at  the  spot,  he  recognized  it  as  the  one  he 
had  seen  in  his  dream,  and  accordingly  at  once  drank  the 
water,  and  bound  clay  saturated  with  it  on  his  swollen  and  in- 
flamed limbs."  The  man  is  said  to  have  been  healed  of  his 
malady,  and  thenceforth  the  water  has  enjoyed  considerable 
reputation. 

The  springs  are  delightfully  situated  amid  the  green  hills 
of  Vermont,  at  an  elevation  of  eight  hundred  feet  above  the 
Ipxrol  of  the  sea. 

SWEET   SPRINGS- 

Location  and  Post-OflBce. — Sweet  Springs,  Monroe  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred  and 
forty-one  miles  west;  thence,  ten  miles  by  stage  to  the  springs.  From  Rich- 
mond, via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred 
and  twenty-one  miles  west.  From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to 
Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake 
&  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  miles  southeast,  to  Alleghany 
Station. 

Hotel. — Sweet  Springs. 


\  1 


r  'fe 


276 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


i'  •'(    i 


A'    I 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains 

(74°  Fahr.  Prof.  W.  B. 

Rogers) : 

Solids. 

Gralnu, 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.103 

Carbonate  of  lime  . 

•                      •                      • 

S.161 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                      •                      t 

.       0.017 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

• 

0.039 

Chloride  of  calcium     . 

•                       •                      • 

.       0.018 

Sulphate  of  soda    . 

•                      •                      • 

0.793 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

•                      •                       • 

.      1.174 

Sulphate  of  lime    . 

•                       ■                       • 

1.646 

Peroxide  of  iron 

•                       •                      • 

.      0.018 

Iodine 

•                      • 

trace. 

Earthy  phosphates 

•                      •                      • 

trace. 

Silica 

•                                              • 

•                      •                      • 

0.021 

Total     . 

.      7.686 

Gas. 

Cubic  in. 

Carbonic  acid 

•                                              • 

11.00 

H 


Projyerties. — ^These  are  valuable  calcic  waters,  containing 
a  small  proportion  of  purging  sulphate,  and  a  large  amount  of 
carbonic-acid  gas.  Tliey  are  promptly  diuretic  and  diaphoretic 
as  a  rule,  and  seldom  purgative,  the  laxative  action  of  the  sul- 
phate of  magnesia  being  controlled  by  the  salts  of  lime.  The 
water  much  resembles  that  of  Pougues,  department  of  NiSvre, 
France. 

The  taste  of  this  water  is  sweet,  and  the  reaction  alkaline. 
In  August,  1871,  T  took  the  temperature  of  the  drinking-foun- 
tain,  and  found  it  74°  Fahr.  The  temperature  of  the  baths 
nearly  corresponds.  This  water,  therefore,  is,  strictly  speak- 
ing, a  thermal  water.  The  flow  of  the  water  is  about  twelve 
hundred  gallons  per  minute — quite  a  mill-race. 

These  waters  are  a  valuable  therapeutic  agent.  In  dys- 
pepsia^ depending  on  atonic  conditions,  they  will  undoubtedly 
afford  relief,  especially  in  those  cases  attended  with  gastralgia. 
In  sterility  unaccompanied  by  obstruction,  the  water  has  fre- 
quently proved  efficacious,  no  doubt  by  the  stimulant  eflFect 
exercised  on  the  generative  organs  by  the  carbonic  acid  in 
the  bath.  But  especially  is  the  water  valuable  in  gravel. 
Dr.  Woodville,  for  many  years  resident  at  the  springs,  in- 


fom 
fitec 
thai 
wel 
the 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


277 


It  of 
retic 
sul- 
Thc 
!vre. 


me. 
Jun- 
a.ths 
3ak- 
jlve 

Idly 
?ia. 
fre- 
Fect 
ill 
vel. 
in- 


formed me  that  he  had  never  known  a  case  that  was  not  bene- 
fited. Its  efficacy  in  gravel  appears  reasonable,  from  the  fact 
that  the  water  of  Pougues,  which  it  resembles,  has  long  had  a 
well-merited  reputation  in  this  malady.  It  may  be  stated  that 
the  Pougues  water  is  applicable  by  preference  to  phosphatic 
gravel  accompanying  catarrhal  conditions  of  the  urinary  appa- 
ratus, and  this  water  proves  of  especial  service  when  catarrhal 
trouble  predominates. 

The  waters  are  largely  used  in  the  form  of  a  bath.  The 
bath-building  is  a  large  brick  structure,  separated  into  two  com- 
partments. The  baths  are  each  about  sixty  by  thirty  feet, 
and  continually  replenished  by  the  spring-water,  which,  fresh 
from  the  depths  of  the  earth,  breaks  forth  all  over  the  sandy 
bottom.  As  before  stated,  the  temperature  of  this  bath  is 
about  74°  Fahr.,  but  on  first  immersion  it  feels  cooler.  The 
first  bath  should  not  exceed  three  minutes.  After  becoming 
accustomed  to  the  shock,  one  may  remain  from  five  to  eight 
minutes,  though  long  immersion  is  not  desirable. 

Remarks. — ^The  springs  are  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
charming  valleys.  Dr.  Burke,  in  his  work  on  "Virginia 
Springs,"  says :  "  This  vale,  about  five  miles  in  length,  and 
of  an  average  of  about  half  a  mile  in  width,  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Alleghany,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Sweet  Springs 
Mountain,  may,  without  disparagement  of  other  beautiful  val- 
leys, be  denominated  the  Tempe  of  Virginia." 

The  hotel  is  large  and  commodious,  and  with  the  long  line 
of  villa-like  brick  cottages,  sweeping  around  a  semicircle  of 
one-fourth  of  a  mile,  and  terminated  by  the  tasteful  bath- 
building  facing  the  hotel,  forms  a  pleasing  picture.  The 
neighboring  forests  abound  in  delightful  walks  and  for  the 
sportsman  deer  and  trout  are  easily  accessible.  The  society 
is  of  those  who  admire  elegance  more  than  display. 

The  Red  Sweet  Springs  (chalybeate)  are  but  one  mile  dis- 
tant. 

BERKELEY    SPmNGS. 

Location  and  Post-OflSce  AddresSt — Bath,  Morgan  County,  West  Virginia. 
Access* — Take  cars  at  any  point  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  and  go 


i 


, 


1 


l;:l 


ill 


278 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


¥   :i 


'"■  'i 


to  Sir  John's  Run,  n  station  one  liundred  and  thirty  miles  west  of  Baltimore, 
on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad ;  thence,  two  and  a  half  milea  by  stage,  to 
the  springs. 


Hotel.— Berkeley  Springs. 
One  pint  contains 

BOLIDB. 

Carbonate  of  lime 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Chloride  of  calcium 
Sulphate  of  magnesia  , 
Creuate  of  lime 
Crenatc  of  iron 
Silicate  of  iron 
Loss     .  .  < 


ANALYSIS. 

(W  Fahr.  A.  A.  Hayes,  M.  D.) : 


Grains. 
0.625 
0.112 
0.026 
0.045 
0.455 
0.010 
0.080 
0.008 

1.361 


Total 
Flow,  twelve  hundred  gallons  per  minute. 

I^operties. — Strictly  speaking,  these  are  thermal  waters, 
used  chiefly  in  the  form  of  baths.  Employed  in  this  way  they 
have  proved  of  decided  value  in  neuralgia,  and  in  cases  of  de- 
bility they  are  a  most  admirable  restorative,  when  the  system 
reacts  well. 

For  the  purpose  of  bathing  every  facility  is  presented. 
The  flow  of  water  is  exceedingly  abundant,  the  stream  there- 
from supplying  several  mills  in  its  way  down  the  valley. 
This  large  supply  has  been  utilized  so  as  to  furnish  baths  of 
every  description.  There  is  a  gentlemen's  and  a  ladies'  bath- 
house, with  numerous  private  baths ;  a  gentlemen's  swimming- 
bath,  sixty  by  twenty  feet,  and  five  feet  deep,  containing  over 
fifty  thousand  gallons  of  water ;  a  ladies'  swimming-bath,  thirty 
by  sixteen  feet,  and  four  and  a  half  feet  deep.  Also,  a  sepa 
rate  establishment  for  warm,  spout,  and  shower  baths. 

Remarks. — ^These  springs,  four  in  number,  issue  from  the 
base  of  the  Warm  Springs  Ridge.  The  mountain-side  is 
clothed  with  a  dense  forest,  which  is  permeated  in  every  direc- 
tion by  enticing  walks.  The  springs  are  respectively  named 
the  "  Gentlemen's  Spring,"  covered  by  a  pavilion,  supported 
by  ten  columns,  and  having  a  spacious  lounging-room  above  for 
gentlemen ;  "  Lord  Fairfax's  Spring,"  and  the  "  Ladies'  Spring," 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


279 


n 


also  surmounted  by  a  pavilion  and  open  above,  for  occupation 
by  visitors  or  the  band.     The  fourth  spring  is  a  small  one. 

These  springs  possess  an  historic  interest.  The  original 
title  was  vested  in  Thomas,  Lord  Fairfax,  who  made  a  grant 
of  a  few  acres  of  land,  with  the  springs,  to  the  State,  reserv- 
ing to  his  own  use  one  spring,  still  known  as  "  Lord  Fairfax's 
Spring."  In  colonial  times  the  gentry  assembled  here,  and,  in 
a  rude  way,  enjoyed  the  pleasures  of  the  wildwood  and  the 
luxury  of  the  baths.  Log-huts  and  tents  formed  the  only  shel- 
ter. The  day  was  passed  in  horse-racing,  hunting,  fishing, 
rambles  through  the  forests,  and,  at  certain  hours,  in  bathing. 
The  pool  was  a  hollow  formed  in  the  sand,  and  screened  by  a 
thatching  of  interwoven  boughs  of  the  pines.  At  a  certain 
predetermined  signal  from  a  tin  horn,  the  gentlemen  retired 
while  the  ladies  bathed ;  and  by  a  similar  device  the  gentlemen 
occupied  the  bath.  "  Peeping  Toms  "  were  dealt  with  unmer- 
cifully. At  niglit,  fiddling  and  dancing  were  indulged  in  by  the 
young,  under  the  cheerful  illumination  of  pine-knots  and  tal- 
low-dips ;  while  the  elders,  under  the  exhilaration  of  pure  "rye," 
recounted  stories  of  the  chase,  arranged  races  for  the  coming 
day,  and  exchanged  money  at  the  magic  call  of  the  cards. 

In  1777,  by  virtue  of  an  act  of  the  Assembly  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Virginia,  a  town  by  the  name  of  Bath  was  laid 
out.  General  George  Washington  being  one  of  the  purchasers. 
This  property  is  named  in  his  will  in  the  following  terms : 
"  Two  well-situated  and  handsome  buildings,  to  the  amount 
of  £150;"  and  in  a  note  thereto  we  find  the  following: 
"  The  lots  in  Bath  (two  adjoining)  cost  me,  to  the  best  of  my 
recollection,  between  fifty  and  sixty  pounds,  twenty  years  ago. 
Whether  property  there  has  increased  or  decreased  in  value, 
and  in  what  condition  the  houses  are,  I  am  ignorant,  but  sup- 
pose they  are  not  valued  too  high." 

AIXEGHAinr    SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Alleghany  Springs,  Montgomery  County,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Access* — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 


y 


II    'i! 


280 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  Virginia  &  TenncsBce  Railroad,  to  Alleghany  Station,  two  hundred  and 
fifty-four  miles  southwest ;  thonoc,  three  and  a  half  miles  by  stage  to  the 
springs.     From  the  south  and  west,  via  Chattanooga,  Knoxville  &  Virginia 
and  Tennessee  Railroads,  to  Alleghany  Station. 
lloteh — ^Alleghany  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (63°  Fahr.    F.  A.  Gcnth,  M.  D.) : 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  magnesia 
Carbonate  of  iron 
Carbonate  of  manganese 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Carbonate  of  lithia 
Carbonate  of  strontia  . 
Carbonate  of  baryta 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  soda 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sul{)hatc  of  lime 
Phosphate  of  alumina 
Nitrate  of  magnesia 
Nitrate  of  ammonia 
Fluoride  of  calcium 
Silicate  of  alumina 
Silicic  acid       . 
Organic  matter       . 

Total     . 
Oases 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Dr.  Genth  also  finds  minute  quantities  of  carbonate  of 
copper,  lead,  zinc,  and  cobalt ;  also  teroxide  of  antimony  and 
crenic  acid  and  epocrenic  acid.  These  constituents  were  not 
derived  directly  from  the  spring-water,  but  were  detected  in 
the  deposit  which  forms  in  the  spring  reservoir.  The  flow  of 
the  water  is  about"  one-fourth  gallon  per  minute.  The  taste  is 
pleasant,  without  odor  or  flavor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Properties. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  the 
chief  constituents  of  this  water  are  the  sulphates  of  lime  and 
magnesia,  a  combination  seldom  met  with.     It  is  allied,  by 


Grains. 

0.037 

.       0.016 

0.000 

.       0.376 

trace. 

.      0.006 

0.002 

.      0.028 

0.385 

.       0.178 

6.299 

.     12.007 

0.002 

.       0.335 

0.058 

.       0.002 

0.021 

,       0.091 

0.208 

.     19.057 

Cubic  in. 

1.20 

trace. 

II  - 


CALCIC  WATERS. 


281 


the  largo  proportion  of  sulphate  of  magnesia,  to  purgative 
waters.  As  might  be  expected  from  this  combination,  the 
action  of  the  water  is  both  purgative  and  diuretic^  when  taken 
in  considerable  quantity.  In  moderate  quantity,  however,  this 
action  is  not  marked,  the  cathartic  action  of  the  sulphate  of 
magnesia  being  controlled  by  the  constipating  tendency  of  the 
sulphate  of  lime.  The  play  of  the  other  constituents,  of 
which  Dr.  Genth  has  found  so  great  a  number,  cannot  be 
estimated. 

This  water  is  very  highly  esteemed  in  the  treatment  of  the 
various  types  of  dyspepsia^  and  it  is  in  this  disease  that  it 
numbers  the  most  important  cures.  It  has  also  proved  valua- 
ble in  engorgement  of  the  liver,  gait-stones,  and  habitual  con- 
stipation. 

Remarks. — The  Alleghany  Springs  are  situated  on  the 
Roanoke  River,  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains. The  hotel  and  principal  cottages  occupy  smooth  and 
undulating  hills,  while,  on  either  hand,  the  lofty  spurs  of  the 
Alleghanies  present  attractive  mountain-scenery.  In  every 
direction  the  visitor  finds  opportunity  for  the  enjoyme""*  of 
mountain-climbing  and  mountain-air.  Five  miles  from  the 
springs  is  Fiaher'^s  View,  where  an  extended  panorama  of 
mountain-summits  is  presented  to  the  eye.  Eight  miles  from 
the  springs  are  PuncJieon  Run  Falls,  also  a  point  of  consider- 
able interest. 

BETHESDA   SPBINaS.' 

Location  and  Post-Offleei — Waukesha,  Waukesha  County,  Wisconsin. 
Access. — Waukesha  is  a  station  on  the  Prairie  du  Chien  division  of  the 
Milwaukee  &;  St.  Paul  Railroad,  twenty-one  miles  west  of  Milwaukee. 
Hotels* — ^Exchange,  American,  Fox  River  House,  National. 

Properties. — It  will  be  seen  from  the  analysis  that  these 
waters  contain  1.037  grain  of  carbonate  of  soda  and  magne- 
sia, and  1.478  grain  of  carbonate  of  lime,  to  the  pint.  They 
are,  therefore,  closely  allied  to  the  alkaline  waters,  though  the 
calcareous  salt  is  slightly  in  excess.     The  waters,  as  is  usual 

s      See  Analysis,  page  282. 


282 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


V       I 


with  this  class,  are  decidedly  diuretic,  and  have  proved  ex- 
ceedingly  efficient  in  diabetes  mellitua,  gravely  calculus,  and 
chronic  influnimation  and  catarrh  of  the  bladder.  They  are 
also  pulliative  in  albuminuria  or  Bright's  disease,  and  by  the 
increased  flow  of  urine  relieve  dropsy. 

The  usual  quantity  taken  is  eight  to  ten  glasses  a  day  for 
the  first  three  or  four  days,  and  then  reduce  the  quantity  ac- 
cording to  the  eflFect  on  the  urine.  In  diabetes  mellitus,  the 
usual  restrictions  as  to  saccharine  and  amylaceous  diet  are 
to  be  observed. 

ANALTSI& 
One  pint  contains      (60°  Fahr.   C.  F.  Chandler) : 


SOUDS. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda  .           • 

0.109 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

.       0.918 

Carbonate  of  iron  . 

0.004 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.       1.478 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.145 

Sulphate  of  potassa     . 

.       0.057 

Sulphate  of  soda   .           . 

0.068 

Phosphate  of  soda 

trace. 

Alumina 

0.015 

Silica   . 

.      0.092 

Organic  matter 

0.248 

Total 


8.134 


Remarks. — Waukesha,  an  Indian  name,  signifying  "  Little 
Fox,"  is  a  pleasantly-shaded  village  on  the  banks  of  the  Little 
Fox  River.  The  population  numbers  about  three  thousand 
five  hundred.  The  climate  is  cool  and  refreshing  durir  -  the 
summer  months.  At  a  distance  of  six  to  ten  miles  from  the 
village,  at  Pewaukee,  Nashota,  Delafield,  Merton,  and  Ocoho- 
mowoc,  are  several  lakes  much  resorted  to  for  delightful  drives 
and  fine  sport. 

HOIiSTON   SFBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlcei — Holston  Springs,  Scott  County,  Yirginia. 

Access* — ^From  Washington  via  Orange.  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  Abingdon,  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  miles  southwest ;  thence  forty  miles  northwest,  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotelt — Holston  Springs. 


Pl 


CALCIC  WATERa 

ANALTSIS. 

One  pint  contains      (08^°  Fahr.   Prof.  Haydon) : 
8oMi>B.  Orolni. 

Carbonate  of  lime    .....  .80 

Cliloride  of  sodium  and  muriate  of  anunonia     .  .        .10 

Sulpliate  of  soda      .....         trace. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia     .....      1.69 

Sulphate  of  lime       .....  2.66 

Sulphate  of  alumina      .....    trace. 

Phosphate  of  alumina         ....         trace 

Total       .  .  .  .  .  .6.14 


283 


!■'' 


^5 


hi 


I 

i 

I 

i 


% 


CHAPTER    XVL 


THERMAL  WATEBS. 


All  waters  possessing  an  unvarying  temperature  of  85° 
Fahr.,  or  above,  are  included  under  this  designation.  I  use 
the  term  thermal  in  the  sense  of  heat  as  indicated  by  the 
sensations  of  the  body  ;  although,  geologically  speaking,  "  all 
springs  are  considered  warm,  or  thermal,  the  temperature 
of  which  exceeds,  however  little,  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture of  the  place  at  which  they  rise."  Accord -ngly,  a  spring 
of  a  certain  degree  would  be  called  warm  in  Iceland  and  cold 
at  the  equator.  Waters  of  85°  Fahr.  will  convey  a  sensation 
of  warmth  to  the  hand  of  most  persons  on  first  immersion, 
tliough  if  the  entire  body  were  placed  in  the  water  a  feeling 
of  chilliness  might  be  experienced.  Waters  of  from  70°  to 
85°  Fahr.  may  be  termed  temperate,  from  85°  to  93°  Fahr. 
they  are  tepid,  from  92°  to  98°  they  are  warm,  and  from 
98°  Fahr.  upw^ard  they  are  hot — all,  except  the  first,  included 
under  the  term  thermal.  In  one  or  two  instances  springs 
below  85°  Fahr.  have  been  introduced  in  this  class,  being 
above  the  temperature  of  cold  springs,  70°  Fahr.,  and  not  pos- 
sessing decided  chemical  constituents. 

Thernial  waters  are  chiefly  used  for  bathing,  and  in  this 
their  efficacy  mainly  consists  in  the  majority  of  instances. 
These  waters  sometimes  contain  considerable  carbonic-acid 
gas,  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  or  3ven  chloride  of  sodium,  or  the 
alkaline  carbonates ;  but,  as  a  rule,  they  yield  but  a  very  smiiU 
proportion  of  mineral  ingredients.  The  manner  of  using  the 
different  kinds  of  tepid,  warm,  and  hot  waters,  is  discussed  in 
the  chapter  on  baths,  under  the  respective  titles. 


ure  of  85° 
ion.  I  use 
'ted  ly  the 
aking,  "  all 
Jmperaturo 
il  tempera- 
y,  a  spring 
id  and  cold 
I  sensation 
immersion, 
T  a  feeling 
om  70°  to 

92°  Fahr. 

and  from 
t,  included 
Bs  springs 
ass,  being 
d  not  pos- 

md  in  this 
instances, 
bonic-acid 
nm,  or  the 
,^ery  small 
using  the 
scussed  in 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


285 


It  has  been  questioned  whether  there  is  a  diflPerence  be- 
tween the  heat  of  mineral  waters  and  artificial  heat.  Former- 
ly many  held  the  affirmative,  and  there  are  not  wanting  those 
who  still  hold  this  view.  But  there  are  no  observations 
that  show  any  actual  difference,  and  those  who  have  investi- 
gated the  matter  in  late  years  have  decided  in  the  negative.' 
This  being  so,  why  are  hot  or  warm  mineral  waters  more  ac- 
tive medicinal  agents  than  artificially-heated  water  ?  In  some 
instances  the  waters  are  highly  charged  with  gases,  or  contain 
considerable  mineral  ingredients,  but,  aside  from  this,  the 
uniform  and  continuous  temperature  of  the  water  distin- 
guishes it  from  ordinary  hot  water.  T^;e  latter  is  often  not 
uniformly  heated  throughout,  and  from  the  time  it  is  passed 
into  the  tub  is  decreasing  in  temperature,  or,  if  heated  by 
steam  in  the  tub,  is  alternating  each  moment  from  one  degree 
of  heat  to  another,  while  in  large  pools  at  tht  ';ot  springs  the 
water  remains  of  the  same  temperature  continually.  It  may 
be  added  that  it  is  impossible  to  arrange  hot  spout  and  douche 
baths  at  home  equal  to  those  of  the  springs.  Another  advan- 
tage is  that  of  specialty.  The  attendants,  the  physician,  and 
every  one  connected  with  the  springs'  baths,  acquire  dexterity 
and  precision  in  their  application,  M'liich  is  of  great  advantage 
to  the  invalid.  However  we  may  explain  their  action,  the 
fact  remains  of  their  efficacy. 

Tliese  waters  are  exceedingly  beneficial  in  the  treatment 
of  chronic  rheumatism  and  gout,  especially  when  associated 
with  stiffening  of  the  joints  and  concretions.  In  certain  irri- 
table conditions  of  the  nervous  system  they  produce  a  calm- 
ing e  feet,  and  in  neuralgia  depending  on  injuries  or  inflam- 
maticn  of  the  nervous  sheaths,  they  are  often  curative.  In 
paraplegia,  not  organic,  and  in  which  the  muscles  are  excit- 
able by  electricity,  the  use  of  these  waters  often  wonderfully 
hastens  a  cure ;  and  the  same  observation  may  be  made  of 

'  In  a  lettor  to  the  author,  Prof.  John  Tyndnll,  of  tho  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain, 
than  whom  there  is  no  higher  livinp  authority  on  heat,  writes  as  follows :  "  I  am  not 
acquainted  with  any  dlfferenco  botwcen  natural  heat  and  artificial  heat.  I  am  not 
acquainted  with  any  thermo-electric  conditions  that  could  cause  any  perceptible  diflfcreuc« 
between  the  therapcuMc  action  of  natural  hot  water  and  artificial  hot- water" 


■'  l!  i 


it 


1)  i 


m 


286 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


other  forms  of  paralysis^  excepting  hemiplegia,  for  which 
saline  waters  are  preferable.  In  many  of  the  scaly  diseases  of 
the  skitif  such  as  psoriasis^  lichen^  etc.,  they  are  a  most  efficient 
auxiliary  in  the  treatment.  They  also  form  a  desirable  ad- 
juvant in  the  treatment  of  syphilis  by  the  metamorphosis  of 
tissue  which  they  produce,  aiding  and  rendering  more  certain 
the  action  of  other  remedies. 

In  treatment  of  affections  of  the  joints  the  water  must  be 
quite  warm,  and  local  frictions  should  be  used.  Care  should 
be  taken  that  persons  affected  with  organic  diseases  of  the 
heart  are  not  treated  by  hot  baths. 

HOT    SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Hot  Springs,  Hot  Springs  County,  Arkansas. 

AccesSi — Go  to  Little  Rock,  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  miles  west  from 
Memphis,  by  Memphis  &  Little  Rock  Railroad,  or  by  steamboat   on  the 
Mississippi  and  Arkansas  Rivers  during  navigable  seasons ;   thence,  fifty 
miles  west,  by  stage  or  ;jrivate  conveyance,  to  the  sp^  .igs.    Also  by  steam- , 
boat  on  the  Ouachita  River  to  Arkadelphia ;  thence  thirty-five  miles'  staging. 

Hotels* — Hot  Springs,  Aikin,  Earlc,  Hale,  Rector,  Warren. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pmt  contains      (OS'-ISO"  Fahr.) : 

SOLISB. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

0.016 

Carbonate  of  lime 

«... 

0.496 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.001 

Sulphate  of  potassa     . 

. 

0.029 

Sulphate  of  soda     . 

0.047 

Sulphate  of  lime 

.             *             •             • 

0.014 

Sesquioxuio  of  iron 

0.013 

Iodine  , 

.             •             •             • 

trace. 

Bromine 

•             •             •             • 

trace. 

Silicate  of  lime 

«             .             .             • 

0.058 

Silica 

0.233 

Alumina 

.             .             •            * 

0.056 

Organic  matter 

0.088 

Water  . 

•             •             •             • 

0.018 

Total 

1.069 

The  above  analysis  is  the  result  of  calculating  the  follow- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


287 


'  which 
eases  of 
efficient 
ible  ad- 
losis  of 
certain 

nust  be 
should 
of  the 


cansas. 
est  from 
on  the 
ice,  fifty 
•J  steam. , 
staging. 


bllow- 


iug  percentages  as  given  by  Prof.  E.  Hills  Larkin,  who  ana- 
lyzed the  waters  in  1859 ;  and  combination  of  the  elements 
according  to  approved  formulae : 


Mineral  constituents,  8^  grains  per  gallon. 


Silicic  acid 

Sesquioxide  of  iron 

Alumina 

Lime 

Magnesia     . 

Chlorine 

Carbonic  acid 

Organic  matter 

Water 

Sulphuric  acid  . 

Fotassa 

Soda     . 

Iodine  and  bromine 

Total 


Percentage. 

24.'74 

1.21 

5.15 

.       28.83 

.73 

.01 

21.36 

8.31 

1.72 

4.49 

1.40 

2.01 

trace. 


100.08 


These  waters  resemble  the  waters  of  Gastein,  in  Austria, 
and  Pfaflfers,  in  Switzerland. 

Properties. — ^They  are  very  highly  esteemed,  and  deserv- 
edly so,  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  rheumatism^  gout,  con- 
tractions of  joints,  secondary  and  tertiary  syphilis,  and  neu- 
ralgia. In  paralysis,  unaccompanied  by  organic  lesions,  they 
are  of  considerable  utility.  As  auxiliaries,  in  dartrous  dis- 
eases ot  the  skin,  functional  diseases  of  the  uterus,  and  chronic 
poisoning  by  metals — either  lead  or  mercury — they  are  effi- 
cient. Experience  proves  them  to  be  positively  injurious  in 
affections  of  the  heart  or  brain,  dropsies,  and  diseases  of  the 
lungs  in  any  form ;  and  persons  laboring  under  diseases  for 
which  these  waters  are  beneficial,  but  accvimpanied  by  such 
maladies,  need  not  journey  to  the  Hot  Springs. 

How  do  these  waters  act  ?  Principally,  if  not  altogether, 
by  elevated  temperature.  Having  a  continuous  flow  of  three 
hundred  and  sixty  gallons  per  minute,  and  ranging  in  tempera- 
ture from  93°  to  150°  Fahr.,  we  would  expect  favorable  results 
from  their  judicious  use,  and  we  are  not  surprised  to  learn  of 


I'  I 


I 


m 


1l^ 


288 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


cures  under  their  employment  that  have  resisted  all  other 
modes  of  treatment.  It  is  asked,  "  Why  not  use  hot  water  at 
home  ?  "  Because  it  is  impossible  to  procure  it  in  sufTicient 
quantity  and  of  uniform  temperature.  Some  consider  that 
terrestrial  heat  possesses  peculiar  properties,  rendering  it  more 
efficient  than  artificial  heat.  Dr.  G.  W.  Lawrence,  who  has 
had  ample  opportunity  for  observation,  holds  that  "  a  positive 
difference  exists  in  the  natural  thermal  waters  of  Arkansas  and 
artificially-heated  waters,"  which  he  attributes,  among  other 
causes,  "  to  the  thermo-electric  properties  of  the  thermal  wa- 
ters." He  says,  "  The  natural  produces  a  stimulating  sweat ; 
the  artificial  waters  a  relaxing  diaphoretic  action.'''*  These 
differences,  however,  if  such  exist,  are  not  at  present  tangible. 

In  these  waters,  as  in  many  thermal  waters,  there  is  a  con- 
fervoid  growth,  or  "  moss,"  which  is  frequently  used  by  pa- 
tients as  an  external  application  to  painful  parts  or  ulcerated 
surfaces.     It  acts  much  like  a  poultice. 

Remarks. — It  was  these  waters  that  De  Soto's  companions 
passed  in  search  of  El  Dorado,  and  thought  the  "  fountain  of 
youth."  They  are  situated  in  a  valley,  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  Hot  Springs  Mountain — one  of  the  Ozark  Mountains — at 
an  elevation  of  thirteen  hundred  and  sixty  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  The  climate  is  pleasant,  the  temperature  seldom 
ranging  as  high  as  98°  Fahr.  during  the  hottest  days  of  sum- 
mer, and  the  nights  being  always  cool,  so  that  blankets  are 
desirable.  The  winters  are  usually  mild  and  of  short  duration ; 
and  the  "  springs  season  "  begins  in  April  and  continues  till 
December. 

The  springs  are  fifty-seven  in  number,  flowing,  as  I  have 
said,  three  hundred  and  sixty  gallons  per  minute.  This  large 
volume  of  water  is  utilized  for  all  modes  of  bathing,  by  con- 
duits, which  convey  it  to  the  various  establishments.  The  Hoi 
Springs  Hath  consists  of  three  compartments :  First,  a  dress- 
ing-room, where,  having  disrobed,  you  enter  the  bath-room, 
the  water  in  the  tub  having  been  previously  prepared  of  the 
proper  temperature ;  here  you  remain  for  a  specified  length 
of  time,  bathing  in  the  water  and  using  the  hot  spout-jet  of 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


289 


water  on  any  portion  of  the  body,  as  may  be  required.  From 
the  bath  you  enter  into  the  adjoining  vapor-room,  the  floor  of 
which  is  formed  by  narrow  strips  of  wood,  with  spaces  an  inch 
and  a  half  between.  From  these  interstices  a  volume  of  vapor 
escapes  from  the  hot  water  flowing  beneath,  filling  the  room, 
and  giving  it  a  temperature  of  about  110°  Falir.  Here  you  re- 
main from  one  to  three  minutes,  drinking  freely  from  the  can 
of  hot  water  previously  placed  in  the  room.  After  the  vapor- 
bath  you  wipe  the  surface  quickly,  till  dry,  put  on  your  jlan- 
nels^  dress  rapidly,  protect  the  person  well  with  warm  over- 
garments^ hasten  to  bed,  where  you  remain,  in  your  flannels 
and  well  blanketed^  usually  twenty  minutes,  drinking  the  hot 
water  at  intervals.  When  the  circulation  has  become  tranquil 
and  perspiration  has  ceased,  the  person  may  rise,  but  not  to 
go  out-of-doors  immediately  if  the  weather  is  at  all  chilly. 

Within  eight  miles  of  the  Hot  Springs  are  good  sulphitr- 
waters^  not,  however,  improved. 

CALISTOQA   HOT    SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Officc. — Calistoga  Springs,  Napa  County,  California. 

Access. — From  San  Francisco,  cross  the  bay  by  regular  boat  to  Vallejo, 
connecting  with  Napa  Valley  Railroad  direct  for  Calistoga,  three  and  a  half 
hours  from  San  Franciaco.  From  Sacramento,  go  by  rail  direct  to  Vallejo ; 
thence,  as  above. 

UotelSi — Calistoga  Springs  Uotol,  Mountain  House. 

Analysis, — The  principal  ingredients  are  said  to  be  sul- 
phur, iron,  and  magnesia,  sulphur  largely  predominating. 
Temperature,  100°  to  195"^  Fahr.  The  waters  have  not  been 
quantitatively  analyzed. 

JPi'02)erties. — These  springs,  belonging  to  the  sulphur  class, 
and  possessing,  besides,  the  properties  of  thermal  waters,  are 
of  decided  efficacy  in  many  diseases,  such  as  (/out,  j)ciralysis^ 
rheumatism,  dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  chronic  lead-poi- 
soning,  and,  as  an  auxiliary,  in  tertiary  syphilis. 

licmarA's. — The  springs  r. umber  about  sixty,  varying  in 

temperature  from  lukewarm   to  boiling-hot,  and   distributed 

over  an  area  of  a  hundred  acres.    The  waters  arc  used  almost 

exclusively  for  bathing.    For  this  purpose  a  commodious  swim- 
13 


m 


290 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


!-  m 


ming-bath  has  been  constructed,  in  which  many  persons  may 
enjoy  the  pleasures  of  a  plunge-bath  at  the  same  time.  It  is 
arranged  with  the  usual  conveniences  of  side-cabinets  for  dis- 
robing and  dressing.  There  are  also  well-arranged  private 
baths.  A  hot-sulphur  steam-bath  is  also  arranged,  so  that  the 
eflPects  of  the  water  in  the  form  of  hot  vapor  may  be  procured. 
Here  also  are  found  the  moor  or  mineral-mud  baths,  similar  to 
those  of  Franzensbad  and  Marienbad,  in  Bohemia. 

Calistoga  is  one  of  the  out-^rowths  of  our  rapid  American 
civilization.  A  few  years  ago  the  area  which  it  occupies  was 
a  waste ;  but,  under  the  energetic  management  of  the  proprie- 
tor, Samuel  Brannan,  Esq.,  smooth  lawns  and  inviting  walks 
have  succeeded  the  waste  places,  and  embowered  cottages  al- 
lure the  invalid.  The  name  was  formed  by  uniting  the  first 
two  syllables  of  California  ^7ith  the  last  two  of  Saratoga 
though  there  is  not  the  least  analogy  between  the  two  as  re- 
gards the  properties  of  the  water.  Within  the  lands  of  the 
springs  is  a  large  vineyard  of  many  acres,  yielding  tons  of 
grapes  of  the  choicest  varieties.  Here  Califomians  are  accus- 
tomed to  try  the  efficacy  of  the  "  grape-cure,"  as  practised  at 
Vevay,  in  Switzerland. 

About  five  miles  southwest  of  Calistoga  is  the  Petrified 
Forest,  an  object  of  exceeding  interest  to  the  geologist  or 
tourist.  There  are  found  the  prostrate  remains  of  a  vast  forest 
of  gigantic  trees,  similar  to  the  towering  conifers  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  all  converted  into  solid  stone.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  the  result  of  volcanic  agency,  the  surface  having  been  del- 
uged with  hot  silicious-alkaline  waters. 

Calistoga  is  the  point  whence  the  stage  is  taken  for  the 
Geysers ;  also  for  Skagg's  Springs,  Harbine  Springs,  Seigler 
Springs,  and  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 


THE    GEYSERS. 

Location! — Sonoma  County,  California. 

Access. — From  Sau  Francisco,  across  the  bay,  by  boat,  to  Vallcjo ;  thence, 
by  Napa  Valley  Railroad,  three  and  a  half  hours,  to  Calistoga  Springs ;  thenco 
twenty-eight  miles  by  stage. 

Ilotclt — Govsor  Ilotcl. 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


291 


Analysis. — 


MemarJiS. — "  The  Geyser  Canon  *  is  half  a  mile  long,  the 
bottom  from  one  to  two  rods  in  width,  and  the  banks  shoot  up 
fourteen  hundred  feet  at  an  angle  of  forty-live  degrees.  Their 
surface  in  most  places  is  whitish,  covered  with  the  residuum 
of  extinct  geysers,  .  .  .  which  has  been  bleached  by  the  suns 
and  rains  of  scores  of  summers  and  winters.  Here  and  there, 
at  wide  intervals,  are  small  jets  of  steam  from  springs  which 
are  yet  bubbling  and  hissing.  Large  spots  are  completely 
honey-combed  with  these  faintly-w  king  relics  of  a  once 
thickly-boiling  section.  As  we  walk  over  them,  the  ground 
occasionally  gives  way  beneath  our  tread,  and  we  sink  shoe- 
deep  into  the  chemical  deposits. 

"The  first  spring  we  meet  going  up  the  ravine  is  the 
'  Alum  and  Iron  Spring,'  w^hich  has  a  temperature  of  ninety- 
seven  degrees.  Incrustations  of  iron  form  around  it  in  a  sin- 
gle night.  A  few  feet  farther  on  is  the  *  Medicated  Geyser 
Bath,'  having  a  temperature  a  few  degrees  less.  .  .  .  Next 
is  the  *  Boiling  Alum  and  Sulphur  Spring,'  with  a  temperature 
of  over  a  hundred  and  fifty  degrees. 

"Close  by  is  the  *  Black  Sulphur,'  which  has  about  the 
same  degree  of  heat.  Beyond  these  are  the  *  Epsom  Salts 
Spring'  and  the  'Boiling  Black  Sulphur,'  which  boil,  bubble, 
and  roar  constantly.  The  largest  of  all  is  the  *  Witches'  Cal- 
dron,' whose  diameter  exceeds  seven  feet,  and  is  tossing  con- 
tinually with  ebullition.  When  we  saw  it  the  water  was 
thrown  up  four  or  five  inches,  but  we  are  assured  that  some- 
times it  is  thrown  up  two  feet.  The  temperature  is  one  hun- 
dred "nd  ninety-five  degrees.  It  is  large  enough  to  boil  an 
ox,  and  the  bottom  is  of  an  unknown  depth.  Large  volumes 
of  steam  rise  from  it,  as  visible  as  the  puffings  from  the  smoke- 
stack of  a  locomotive.  Twelve  feet  away  is  the  '  Intermittent 
Scalding  Spring,'  which  sends  forth  jets  of  water  of  a  temper- 
ature of  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  degrees.  They  some- 
times rise  to  a  height  of  fifteen  feet,  but  the  pressure  varies  at 
different  times.     It  is  the  same  with  nearly  all  the  springs. 

>  J.  p.  Manning,  in  LippincoWs  Magazine,  December,  1870. 


292 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


h 


and  what  is  seen  by  one  may  be  very  different  from  what  is 
seen  by  another.  At  no  time,  however,  do  the  jets  cease  cn- 
tirel3\  As  the  degree  of  pressure  and  the  height  to  which  the 
water  is  thrown  vary,  so  does  the  sound.  There  arc  periods 
when  it  is  heard  at  a  considerable  distance,  and  again  the  car 
must  be  nt'ar  by  to  distinguish  it. 

"  The  most  wonderful  and  interesting  of  all  the  springs  is 
the  '  Steamboat  Geyser,'  the  play  of  which  resembles  exactly 
the  *  blowing  off  steam '  in  a  high-pressure  steamboat.  A  lit- 
tle beyond  this  singular  spring  the  canon  divides  or  forks, 
smaller  ones  branching  off  to  the  right  and  left.  Just  at  the 
fork  a  bold,  lofty  bluff  rises  up,  which  is  surmounted  by  a 
tapering  rock  named  *  The  Pulpit.'  .  .  .  From  the  Pulpit  a 
full,  fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  entire  canon  and  the  imme- 
diate surroundings.  Besides  the  springs  we  have  named, 
which  are  the  largest  and  most  valuable  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses, there  are  numerous  smaller  ones,  numbering,  all  counted, 
about  a  hundred.  Among  them  is  the  '  Devil's  Inkstand,'  a 
small  spring,  whose  product  is  as  black  as  ink,  and  serves  very 
well  as  a  substitute  for  that  article. 

"  Passing  up  the  bank  which  forms  the  upper  right-hand 
end  of  the  canon,  and  taking  position  on  a  knoll,  we  get  the 
best  view  of  the  larger  springs  and  their  operation.  About 
two  hundred  feet  below  us  is  the  Witches'  Caldron,  black  as 
ink,  tossing  and  steaming :  farther  down  are  the  minor  ones, 
sending  up  into  the  scorching  sunlight  their  gossamer  vapors. 
We  hear  distinctly  the  Steamboat  Geyser.  It  seems  as  if  we 
were  on  the  brink  of  Tartarus  itself,  while  all  around,  on  the 
sides  and  summits,  excepting  in  the  spots  covered  with  the 
chemicals  from  extinct  geysers,  are  wild-oats  growing  abun- 
dantly, beautiful  ilowcrs,  and  wide-spreading  oaks,  under  whose 
deep-green  shade  grows  luxuriantly  a  peculiar  mountain-grass. 
All  this  vegetation  borders  closely  on  the  most  barren  of  all 
wastes. 

"  From  this  resting-place  we  pass  over  the  '  Mountain  of 
Fire,'  a  section  filled  with  scores  of  orifices.  .  .  .  Then 
comes  the  *  Alkali  Lake,'  followed  by  other  springs  of  boiling 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


203 


water  impregnated  with  numberless  chemicals.  One  is  a 
white-sulphur  spring,  the  water  of  which  is  of  an  amber 
purity.  Another  is  the  '  Boiling  Eye-water  Spring.'  One  of 
the  guides,  a  very  intelligent  German,  has  put  up  ten  dilFerent 
specimens  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  chemicals, 
and  spring-waters  in  small  phials,  for  the  convenience  of  visitors, 
that  they  may  have  in  compact  and  portable  form  apt  tokens 
of  remembrance  of  one  of  earth's  marvels.  Near  the  hotel,  in 
Pluton  Caiion,  is  the  'Acid  Spring.'  .  .  .  Sweetened  with 
sugar,  it  makes  a  palatable  lemonade.  About  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  the  inn  is  the  *  Indian  Spring,'  so  called  because  the 
Indians  for  many  years  carried  their  sick  there  to  be  healed. 
It  is  a  chalybeate,  the  water  being  an  inky  blackness.  .  .  . 
Steam  or  vapor-baths  have  been  constructed  by  building  sheds 
over  the  springs,  so  as  to  imprison  the  steam  long  enough  to 
be  used  for  sanitary  and  pleasure  purposes.  The  principal 
one  is  in  the  bottom  of  Pluton  Caiion,  near  the  fresh-water 
brook,  so  that,  after  the  warm  douche  and  the  vapor  bath,  the 
bather  goes  a  few  steps,  and  finds  a  plunge-bath  of  the  most 
sparkling  mountain-water,  in  an  artificial  reservoir  so  arranged 
that  the  contents  are  constantly  renewed." 


I 


PASO   BOBLES    HOT    SFRINQS. 

Location  aud  Post-Officc. — Paso  Roblcs  Hot  Springs,  Sau  Luis  Obispo 
County,  California. 

AcccsSt — From  San  Francisco  by  steamer,  about  one  hundred  and  eighty 
miles  south  to  San  Luis  Obispo  ;  thence,  twenty-seren  miles  north  by  stage, 
to  the  springs.  Or,  by  San  Francisco  &  St.  Joso  Railroad,  to  Sargent's  Sta- 
tion ;  thence,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  south  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 
From  Los  Angeles  north,  by  steamer,  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 

Uotel. — Paso  Robles. 

Properties. — From  the  follow^ing  analysis  it  will  very  readily 
be  seen  that  this  is  an  exceedingly  valuable  thermal  water, 
closely  allied  in  chemical  composition  to  the  waters  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  in  Rhenish  Prussia.  Thci-e  is  the  unusual  combina- 
tion of  thermality,  considerarble  chloride  of  sodium,  sulphuret- 
ted hydrogen,  carboaio-acid  gas,  and  an  active  amount  of 


% 


294 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


l\  .  V-    ,i 


alkaline  carbonates.  A  water  such  as  this  cannot  fail  to  be 
of  benefit  in  very  many  cases  of  ffout,  chronic  rhewnatism^  and 
ilartrous  skin-diseases ;  also,  in  contractions  of  the  joints  and 
old  gunshot-wounds.  In  fine,  it  is  applicable  to  all  those  dis- 
eases especially  benefited  by  a  thermal  saline-sidphur  icater. 
The  immediate  effect  of  the  water  is  laxative  and  diuretic ; 
the  remote,  alterative. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains — 


Soups. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  nia^neyia. 

Chlorido  of  sodium 

Sulpliate  of  potassa 

Snipliatc  of  Hoda 

Siili)hate  of  liine 

Protoxide  of  iron 

Iodides  and  bromides. . . 

Alumina .. .. 

Silica 

Organic  matter 


Total. 


Gases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen . 


Main  Spring, 

MikI  Spring;, 

ll!i°  Kohr. 

12!!°   Falir. 

Prof,  Thumiu  Price. 

Prof.  Tlionjas  IMce. 

Gralni. 

Grnlnt. 

8.CK4 

0.54J1 

0.057 

0.823 

2.880 

10.017 

0.092 

trace. 

0.818 

4.281 

0.334 

1.8&1 

0.037 

•  •  •  • 

traces. 

.... 

0.023 

, 

0.046 

O.llfl 

0.171 

0.301 

8.0T2 

17.035 

CnMc  In. 

Cubic  in. 

2.31 

10.53 

saturated. 

saturated. 

Memarks. — The  name,  Paso  de  Roblcs,  means  White-Oak 
Pass,  so  called  from  the  white-oaks  grown  in  the  valley.  Un- 
fortunately, the  immediate  surroundings  of  the  springs  are  not 
attractive,  the  valley  in  which  they  are  situated  being  flat,  and 
the  mountains  on  either  side  low  and  of  a  monotonous  uniform- 
ity. "  But  let  the  visitor  go  over  a  few  miles  to  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  and  his  eyes  shall  be 
sated  with  color. 

"  I  sat  one  October  morning  in  a  vast  amphitheatre,  be- 
tween the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  and  the  outer  buttes,  or 
foot-hills,  and  gazed  upon  a  mosaic  more  enchanting  than  can 
be  witnessed  outside  of  California.  The  crest  of  the  moun- 
tain bore  a  straggling  row  of  palc-grecn  California  pines,  while 
hero  and  there  a  live-oak  stood  darkly  in  the  unbroken  sheet 
of  gold.  Directly  before  me  there  was  a  great  sunny  moun- 
tain, daintily  crinkled  and  dimpled,  and  thus  shadowing  the 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


205 


wild  grasses,  here  into  a  pale  claret,  there  into  a  cinnamon,  or 
a  cttir^  or  a  buff,  or  that  exquisitely  rich  and  satisfying  tint 
often  seen  on  California  hills  when  they  lie  at  a  certain  slope 
beneath  the  sun,  and  resembling  nothing  so  much  as  a  damson 
purple,  all  rimy  crisp  with  a  soft  and  sunny  flush  of  violet  haze. 
In  another  place,  the  ripened  wild-oats  had  faded  in  the  dew- 
Icss  summer  days  from  their  golden  splendor  to  an  inexpressi- 
bly subdued,  tender,  creamy  tint,  like  the  finest  velvet-plush, 
which  seemed  to  float  over  the  slope  as  the  merest  nimbus, 
now  creeping  a  little  in  the  breeze,  and  now  dying  with  a  kind 
of  lazy,  delicious  shudder."  * 

The  conveniences  at  these  springs  are  such  as  accompany 
the  early  stage  of  improvement.  There  are  two  swimming- 
pools — one  for  gentlemen,  one  for  ladies. 

SANTA   BABBABA   HOT   SULPHUR   SPRINGS. 

Loeatlon  and  Post>Oflico. — Santa  Barbara  Springs,  Santa  Barbara  County, 
California. 

Access* — From  San  Francisco,  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles  south,  by 
steamer,  to  Santa  Barbara ;  thence,  four  miles  by  stage. 

IIoteK — Sulphur  Springs.    (Good  accommodations  in  Santa  Barbara.) 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made.  They 
are  hot  sulphur-waters.     Temperature,  60°  to  130°  Fahr. 

Properties. — These  waters  are  valuable  in  chronic  rheuma- 
tism^ diseases  of  the  sJcin^  contractions  of  the  joints,  paralysis , 
and,  as  an  auxiliary,  in  the  treatment  of  secondary  and  tertiary 
syphilis. 

RemarJcs. — ^In  this  connection  I  insert  a  po-;tion  of  a  letter 
received  March  33,  1873,  from  Dr.  M.  H.  Biggs,  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara: 

"  The  Hot  Sulphur  Springs  of  Santa  Barbara  are  situated 
at  the  head  of  a  deep  canon,  about  five  miles  to  the  northeast 
of  the  town  of  Santa  Barbara,  at  an  elevation  of  fourteen  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  They  number 
in  all  seven,  and  seem  to  be  of  two  distinct  varieties.  Those 
nearest  the  head  of  the  canon  escape  from  crevices  in  the  rock, 

>  Stephen  Powers,  Esq. 


m 


206 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  arc  four  in  number,  all  appearing  to  have  the  same  projv 
ertios,  the  most  sensible  of  M'hicli  arc  free  sulphur  and  sul- 
phurottcd  iij'drogon ;  their  temperature,  114°  Fahr.  Aiujiher 
spring  is  situated  about  one  hundred  yards  off,  in  a  -westerly 
direction  from  the  first  mentioned;  temperature,  117°  Fuhr. 
Its  principal  constituent  is  sulphate  of  alumina,  evident  from 
the  thick  incrustation  of  this  salt  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
rock  beneath  which  this  water  escapes ;  it  also  tastes  strongly 
of  sulphate  of  iron,  and  is  said  to  contain  soda  and  potash, 
and  a  trace  of  arsenic.  The  two  remaining  springs  are  located 
in  a  branch  canon,  about  one  hundred  rods  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion from  the  last  one  mentioned,  and  appear  to  possess  the 
same  qualities,  with  the  exception  of  the  temperature,  which  is 
only  112°  Fahr.  No  thorough  analysis  of  these  mineral  springs 
has  ever  been  made,  at  least  in  our  time. 

"  It  is  said  that  while  this  country  was  in  possession  of  the 
King  of  Spain,  a  corps  of  scientific  men  was  sent  out  to  this 
coast,  commissioned,  among  other  things,  to  test  the  proper- 
ties of  the  several  mineral  springs  known  to  abound  here ;  and 
that  in  their  report  they  pronounced  the  Santa  Barbara  Hot 
Sulphur  Springs  to  be  the  best  and  nnst  medicinal,  and  supe- 
rior to  any  other  in  California  *for  the  «!are  of  many  diseases.' 
Whether  they  came  to  this  conclusior  from  actual  analysis,  or 
from  simply  witnessing  their  effect,  is  not  known.  Certain  it 
is  that  at  the  present  day  they  are  becoming  famous  for  their 
curative  effects  in  many  cases  of  rheumatism,  paralysis,  vari- 
ous diseases  of  syphilitic  origin,  and  skin-diseases  generally ; 
and  from  a  persistent  use  of  the  waters  (drinking  and  bathing), 
many  individuals  have  been  cured  of  such  affections." 

The  climate  of  Santa  Barbara  is  delightful.  It  seems  more 
nearly  to  resemble  that  of  Monaco  and  Mentone,  on  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean,  than  any  other  in  America.  Through- 
out the  year  the  temperature  is  mild  and  equable,  affording 
that  opportunity  for  continual  out-door  exercise  that  is  so  im- 
portant to  consumptives.  From  a  report  by  Dr.  Thomas  M. 
Logan,  Permanent  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of 
California,  we  select  the  following : 


ill 


at 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


297 


"  Santa  Barbara  is  the  county-scat  and  principul  town  of 
the  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  built  upon  ii  beautiful 
slope,  rising  from  the  sea-beach,  at  the  southeastern  extremity 
of  a  gently-ascending  valley,  some  fifteen  miles  in  length  and 
two  in  width,  but  gradually  spreading  out  to  five  miles,  as  it 
extends  into  the  interior.  The  beautiful  harbor  consists  of  a 
cove,  or  semi-ellipse,  about  one  and  a  half  mile  wide  from 
point  to  point,  indented  into  the  curving  shore,  and  protected 
by  the  overlapping  Santa  Ynez  and  adjoining  ranges.  The 
gently-sloping  beach  fr"*  several  miles  affords  safe  sea-bathing 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  At  low  water  an  admirable  and 
pleasing  drive,  equal  to  that  of  Newport,  may  here  be  had, 
and  the  interesting  drawing  of  the  seine,  full  of  every  variety 
of  fishes,  may  be  witnessed — a  most  important  item  in  the 
dietary  of  the  fjeble,  from  the  warmth-giving  phosphorus 
contained  in  fish. 

"  As  to  the  climate  of  Santa  Barbara,  it  will  be  seen  that, 
although  lying  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  Charleston,  S.  C, 
yet  it  is  totally  different,  and  that  the  isothermal  lino  would  be 
deflected  toward  St.  Augustine,  Fla.  Nearly  the  same  cloth- 
ing is  worn  all  the  year  round,  and  there  is  no  day  in  the 
year  in  which  the  invalid  may  not  sit  out-of-doors.  This 
covers  the  most  essential  indication  in  the  treatment  of  con- 
sumption, by  affording  a  continuous  supply  of  pure,  unadulter- 
ated air-food  for  the  lungs.  Still,  as  the  climate  possesses 
some  latent  peculiarities  in  its  favor,  too  subtile  for  ordinary 
observation,  I  shall  instance  the  remarkable  phenomencn  so 
philosophically  noted  by  Dr.  Brinkerhoff,  who  has  resided 
here  eighteen  years : 

" '  Some  ten  miles  from  Santa  Barbara,  in  a  westerly  direc- 
tion, in  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  about  one  and  a  half  mile  from 
the  shore,  is  an  immense  spring  of  petroleum,  the  product  of 
which  continually  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  water  and  floats 
upon  it  over  an  area  of  many  miles.  This  mineral  oil  may 
be  seen  any  day  from  the  deck  of  steamers  plying  between 
here  and  San  Francisco,  or  from  the  high  banks  along  the 
shore,  its  many-changing  hues  dancing  upon    the   shifting 


iW 


nM 


'::-.  HI 


r  i 


298 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


:^  -t 


waves  of  the  sea,  and  affording  various  suggestions,  both  for 
the  speculative  and  the  speculator.  Having  read  statements 
that,  during  the  past  few  years,  the  authorities  of  Dama-^ous 
and  other  plague-ridden  cities  of  the  East  have  resorted  to 
the  practice  of  introducing  crude  petroleum  into  the  gutters 
of  the  streets  to  disinfect  the  air,  and  as  a  preventive  of  dis- 
ease, whi  3h  practice  has  been  attended  with  the  most  favorable 
results,  I  throw  out  the  suggestion,  but  without  advancing 
any  theory  of  my  own,  whether  the  prevailing  w^esterly  sea- 
breezes,  passing  over  this  wide  expanse  of  sea-laden  petro- 
leum, may  not  take  up  from  it  and  bear  along  with  them 
to  the  places  whither  they  go,  some  subtile  power  whicli 
serves  as  a  disinfecting  agent,  and  which  may  account  for  the 
infrequency  of  some  of  the  diseases  referred  to,  and  probably 
for  the  superior  healthfulness  of  the  climate  of  Santa  Barbara.' 

"  I  would  add  that,  during  one  week's  sojourn  here,  my 
attention  has  been  directed  tc  the  peculiar  ambrosial  influ- 
ence pervading  the  air,  sc  woll  described  above,  and  that  I 
indorse  all  that  has  been  stated  in  this  respect.  That  the  cli- 
mate of  Santa  Barbara  possesses  all  the  elements  of  general 
healthfulness  in  an  eminent  degree,  is  substantiated  by  the 
fact  that  the  epidenucii  incident  to  childhood  are  almost  un- 
known. Fevers  and  agues  never  originate  here.  Small-pox, 
frequently  brought  from  abroad,  never  spreads,  although  hun- 
dreds of  the  native  population,  either  from  ignorance  or  preju- 
dice, never  allow  themselves  to  be  vaccinated. 

"  I  have  said,  when  speaking  of  the  prolific  yield  of  the 
soil,  that  it  was  due  to  the  moist  sea-air.  On  this  depends 
the  deliciousness  of  the  climate.  Moist  air,  either  too  hot  or 
too  cold,  is  injurious.  The  latter  chills  the  surface  and  drives 
the  blood  in  upon  the  internal  organs.  But  the  moist  air  in 
which  we  bathe  in  Santa  Barbara  is  possessed  of  that  happy 
combination  of  temperature  with  moisture,  which,  while  it  re- 
freshes, also  'nvigorates  and  vitalizes  equally  the  whole  sys- 
tem. The  range  between  the  wet  and  dry  bulb  thermome- 
ters, at  two  p.  M.,  is  usually  about  four  degrees,  except  on 
foggy  or  rainy  days,  when  they  are  often  identical ;  and  yet. 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


2  on 


strange  to  say,  the  feeling  of  chilliness  is  never  expeiienced. 
During  the  prevalence  of  a  high  land  wind,  the  range  is  occa- 
sionally exter;ded  to  ten  or  even  twenty  degrees ;  but  even 
then  that  feeling  of  irritation  and  dryness  which  attends  the 
same  wind  in  the  more  northern  portions  of  California,  is  un- 
known. This  occurrence,  however,  does  not  happen  oftener 
than  once  or  twice  a  year,  and  then  only  for  a  brief  period 
about  the  equinoxes. 

"  The  peculiar  evenness  of  the  climate  is  shown  in  the 
following  tables,  compiled  from  the  meteorological  register  of 
the  Rev.  J.  A.  Johnson,  the  indefatigable  editor  of  the  Santa 

Barbara  Press : 

'monthly  mean. 


April,  Average  of  the  three  dally  observations. 

60.62  F. 

May, 

(( 

(( 

(( 

62.36°  F. 

June,         "          " 

(( 

(( 

(( 

65.14°  F. 

July, 

u 

(( 

(( 

71.40°  F. 

August,     "          " 

(( 

u 

(( 

72.12°  F. 

Sept., 

« 

(( 

(( 

88.08°  F. 

Oct.,          "          " 

(I 

(( 

(( 

65.96°  F. 

Nov., 

« 

(( 

(( 

61.22°  F. 

Dec.,         "          " 

(( 

t( 

i( 

52.12°  F. 

Jan.,         "          " 

u 

(( 

u 

54.51°  F. 

Feb.,         "          " 

(( 

«< 

<( 

53.35°  F. 

March,      "          " 

(( 

(( 

u 

58.12°  F. 

Average  temperature  for  tl 

10  year, 

•                            • 

60.20°  F. 

COLDEST  DAY. 

WARMEST 

BAY. 

April  12th,  60°  F. 

April  16th, 

74°  F. 

May  1.5th,  66°  F. 

May  23d,  77°  F. 

June  1st,  69°  F. 

June  3d,  80°  F 

July  26th,  76°  F. 

July  11th, 

84°  F. 

Aug.  11th,  ir  r. 

Aug.  8th,  86°  F. 

Sept.  23(1,  06"  F. 

Sept.  27th, 

90' F. 

Oct.  23d,  60°  F. 

Oct.  20th, 

92°  F. 

Nov.  Yth,  64°  F. 

Nov.  20th, 

87°  F. 

Dec.  15th,  52°  F. 

Dec.  28th, 

7rF. 

Jan.  11th,  56°  F. 

Jan.  3a,  76°  F. 

Fob.  22d,  42°  F. 

Feb.  28th, 

71°  F. 

Mar.  13th,  56°  F. 

March  27th,  83°  F. 

uoldest  day  in  the  year,  Feb 

22d,  42° 

F. ;  warmest 

day  in  the  year,  Oct. 

20th,  02°  F.    Variation,  50°. 

t  )> 

300 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


From  the  date  of  Dr.  Logan's  report,  I  presume  the  table 
above  was  compiled  from  records  of  observations  during  1870. 


AGITA  CAUENTE;    OB,   WABNEB'S  BANCH  SPBINGS. 

Location. — San  Diego  County,  California. 

Aeeess* — ^From  San  Diegj,  about  fifty  miles  northeast,  in  a  direct  line. 

Hotel* .    (No  in^provemcnts.) 

Analysis, — ^Thermal  sulphur-waters. 

Remarks. — The  following  is  the  description  of  these  springs 
as  given  by  W.  P.  Blake,  geologist  of  U.  S.  Exploring  Ex' 
pedition  i 

"  The  Thermal  Springs,  generally  known  as  the  '  Agua 
Caliente,'  are  situated  on  the  slope  of  one  of  the  ridges  at  the 
most  eastern  part  of  the  valley  ("Warner's  Ranch.)  They 
have  long  been  resorted  to  by  the  Indians  for  bathing,  and 
the  cure  of  various  diseases.  The  water  boils  up  from  out  of  a 
granite  ledge  through  a  number  of  openings  or  cleavage-fissures, 
and  in  one  place  it  appears  to  have  enlarged  the  opening  so 
that  it  has  become  nearly  cylindrical.  The  water  flows  copiousW 
from  different  apertures,  and  the  united  streams  give  a  volume 
of  water  about  equal  to  what  would  be  delivered  from  a  two- 
inch  pipe  under  a  pressure  of  one  or  two  feet.  These  openings 
are  in  a  slight  ravine,  which  appears  to  have  been  the  bed  of  a 
brook  that  is  now  deflected  from  its  course  by  a  dam  built  for 
the  purpose  by  the  Indians.  In  descending  toward  the  spring 
the  odor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  at  onoe  perceptible,  and 
a  slight  cloud  of  steam  rises  from  the  water.  The  tempera- 
ture of  the  water  was  taken,  and  the  following  are  the  rcLults : 


Time,  9  A.  m.,  November  30,  1853. 
First,  or  principal  spring 
Second  spring  .... 

Third  spring        .  .  .  .  . 

Fourth  spring  .... 

Fifth  spring,  ten  feet  distant 
Stream  below  the  springs 

Stream  above  the  springs  .  .  . 

Air    . 


142°  F. 
141°  F. 
140°  F. 
140°  F. 
136°  F. 
13tv  F. 

eu°  F. 

W  F. 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


301 


"  Bubbles  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  were  constantly  escap- 
ing, and  the  water  was  highly  charged  with  it ;  and  had  an 
acid  taste  that  was  quite  agreeable.  There  was  only  a  slight 
deposit  or  incrustation  on  some  of  the  rocks  (consisting  of 
sulphur).  A  small  jet  of  steam  was  constantly  issuing  from  a 
crevice  near  the  main  spring,  producing  a  slight  hissing  sound 
like  steam  from  a  leak  in  a  boiler." — ( Government  Explora- 
tions for  Pacific  Railroad^  vol.  v.,  p.  lOG.) 

SAN   BERNARDINO    HOT    SPBINGS. 

Locatioilt — San  Bernardino  County,  California. 

Access* — From  the  town  of  San  Bernardino,  about  fifty  miles  northeast 
from  Los  Angeles  ;  thenco,  about  five  miles  distant. 
llotelt •    (I^o  improvements.) 

Analysis. — Pure  and  calcic  thermal  waters. 

Memarks. — These  springs  are  situated  on  the  flarks  of 
Mount  San  Bernardino.  They  are  described  as  folkws,  by 
W.  P.  Blake,  geologist  of  the  U.  S.  Survey,  who  visited  them 
between  the  3d  and  6tli  of  November,  1853  : 

"  The  warm  and  hot  waters  gush  out  from  the  granitic 
rock;  on  the  flanks  of  San  Bernnrdino  and  adjacent  heights. 
Id  ;iie  f^acc  the  springs  arc  so  numerous,  and  the  water  rises 
"  I .  v.-^x  volume,  that  a  good-sized  mill-stream  of  hot  water  is 
fori  •  ■,  winch  flows  down  into  the  valley,  and  Is  one  of  the 
princii,?..  iributaries  of  the  Santa  Anna  River.  This  brook  of 
hot  water  retains  a  ten  ,.'?rature  of  100°  Fal  r.,  three  or  four 
miles  from  its  source. 

"  I  visited  several  of  the;  springs  on  the  sif.es  of  the  Sierra, 
between  San  Bernardino  Mountain  and  the  Cajon  Pass,  near 
the  saw-mill  road.  ...  It  was  evident  that  the  adjacent 
^'TJinitc  was  very  near  the  surface,  as  shown  by  one  or  two 
uiitciopH,  from  one  of  which  the  hot  waters  issued.  Small 
springs  rise  at  intervals  of  ten  or  twenty  feet  along  a  distance 
of  thirty  or  forty  rods.  Their  waters  unite,  and  form  a  little 
stream  that  empties  into  the  brook  a  short  distance  below. 
The  banks  of  the  stream  were  thickly  overgrown  with  grass. 


vi 

if 

302 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


m 


A  dense  mass  of  beautiful  green  confervae  grew  from  the  bot- 
tom and  sides  of  the  channel,  and  floated  in  rich  waving 
masses  in  the  hot  water.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
springs,  however,  no  vegetable  growth  was  visible.  The 
rocks  and  gravel  in  contact  with  the  water  were  covered  with 
a  snow-white  incrustation,  and  little  twigs  and  leaves  that  had 
fallen  into  it  were  softened  to  a  white,  pulpy  mass,  and  were 
partly  incrusted.  This  was  also  the  case  with  insects  that 
were  lying  dead  in  tb  "ows  of  one  of  the  springs,  but  1 
could  not  observe  that  i  ther  case  any  petrifaction  or  in- 
ternal deposit  of  mineral  matter  had  taken  place.  The  follow- 
ing temperatures  were  observed :  172, 169, 1G6, 130, 128,  108° 
Fahr.  The  temperature  of  the  hot  stream  below  all  the 
springs  was  130°  Fahr.,  and  the  mountain-brook  only  65° 
Fahr.    Temperature  of  air,  76°  Fahr. 

"  The  white  crust  was  not  found  in  equal  quantities  at  all 
the  springs.  It  appeared  to  be  most  abundant  at  one  of 
them.  .  .  .  An  analysis  of  the  crust  (by  J.  D.  Easter,  Ph.  D.) 
since  the  return  of  the  expedition,  gave  the  following  results : 

"  The  aqueous  extract  contained  only  a  small  proportion 
of  chloride  of  sodium.  In  hot  hydrochloric  acid  the  mass  dis- 
solved with  strong  eflFervescence,  leaving  a  residue  of  silica 
and  alumina.     The  solution  contained — 

Lime  (carbonate)  chief  constituent. 

Silica  (soluble  in  acid). 

Magnesia. 

Alumina  and  oxide  of  iron,  traces. 

Phosphoric  acid,  trace. 

"The  springs  are  estimated  to  be  at  least  five  hundred 
feet  above  the  le ,  el  of  the  Santa  Anna,  at  the  Mormon  settle- 
ment, and  thus  nearly  sixteen  hundred  and  eighteen  feet  above 
the  sea. 

"  These  springs  are  not  the  source  of  the  large  stream  of 
water  first  referred  to.  It  takes  its  rise  farther  eastward,  near 
the  mountain  of  San  Bernardino.  I  regret  that  I  could  not 
visit  its  source,  as  the  springs  must  be  of  great  volume  and 
high  temperature  to  send  forth  such  a  large  stream  of  water 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


303 


ictaining  its  temperature  a  long  distance  from  the  mountains. 
1  was  informed  there  are  several  other  localities  of  hot  springs 
along  these  mountains,  and  there  are,  no  doubt,  many  that 
have  not  yet  been  discovered.  The  large  stream  of  hot  water 
appears  to  be  nearly  pure." — ( Government  Explorations  for 
Pacific  Railroad^  vol.  v.,  pp.  63,  64.) 


sKAaas'9  :i.0T  sPBiNas. 

Loeatlcn  and  Post-OflBce. — Sonoma  County,  California. 

Access. — From  San  Francisco,  by  daily  boat,  to  Petaluraa ;  thence,  by 
rail,  to  Healdsburg ;  thence,  about  twenty  miles  by  stage,  to  springs.  Time, 
about  twelve  hours. 

Hotel.— Skaggs's  Springs. 

Analys  is. — None. 

Remarks. — "There  are  three  springs  open  at  present: 
That  nearest  the  hotel  is  impregnated  with  sulphur,  iron,  and 
borax.  .  .  .  Temperature  v;iries  from  128°  to  130°  Fahr.  The 
second  spring,  about  one  hundred  yards  distant,  contains 
manganese,  iron,  sulphur,  and  soda;  temperature,  138°  to 
140°  Fahr.  To  the  left,  and  nearly  opposite  tie  spring  just 
described,  is  the  iron  spring  situated  on  a  knoll.  The  canon 
in  which  the  hotel  is  located  contains  several  trout-streams 
aflFording  excellent  fishing.  There  is  also  an  abundance  of 
game,  such  as  deer,  quail,  rabbits,  etc."  ' 

GrLBOY   HOT    SPmNGS. 

Location. — Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Fost-OflBce. — Gilroy,  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

Access. — From  San  Francisco,  by  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  forty^seven 

miles  south  to  San  Jos6 ;  thence, miles  south  by  Southern  Pacific 

Railroad,  to  Gilroy ;  thence, miles  south  by  stage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — Gilroy  Springs. 

A  nalysis. — None. 

liAKB    TAHOE    HOT   SPRINGS. 

Location. — On  the  borders  of  Lake  Tahoe.    The  lake  is  on  the  eastern 

boundary  of  California,  and  lies  partly  in  Placer  and  partly  in  £1  Dorado 

County. 

'  Corraspondcncc  of  a  California  papor. 


« 


304 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Access* — Go  to  Truckee,  a  station  on  the  Pacific  Central  Railroad,  two 
hundred  and  fifty -eight  miles  east  from  San  Francisco ;  thence,  by  stage,  to 
the  springs. 

Hotel. (at  Truckee,  the  Kennebec  and  the  Truckee). 


Analysis.- 


Memarks. — ^This  is  an  interesting  mountain  resort,  about 
six  thousand  five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  At  the  Hot 
Springs  a  steamer  conveys  passengers  across  the  lake,  and  re- 
turns, in  one  day. 

IDAHO   HOT   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post^fDce. — Idaho  Springs,  Clear  Creek  County,  Colorado. 

AccesSt — Go  to  Denver,  via  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad ;  thence,  via  Colorado 
Central  Railroad  and  stage,  to  Central  City,  thirty-four  miles  west ;  thence, 
six  miles  by  stage,  to  Idaho. 

Hotels* — Beebo  House,  Springs  House. 


ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (85° 

to  115° 

Fahr. 

J.  G.  Dohle): 

Solids. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda    . 

3.85 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

, 

» 

.       0.36 

Carbonate  of  iron     . 

0.52 

Carbonate  of  lime 

• 

• 

.       1.19 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.52 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

t 

• 

.     trace. 

Chloride  of  calcium 

trace. 

Sulphate  of  soda 

• 

• 

.       3.67 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

2.34 

Sulphate  of  lime 

• 

• 

.      0.43 

Silicate  of  soda 

• 

• 

0.51 

Total 

.     13.39 

Flow,  one  hundred  gallons  per  minute. 

(1870.) 

Properties. — In  chemical  ingredients  and  temperature 
these  waters  are  of  the  nature  of  the  celebrated  Carlsbad  wa- 
ters in  Bohemia,  though  not  equal  in  the  amount  of  constitu- 
ents, or  height  of  temperature.  They  are  valuable  waters — 
especially  useful  in  rheumatism^  cutaneous  diseases^  contrac- 
tions of  joints^  tertiary  syphilis,  etc. 

HemarJcs. — Idaho,  within  the  range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 


.1 1»: 


u. 


1,  two 

Se,  to 


bout 
Hot 
d  rc- 


irado. 
Drado 


icncc, 


).) 

ture 
wa- 
itu- 

'S — 

'ac- 
un- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


305 


tains,  and  seven  thousand  eight  hundred  feet  above  the  sea, 
presents  an  altogether  Alpine  character.  "The  scenery  is 
Swiss-like  in  every  particular.  Snow  always  in  sight,  cas- 
cades, the  rushing  roar  of  sparkling  waters,  rounded  moun- 
tains, beetling  crags,  and  grand,  barren  cliffs,  'rock-ribbed 
and  ancient  as  the  sun.'  The  town  itself  is  built  in  a  broad, 
fertile  valley,  irrigated  with  ditches  and  enlivened  by  the 
sound  of  waters.  The  hill-sides,  cut  by  deep  canons,  rise  up 
gently  in  some  places,  in  others  abruptly ;  here,  covered  with 
grass,  and  there  with  pine-forests.  The  emerald  of  the  val- 
ley, dotted  with  its  white  houses,  is  picturesquely  succeeded 
by  the  deep  green  of  the  mountain-slopes,  whose  dense  forests 
stand  out  clearly  defined,  mingling  with  a  sky  of  an  Italian 
blue,  and  transparently  beautiful."  * 

There  are  two  large  bathing  establishments,  known  as  the 
Ocean  Bath  and  the  Mammoth  Bath,  having  pools :  one,  twenty 
by  forty,  and  four  feet  deep ;  the  other,  thirty  by  fifty,  and  five 
feet  deep.  There  are  also  arrangements  for  private  baths  of 
any  desired  temperature, 

MIDDLE    PARK   HOT    SUIiPHUB    SPBINaS. 

Lo'*''tloil. — Middle  Park,  Summit  County,  Colorado. 

ActiSSSt — Go  to  Denver,  via  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad ;  thence,  seventeen 
miles  west,  via  Colorado  Central  Railroad,  to  Golden  City ;  thence,  thirty-two 
miles  by  stage,  to  Georgetown  or  Empire ;  thence,  fifty  miles  horseback  over 
Berthoud  Pass.  Or,  from  Denver,  thirty-four  miles  west,  via  Colorado  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  to  Central  City ;  thence,  fifty-five  miles  horseback  over  the  James 
Peak  route.  Or,  from  Central  City  by  wagon  or  carriage,  fifty-five  miles,  over 
the  South  Boulder  route.    Camp  out  on  the  way 

Hotel. — One  in  contemplation. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made.  They  are,  however, 
said  to  be  of  the  sulphur  class,  and  range  in  temperature  from 
111°  to  11G°  Fahr.     Flow,  two  hundred  gallons  per  minute. 

Hemarks, — These  springs  are  no  doubt  destined  to  be  a 
very  popular  resort.  Situated  as  they  are,  on  a  mountain- 
bound  plateau  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 

>  Correspondence  of  Kov.  11.  C.  Waltz. 


306 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


I 


under  a  cloudless  sky,  and  surrounded  by  the  attractions  of 
mountain  scenery  and  the  chase,  they  cannot  fail  to  receive 
visitors. 

The  atmosphere  is  cool  and  exhilarating,  and  bathing  in 
the  water  delightful.  With  all  the  inconvenience  that  at- 
tends a  journey  thither,  and  the  necessity  of  camping  out, 
over  five  hundred  persons  were  there  during  the  month  of 
July,  1871. 

The  favorite  route  to  the  springs  is  by  the  way  of  Berthoud 
Pass.  Having  arrived  at  Georgetown,  the  tourist  procures 
saddle  and  pack  horses,  and  guides.  The  first  day's  journey 
will  be  over  the  summit  of  the  range,  eleven  thousand  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  through  a  dense  forest  of  timber  for  fourteen 
miles  beyond,  to  the  "  head  of  the  park."  Here  camp  is 
usually  made.  The  next  day's  ride  is  down  an  open  valley  or 
arm  of  the  park,  following  for  some  miles  tlie  course  of 
Fraser's  River.  The  route  by  South  Boulder  Pass  is  tedious 
and  difficult,  the  road  passing  over  the  extreme  summit  of  the 
range,  more  than  12,000  feet  above  the  sea,  where  snow- 
storms are  not  unusual  in  July  and  August.  The  James  Peak 
route  is  one  of  the  most  interesting,  the  road  winding  around 
the  mountain,  one  of  the  highest  points  in  the  range ;  and  the 
ascent  easily  made.  All  the  roads,  however,  after  crossing 
the  mountains,  meet  togethci  in  the  valley  of  the  Fraser 
River.  Thence  the  road  is  a  pleasant  carriage-drive  along 
meadow-like  valleys,  with  timbered  ridges  or  table-lands,  to 
the  right  and  left.  The  grass  is  of  luxuriant  growth,  and 
great  variety.  Clover  of  several  kinds,  and  the  blue  flowering 
flax,  are  seen  everywhere.  All  through  late  spring  and  early 
summer  the  prairies  are  bright  with  flowers,  and  the  air  laden 
with  their  fragrance.  Delightful  camping-places  are  seen  all 
along  the  route,  and  days  or  weeks  can  be  whiled  away  in 
Arcadian  simplicity  and  enjoyment. 

Arrived  at  the  springs,  there  are  several  houses,  a  little 
trading  establishment,  and  a  primitive  blacksmith-shop.  The 
springs,  many  in  number,  are  grouped  together  on  an  emb ck- 
ment,  three  hundred  feet  from  Grand  River,  and  about  thirty 


K 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


307 


feet  above  it.  The  stream,  formed  by  the  united  overflow  of 
the  springs,  is  from  three  to  five  inches  deep,  and  four  to  six 
feet  wide.  The  flow  is  probably  much  greater  than  that  re- 
corded. The  sources  vary  in  temperature  from  111°  to  116° 
Fahr.  Curiously  enough,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
is  a  cold  sulphur-spring. 

The  bath  is  a  natural  basin  in  the  rock,  fifteen  by  thirty 
feet,  and  four  feet  deep.  It  has  been  housed  and  roofed. 
The  temperature  of  this  bath  is  about  109°  Fahr. 

In  this  distant,  region  the  sportsman  readily  gratifies  his 
inclination.  All  the  streams  abound  in  trout,  and  the  forests 
are  frequented  by  elk,  deer,  antelope,  and  mountain-sheep. 
During  the  season,  grouse  and  water-fowl  shooting  may  be 
indulged. 

Grand  Lake,  twenty-seven  miles  northeast  from  the  springs, 
is  another  attraction.  The  road  is  up  the  valley,  and  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly pleasant  one.  The  lake  is  at  the  extremity  of  a 
deep  cove  in  the  main  mountain-chain.  On  three  sides  it  is 
overshadowed  by  frowning  clifFs,  while  on  the  other  is  a  nar- 
row gap  between  high  wooded  hills,  through  which  the  river 
makes  its  exit,  and  the  road  enters.  Thick  forests  of  tall  pines 
come  down  on  all  sides  to  the  water's  edge,  separated  there- 
from only  by  a  narrow  beach  of  clean-washed  white  sand. 
The  water  is  very  deep,  and  clear  as  crystal.  Most  astonish- 
ing echoes  are  sent  to  and  fro  over  its  waters,  the  sound  re- 
verberating back  and  forth  from  cliff  to  cliff. 

Near  the  springs  are  many  patches  of  agate,  where  moss- 
agate,  chalcedony,  and  amethyst,  may  be  found. 


WARM   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  PostK)flIcc.— Warm  Springs,  Madison  County,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Icwss.— Go  to  Morristown,  a  station  on  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Rail- 
road, one  hundred  and  fifty-four  miles  northeast  from  Chattanooga,  and  four 
hundred  and  seventy  miles  southwest  from  Washington ;  thence,  via  Cincin- 
nati, Cumberland  Gap  &  Charleston  Railroad,  thirty-nine  miles,  to  Wolf 
Creek ;  thence,  eight  miles  by  stage  or  omnibus,  to  the  springs.    The  West- 


•k. 


308 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


era  North  Carolina  Railroad,  from  Salisbury  via  Ashcvillc,  will  soon  bp  com. 
pletcd  to  the  springs 

Uotch — Warm  Springs. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  iiint  contntiia' 


Solids. 
Chloride  of  potnsslum  . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 
Chloride  of  calcium. . . . 
Sulphate  of  potassa. . . . 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia.., 

Sulphate  of  lime , 

Soluble  silicates 

Total , 

Gases. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


Bathinit  Springs. 

10a°  I'nUr. 

E.  Ailulmnrth, 

M.  D. 


Graini. 
0.039 
0.114 
0.027 
1.268 
0.045 
1.123 
0.103 
5.110 
1.121 


9.015 

Cubic  in. 
1.8T 
0.22 


Drliililiik  SijrlDKi, 

»7°  I'lihr. 

E.  Ail.lumrth, 

M.  D. 


o.dta 

0.137 
0.fl40 
1.118 
0.05!) 
1.113 
I.OIC 
5.007 
1.192 


9.811 

CuMc  in. 
1.34 
0.31 


Properties. — Chemically  considered,  these  are  calcic-sul- 
phur waters,  bearing  considerable  resemblance  to  the  well- 
known  baths  of  Leuk,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  Switzerland. 
They  are  valuable  thermal  waters  and  are  efficacious  in  chronic 
rheumatism^  gout,  paralysis^  dartrous  skin-diseases,  and  irrita- 
ble conditions  of  the  urinary  apparatus.  They  also  are  useful 
in  certain  cases  of  amenorrhcea  and  dysmenorrhoea, 

Remarhs. — The  Warm  Springs  are  at  an  elevation  of  sev- 
enteen hundred  feet  above  the  sea,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
pine-covered  mountain-summits,  save  the  gorge  and  valley 
where  the  French  Broad  River  has  worn  its  pathway.  The 
hotel  and  cottages  are  included  in  an  area  of  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  acres,  well  shaded,  and  interwoven  with  winding 
walks.  The  scenery  of  the  region  is  exceedingly  wild  and 
beautiful.  The  banks  of  the  river  are  precipitous  in  many 
places,  at  the  springs  being  over  one  hundred  feet  in  height. 
At  a  distance  of  some  two  miles  from  the  hotel  is  Lover's 
Leap,  an  elevated  point  frequently  visited  by  tourists,  whence 
a  far-extended  view,  for  many  miles,  is  had  of  the  winding  and 
turbulent  river  and  the  enclosing  mountain-peaks.    The  climate 


bo  com. 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


309 


is  cool  and  bracing,  the  severe  heats  of  summer  being  un- 
known. 

The  springs  arc  near  the  banks  of  the  river.  One,  the 
largest,  is  enclosed  by  a  brick-wall  laid  in  cement,  and  has  a 
bath-house  built  over  it.  The  br  th  is  divided  into  two  com- 
partments—  one  for  ladies,  tbe  other  for  gentlemen.  The 
swimming-baths  arc  about  twenty  by  thirty  feet,  and  four  and 
a  half  feet  deep.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  ladies'  bath 
is  102°  Fahr. ;  gentlemen's,  100°  Fahr.  The  flow  of  water  is 
constant,  averaging  nine  gallons  per  minute. 


AGUA   OAIilENTE. 

Location. — Mcsilla  County,  New  Mexico. 

iccesst . 

Hotel* (Unimproved). 

Remarks. — This  spring  is  described  as  follows  by  T.  Anti- 
sell,  M.  D.,  geologist  of  United  States  Exploring  Expedition : 

"  Between  the  Mimbres  and  Ojo  de  la  Vacca,  and  close  to 
trail  leading  from  the  former  to  the  copper-mines,  is  that  re- 
markable spring  known  as  the  '  Agua  Caliente.'  It  lies  about 
five  miles  from  the  river. 

"  Where  the  springs  issue  out  is  a  mound  or  bank  of  tu- 
faceous  deposit,  formed  by  the  overflow  of  the  spring  at  some 
former  time,  previous  to  the  side-channels  being  formed.  This 
mound  is  twenty  feet  above  the  valley-level  and  two  and  cne- 
half  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  spring,  showing 
that  the  spring,  by  deposit  of  carbonate  of  lime  from  its  wa- 
ters, has  formed  a  basin-wall  for  itself,  and  allowed  its  level  to 
be  raised  above  the  surrounding  valley.  This  calcareous  basin 
is  twenty-five  feet  across  and  does  not  show  bottom,  except 
around  the  edges,  which  are  rocky ;  a  twelve-foot  pole  thrust 
into  the  middle  did  not  find  bottom.  The  temperature  of  the 
spring  was  130°  Fahr.  at  the  surface.  From  one  point  below 
bubbles  of  gas  arose  in  great  abundance  (carbonic  acid).  The 
water  is  agreeable  to  the  taste."  ' 

>  "  Government  Explorations  for  Pnciflc  Eailroad,"  vol.  vU.,  p.  156. 


310 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


WARM   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-Olllce.— Wunn  Springs,  Meniwether  County,  Georgia. 
Access* — From  Macon,  via  Western  Railway,  one  hundred  miles  west,  to 
Columbus;  thence,  thirty-six  miles  by  stage. 
Hotel* — Warm  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (90°  Fahr.     Prof.  A.  Means) : 

Solids  Grains. 

Oxide  of  magnesium  .  .  .  ,  11.68 

Oxide  of  calcium         .....        4.64 

Protoxide ofiron    .  .  ,  .  2.14 


Total     . 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen 


18.40 

Cubic  In. 

1.11 

trace. 


The  above  bases  are  combined  with  carbonic  acid,  forming 
carbonates.     A  new  analysis  of  this  water  is  needed. 

Hemarks. — These  springs  are  situated  on  a  spur  of  the 
Pine  Mountain.  The  flow  is  fourteen  hundred  gallons  per 
minute ;  and,  as  a  consequence  of  this  large  supply  of  water, 
every  facility  for  bathing  is  ofiered.  The  height  of  the  spiings 
above  the  sea  is  eighteen  hundred  feet.  Surrounding  the 
springs  are  walks,  terraces,  and  grottos,  and  the  usual  accom- 
paniments of  springs  resorts.  Within  the  enclosure  there  is  a 
sulphur-spring ;  while  three-quarters  of  a  mile  distant  is  the 
cold  sprint/^  an  acidulous  chalybeate,  discharging,  it  is  said, 
five  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty-one  cubic  inches  per 
hour  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  from  a  surface  about  five  feet  square. 
The  drive  thither  is  delightful — a  fine  pebbled  road,  leading 
through  a  skirt  of  wood,  beneath  the  shade  of  mountain-oak, 
chestnut,  and  pine. 

LEBANON    SPBINQS. 

Location  and  Post-office* — Lebanon  Springs,  Columbia  County,  New  York. 

Access* — From  New  York,  via  Ilailnm  Railroad,  direct  to  the  springs,  one 
hundred  and  fifty-five  miles  north.  Or  take  Hudson  River  day-boat  to  Hud- 
son; thence,  by  Hudson  &  Boston  Railroad,  to  Chatham  Four  Corners; 
thence,  by  Harlem  Extension  Railroad  to  the  springs,  twenty-seven  miles 
north.    From  the  east,  take  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad  to  Chatham  Four 


I  if  J, 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


311 


Corners ;  tljcncc  ns  dcacribcd.    From  tho  west,  go  to  Albany ;  thcnco,  by 
Boston  &  Albany  lliiilroad,  to  Cluxtlmm  Four  Corners ;  thence  as  described. 
From  the  north,  go  to  Rutland ;  thence,  by  Ilarloin  Extension  Railroad,  to 
the  springs,  cighty-ono  miles  south. 
Hotel.— Columbia  Hall. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains  (73°  Fahr.     Prof.  II.  Dussance) : 


Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda  . 
Carbonate  of  lime        . 
Chloride  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  potassa 
Sulphate  of  magnesia 
Sulphurct,  of  sodium    . 
Oxide  of  iron 
Alumina 
Silicic  acid  . 


^       .  ,    (  Glairinc 

Organic  compounds  I  jj^^^^g.^^     . 


Total 
Oases.     . 
Oxygen 
Nitrogen 
Carbonic  acid 

Total 


Grains. 
0.301 
0.606 
0.120 
0.180 
0  132 
0.002 
0.117 
0.056 
0.406 
0.094 
1.183 

3.047 
Cubic  in. 
0.25 
0.44 
0.00 

0.75 


This  spring  clrims  our  attention  as  being  the  only  ther- 
mal water  in  New  York,  or  the  New-England  States.  The 
temperature — 73"  Fahr. — is  about  the  same  as  the  old  Sweet 
Springs  of  Virginia.  The  discharge  from  the  spring  is  large, 
being  estimated  at  five  hundred  gallons  per  minute.  Eleva- 
tion, one  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  water 
is  principally  used  for  bathing. 

But  a  short  distance  from  Lebanon  Springs  is  the  village 
of  the  Brick- Yard  Shakers,  where  there  is  a  chalybeate  spring 
which  Prof.  Briggs  reports  as  highly  charged  with  iron. 

Itemarks. — Lebanon  Springs  have  been  a  favorite  resort 
since  the  earliest  settlement.  It  is  related  that  one  of  our 
Revolutionary  fathers  stopped  at  the  spring  to  water  his  horse, 
and,  while  there,  carelessly  thrust  the  end  of  his  freshly-cut 


ItJ: 


312 


MINERAL  SPRINGS, 


whip  in  the  soft  earth  and  rode  away.  Soon  roots  were 
formed,  leaves  appeared,  and  from  that  woodman's  whip  has 
grown  the  beautiful  s3'camore-tree  that  stands  near  the  spring. 
The  salubrily  of  the  climate,  and  beauty  of  scenery,  com- 
bine to  make  this  an  exceedingly  attractive  resort.  The  val- 
ley is  enclosed  by  gently-receding  hills,  from  the  summits  of 
which  extended  views  may  be  had.  From  a  point  on  Gilbert 
Hill  sail-boats  may  be  seen  on  the  Hudson  in  clear  weather, 
and  far  beyond  the  blue  outlines  of  the  Catskill  Mountains. 
Pleasure-drives  are  numerous.  The  valley  roads  to  Queechy 
Lake,  or  the  Williamstown  or  Nassau  road,  are  exceedingly 
attractive.  But  the  road  from  Lebanon  to  Pittsfield,  over  the 
Taghanic  Mountains,  is  unsurpassed.  From  the  summit  there 
is  a  view  of  the  entire  country  for  sixty  miles  in  every  direc- 
tion. 


m 


PUEBLA   HOT    SFRINa. 

Location' — Humboldt  County,  Nevada. 

Accesst . 

Hotel. .    (Unimproved.) 

Analysis. . 

ItemarJcs. — From  the  proceedings  of  the  California  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  I  extract  the  following:  "Dr.  BJake  made 
some  remarks  on  the  extent  of  the  deposits  that  had  been 
formed  by  the  Hot  Spring  at  Puebla,  in  Humboldt  County, 
Nevada.  He  had  caused  specimens  of  the  earth  to  be  taken 
at  different  depths,  and  from  spots  situated  in  different  direc- 
tions and  distances  from  the  spring.  T!ie  farthest  spot  at 
which  these  explorations  had  been  mad  a  was  at  a  distance  of 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  yards  from  the  spring,  in  a  north- 
westerly  direction,  and  here,  to  the  depth  of  five  feet,  the 
earth  contained  a  large  number  of  diatoms  of  the  same  species 
as  those  obtained  from  the  spring — in  fact,  a  large  portion  of 
the  soil  was  composed  of  diatoms,  evidently  formed  in  the 
water  of  the  Hot  Spring.  From  the  earth  obtained  to  the 
south  of  the  spring  few  diatoms  were  found,  and,  in  tliese,  but 
two  or  three  were  of  the  same  species  as  those  growing  in  the 


^i' 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


313 


Hot  Spring.  The  time  in  which  a  small  surface  like  the  out- 
let of  the  Puebla  Hot  Spring — about  thirty  yards  long  and 
two  feet  broad — would  require  to  produce  thousands  of  cubic 
jj^ards  of  this  infusorial  earth,  almost  transcends  the  power  of 
the  imagination  to  conceive ;  and  yet  this  process  can  only 
have  been  going  on  during  the  present  geological  epoch,  or 
since  the  surface  of  this  portion  of  the  globe  has  been  subject 
to  any  disturbance." 

VOLCANO   SFBINGS. 

Location* — Lander  County,  Nevada. 

Access.— ^^'om  Beowawe,  a  station  on  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  four 
hundred  and  seventeen  miles  east  of  Sacramento,  ride  — —  miles  south- 
east 

Analysis. , 


Bemarks. — From  a  description  by  Coloi  el  Albert  S.  Evans, 
in  the  Overland  Monthly y  February,  1869, 1  extract  the  follow- 
ing: 

"  Across  the  valley,  some  six  miles  to  the  southward,  half- 
way up  tho  western  slope  of  a  hill,  perhaps  six  hundred  feet 
in  height,  we  saw  a  long  table-land  of  mesa,  white  upon  the 
top,  and  with  long  ribbon-like  streaks  of  blue  and  white  run- 
ning down  thence  to  the  plain  below.  This  had  been  desig- 
nated as  tlie  locality  of  the  Volcano  Springs,  but,  beyond  the 
discolorations  mentioned,  there  was  notliing  to  attract  the 
attention  of  a  traveller,  and  one  might  pass  the  point  a  dozen 
times  without  being  made  aware  of  their  existence.  'There 
she  blows,'  exclaimed  one  of  my  companions  after  we  had 
ridden  on  in  sight  of  the  place  for  some  minutes.  Looking 
up,  I  saw  a  long  jet  of  white  steam  slioot  far  up  into  the  air 
from  the  top  of  the  mesa.  Another  and  another  followed,  and 
in  a  few  minutes  a  dozen  or  more  were  rising  from  different 
parts  of  the  hill-side,  and  one  or  two  from  the  plain  at  its  foot. 
Half  an  hour's  gallop  brought  us  to  the  foot  of  the  hill.  Some 
time  before  wc  reached  it  we  heard  a  noise  as  of  many  steam- 
engines  working  away  in  some  huge  factory,  and  as  we  forced 
our  horses  up  the  steep  acclivity  oyer  ground  that  resoun^pd 
H 


■ 


314 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


beneath  their  tread,  hollow  and  cavernous,  we  heard  oilier 
sounds   emanating   from   the   deep  bosom  oi   the  mountain. 
Dismounting,  we  hitched  our  panting,  half-frighted  horses  to 
a  huge  honey-combed  rock,  and  approached  the  opening  in  the 
earth  from  which  the  steam  was  escaping.     The  orifice  might 
have  been  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  from  it  poured  a  stream 
of  scalding  water  clear  as  crystal,  while  a  column  of  steam 
rose  forty  or  fifty  feet  into  the  air.     The  whole  mesa  appeared 
to  be  composed  of  lime,  soda,  and  sulphur  deposits,  the  grad- 
ual accretion  of  years,  and  was  blistering  with  a  fierce  heat 
from  the  undying  fires  below.     It  was  as  if  we  were  walking 
over  the  surface  of  a  freshly-burned  lime-kiln,  on  which  rain 
had  just  been  falling.     The  orifice  was  round,  and  had  tlie 
appearance  of  having  been  artificially  lined  with  coarse  porce- 
lain.    It  was  higher  than  the  hill  around  it,  showing  clearly 
that  it  was  gradually  rising  steadily  from  below  by  the  accu- 
mulation of  its  own  deposits,  as  a  brick  chimney  increases  in 
height  as  brick  after  brick  is  added  to  it  by  the  mason.     A  kind 
of  basin  several  feet  in  width  surrounded  the  orifice,  and  in 
this  orifice  w;jre  many  curious  lime-formations,  some  resem- 
bling coral,  others  round  and  polished,  as  if  by  the  wheel  of  the 
lapidary ;  others  still  polished  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other 
presenting  the  appearance  of  a  basket  of  wax-flowers.     We 
went  on  to  another   and  still   larger   spring.     There  was  a 
low  rumbling  sound  accompanying  the  action  of  the  first. 
The  second  worked,  exactly  like  a  steam-pump,  with  a  steady, 
regular  stroke,  the  water  being  thrown  out,  not  in  a  continu- 
ous stream,  but  in  jets  corresponding  with  the  regular  strokes 
of  a  piston.     As  we  stood  over  it,  we  could  hardly  divest  our- 
selves of  the  impression  that  wc  were  standing  above  a  well- 
regulated  steam-engine  in  full  operation,  as,  in  fact,  we  were. 
We  timed  the  pulsations  with  our  watches,  and  counted  just 
one  hundred  in  a  minute.     From  many  small  orifices,  some 
not  larger  round  than  one's  finger,  all  around  us  the  steam 
was  escaping,  and  the  whole  mesa  seemed  a  mere  crast  perfo- 
rated like  a  cullender.     We  stamped  with  our  boot-heels  on  the 
crumbling  shell,  and  broke  it  through  in  one  [)lace.     Below 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


315 


^l:. 


■\ve  found  a  mass  of  soft,  coarse,  granulated  matter,  red,  white, 
and  yellow,  resembling  in  appearance  rice-pudding  wxU  mixed 
with  red-wine  sauce,  blistering  hot  as  if  fresh  from  the  oven, 
and  emitting  a  nauseating  odor,  of  which  a  few  sniflfs  were 
all-sufficient.  We  dug  down  into  the  mass  with  our  hands,  as 
long  as  we  could  stand  the  heat,  and  found  it  growing  softer  in 
proportion  to  its  depth. 

"  Passing  on  to  the  southward  over  a  small  divide,  we  saw 
a  number  of  springs  which  had  been  running  at  intervals  dur- 
ing the  night,  but  were  then  inactive,  long  ribbons  of  ice  run- 
ning out  from  them  over  the  side  of  the  mesa^  and  down  into 
the  plain  three  hundred  feet  below,  where  all  the  water  sim.  3 
and  disappears.  Others,  projecting,  in  some  cases,  three  or  four 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  hill,  appeared  to  have  completely 
choked  themselves  up  with  their  own  deposits,  and  ceased  to 
operate  entirely,  the  water  finding  an  escape  elsewhere. 

"Looking  southward  along  the  height  extending  over 
half  a  mile  of  space,  we  saw  dozens  of  these  hot-water  volca- 
noes, if  we  may  be  permit^^ed  the  expression  full  operation, 
and  an  immense  number  of  others  quiet  lo  iln  moment, 
but  bearing  evidence  of  being  in  worV^«.g  order.  The  '  irgest 
of  those  quiet  for  the  moirient  had  an  orifice  as  largo  as 
a  sugar-hogshead,  and  was  filled  to  the  surface  with  clear, 
sparkling  water.  The  sun  was  now  well  up  in  the  heavens, 
and  the  air,  especially  where  aflPected  by  the  clouds  of  steam, 
warm  enough  to  make  the  temptation  to  indulge  in  a  tepid 
bath  almost  irresistible.  The  water  in  the  basin,  though  not 
boiling,  was  not  quite  cold  enough  for  bathing  purposes,  and 
we  concluded  to  wander  on  a  little  farther  and  wait  for  it  to 
cool.  .  .  .  Finding,  at  last,  a  shallov/  pool  of  water  which  had 
run  down  from  a  spring  then  quiet,  we  sat  down,  and  stripping 
our  heated  feet  gave  them  a  soaking,  while  we  waited  for  the 
cooling  of  that  in  the  basin  of  the  great  spring  above  iis,  and 
looked  around  on  the  strange  scene  about  us.  .  .  . 

"  While  we  were  sitting  with  our  feet  in  the  tepid  water, 
discussing  tile  formation  of  the  place,  a  low  droning,  moaning 
sound  came  up  from  the  deep  bosom  of  the  hill,  followed  by  a 


p.  ■■ 


!>1 


Mil 


II' 


31G 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


sharp  *  Clap  I  clap  1  clap  I '  as  if  a  pair  of  giant-hands  had 
been  struck  together  three  times  with  force ;  then  with  a  tre- 
mendous swash  a  torrent  of  scalding  water  flcw  into  the  air, 
scattering  in  all  directions  from  the  great  spring  in  which  we 
had  just  been  proposing  to  bathe,  and  poured  in  a  stream  ten 
feet  wide  down  the  hill." 


DES    CHUTES   HOT   SFBINaS. 

Location*— Wasco  Couuty,  Oregon. 
Access. . 

Hotelt .    (Unimproved.) 

ANALYSIS. 
One  pint  contains  (143°  and  145°  Fahr.     L.  M.  Dombach  and  Prof.  E.  N. 

Horsford) : 
Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  lime    . 

Silicate  of  soda 

Iron 

Total     . 
Gas. 
Carbonic  acid 

Properties. — ^This  is  a  valuable  muriated-alkaline  thermal 
water,  according  to  the  analysis,  of  which  there  are  few  in  this 
country. 

Remarks. — These  springs  are  described  by  G.  J.  S.  Newber- 
ry, M.  D.,  geologist  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition,  as  fol- 
lows : 

"  At  different  points  along  the  valley  of  the  "Wam-(I!huck 
River,  hot  springs  issue  from  the  base  of  the  cliffs  which 
bound  it.  The  number  of  these  springs  is  large,  and  two  or 
three  of  them  quite  copious.  They  issue  from  fissures  in  the 
rock,  the  water  flowing  from  them  collecting  in  basins  of 
several  feet  in  diameter,  thence  flowing  into  the  Wam-Chuck 


Grains. 

.      4.312 

0.250 

.       2.562 

0.152 

.       1.183 

0.228 

.       1.025 

trace. 

.      9.702 

Cubic  in. 

2.82 

317 

)Of 

The 

s  a 
for 


and 
uilcs 
'-fi/e 
tage. 
efor 
dred 
{ton. 
.  and 
jton, 


Pleas- 
Fahr. 
Ibam. 


ters 
not 
ala- 
less 
teen 
For 
the 
em- 


.  I 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


?     r> 


i^'' 

.N*^ 


> 


§ 

\3 
V 

•      •< 

Si  '^ 

^^-^ 

«!                 1 

1 

\  ) 

« 1 

^  / 

■c 

s    ^l 

-f^i 

317 


River,  and  giving  it  its  name.  The  temperature  of  two  of 
these  springs  was  respectively  143°  and  145°  Fahr.  The 
water  holds  large  quantities  of  silica  in  solution,  but  has  u 
bland  and  pleasant  taste." — ( Government  Mcplorationa  for 
Pacific  Bailroad,  vol.  vi.,  p.  49.) 

HOT   SPBINaS. 

Location  and  Post-OfflcCt — Hot  Spriugs,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Access* — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas,  and 
Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroads,  to  Millboro,  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  miles 
southwest  (Millboro  Hotel) ;  or  to  Covington,  two  hundred  and  twenty-five 
miles  southwest  (McCurdy's  Hotel).  From  Millboro,  twenty  miles  by  stage. 
From  Covington,  nineteen  miles  by  stage.  The  latter  route  is  preferable  for 
invalids.  From  Richmond,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroal,  one  hundred 
and  seventy-six  miles  to  Millboro,  and  two  hundred  and  five  miU  s  to  Covington. 
From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and 
sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  to  Covington, 
two  hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southeast. 

Hoteh — Hot  Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contaias— 

Ladies'  Boiler-Bath, 

110°  Fahr. 
Prof.  Wm.  Gilham. 

Ladies'  Sulphur- 
Bath,  102°  Fahr. 
Col.  Wm.  GUham. 

Gentlemen's  Pleas- 
ure-Bath, 78°  Fahr. 
Col.  Wm.  GUham. 

SoLrDS. 
Carbonate  of  macmesia 

Graini. 
0.835 
0.014 
2.168 
0.20C 
0.016 
0.163 
0.123 
0.707 
0.217 
0.213 

Grains. 
0.850 
0.008 
2.055 
0.021 
0.017 
0.228 
0.126 
0.638 
0.263 
0.171 

Grains. 
0.252 

Carbonate  of  iron  (Drotoxlde) 

0.010 

Carbonate  of  lime 

1.185 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.020 
0.016 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

0.071 

Sulnhate  of  soda 

0.106 

Sulohate  of  mairnesia 

0.133 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.37P 

Silica 

O.O80 

Total 

4.170 

8.877 

2.257 

Pro2)erties. — As  will  be  seen  by  the  analyses,  these  waters 
contain  but  a  small  proportion  of  mineral  constituents,  not 
sufficient  to  be  considered  an  active  agent  in  curing  the  mala- 
dies that  are  relieved  by  them.  Their  efficacy  is  doubtless 
due  to  elevated  temperature.  Every  convenienct  has  been 
arranged  for  utilizing  the  water  in  the  form  of  baths.  For 
reference,  we  insert  a  table  giving  the  temperatures  of  the 
various  baths  and  capacity.     The  first  column  gives  the  tem- 


[  t 


i: 


I! 
i! 


fi'' 


318 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


peraturc  as  published  in  the  pamphlet  issued  by  the  springs 
company ;  the  second  column  as  found  by  myself  in  company 
with  Prof.  Cabell,  on  August  23,  1871 : 

TEMPERATURE  AND   CAPACITY  OF   BATHS. 


NAME  07  BATH. 


Lftdics'  pleasure-bath 

Gentlemen's  pleasure-bath 

Ladies'  boiler-baths  (four  pools) 

Gentlemen's  boiler-baths  (four  pools) 

Ladies'  sulphur-bath 

Gentlemen  s  sulphur-bath 

Ladies'  hot  spout-bath 

Gentlemen's  not  spout-bath 

Warm  baths  (four) 

Octagon 

Specific 

No.5 

( Mud-vat 

Mud-bath  <  Warm  pool 

I  Cold  pool 


«: 

4 

•9 

.  "a 

Capaclt. 

•. 

11 

|l 

If 

■<  1 
^1 

1 

1 

3 

i 

1 

1 

1 

S 

1 

a 

o 

86» 

90° 

15 

15 

4t 

7,57;i 

78* 

7G° 

32 

21 

5* 

27,C4G 

108' 

,  , 

8 

4 

5 

1,197 

1024»tol03i» 

8 

4 

5 

1,197 

102' 

•  •  •  • 

20 

1« 

5 

ll,9(iS 

.. 

98° 

16 

16 

6* 

10,532 

108' 

12 

8 

4i 

8,231 

100° 

15 

15 

6 

8,415 

92" 

. 

5 

5 

B 

561 

99f' 

22 

,  , 

5i 

16,600 

^ , 

102*° 

,  , 

,  , 

•  •  •  • 

9T° 

,  ^ 

,  , 

,  , 

•  •  ■ 

100' 

48" 

100" 

10 
12 

4 
12 

8* 
5 

1,047 
6,3SC 

•  • 

12 

8 

5 

8,590 

The  spout  and  boiler  baths  are  worthy  of  especial  mention. 
The  first  consists  of  a  large  quadrangular  room.  On  entering, 
you  find  yourself  on  a  raised  platform,  surrounding  a  deep, 
cistern-like-looking  vat,  fifteen  feet  square  and  as  many  deep. 
From  one  side  of  the  wall,  on  a  level  with  the  platform,  the 
steaming  water  spouts  out  in  a  full  stream,  two  inches  in  di- 
ameter, and  falls  in  a  graceful  curve  into  the  water  below.  The 
bather  descends  a  pair  of  stairs  into  the  water  and  places  him- 
self under  the  descending  stream,  which,  by  change  of  his  po- 
sition, may  be  made  to  fall  on  any  part  of  the  body.  The 
temperature  of  the  spout  at  the  point  of  emergence  varies 
from  106°  to  108°  Fahr.,  but  some  degrees  of  heat  are  lost  in 
its  fall,  so  that  it  is  not  quite  that  temperature  when  it  strikes 
the  body. 

The  boiler-baths,  eight  in  number,  vary  in  temperature 
from  102°  to  108°  Fahr.  They  are  eight  feet  by  four,  and  five 
feet  deep.    For  the  convenience  of  infirm  and  crippled  pa- 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


319 


tients,  two  of  each  are  arranged  with  chairs  suspended  by  rope 
and  pulley.  The  patient  is  placed  in  the  chair,  and  then  it  is 
permitted  gradually  to  descend  into  the  hot  water.  At  the 
end  of  the  required  time  the  chair  is  elevated  and  the  person 
assisted  in  dressing,  or  he  may  recline  for  some  time  on  a  cot, 
close  at  hand,  until  rested  and  desirous  of  returning  to  the 
hotel. 

The  mud-bath  consists  of  a  thick  mixture  of  earth  from  the 
adjacent  valley,  with  water  from  the  springs  at  a  temperature 
of  about  100°  Fahr.  After  having  remained  in  this  mixture  for 
some  time,  the  patient  passes  under  a  small  spout-bath,  in  an 
adjoining  compartment,  and  the  mud  is  thus  quickly  removed. 
This  bath  is  supposed  to  be  of  especial  value  in  rheumatic  af- 
fections and  diseases  of  the  skin. 

These  waters  are  a  most  valuable  therapeutic  agent  in  the 
treatment  of  the  following  diseases:  Chronic  rheumatism^ 
gout,  diseases  of  the  liver,  associated  with  congestion  and  en- 
gorgement, neuralgia,  contractions  of  joints  (false  anchylosis), 
and  secondary  and  tertiary  syphilis  which  has  proved  rebellious 
to  the  usual  modes  of  treatment.  In  cases  of  paralj'sis  and 
paraplegia,  unaccompanied  by  organic  lesions  and  in  which 
there  is  no  inflammatory  action,  they  have  given  favorable 
results.  Concretions  and  enlargements  of  joints,  the  result 
of  the  rheumatic  or  gouty  diathesis,  are  sometimes  resolved 
under  their  use. 

In  conversation  with  Prof.  Cabell,  of  the  University  of 
Virginia,  resident  physician,  he  said  he  found  cases  of  chronic 
rheumatism,  accompanied  with  contractions  of  the  joints,  quite 
rebellious  to  treatment  when  the  patients  are  ancemic^  but 
that,  on  the  contrary,  most  marked  benefit  is  derived  in  ple- 
thoric cases.  In  gout  of  ah  adynamic  type  similar  difficulty 
is  met  with.  He  also  said  he  had  treated  several  cases  of 
seven  and  twenty-one  day  intermittent  fever,  that  had  proved 
rebellious  to  nine  months'  treatment  at  Charlottesville,  Vir- 
ginia, a  place  where  intermittent  fever  is  unknown  as  an  en- 
demic disease.  They  were  students  at  the  university  from 
southern  climates.     On  coming  to  the  Hot  Springs  the  first 


:  I  > 


.r^ 


I 


11 


H 


320 


MINERAL  Si'KlNUS. 


effect  of  the  baths  was  to  change  the  fever  into  a  tertian,  which 
then  very  readily  yielded  to  the  usual  medicines,  associated 
with  the  baths,  and  permanent  relief  obtained. 

Remarks. — These  springs  are  located  in  a  most  charming 
valley,  at  the  summit  of  the  mountains.  Five  miles  distant 
are  the  Warm  Springs.  The  Healing  Springs  are  three  miles 
away.  On  an  elevated  plateau,  on  the  banks  of  what  may  be 
called  the  Hot  Springs  Creek,  are  the  hotel  buildings.  The 
baths  are  in  the  valley.  From  the  piazza  of  the  hotel  a  beau- 
tiful mountain-view  is  had  to  the  northwest,  through  a  niche 
in  the  ridge.     The  hotel  is  open  through  the  entire  year. 

The  prevailing  temperature  is  similar  to  that  at  the  Heal- 
ing Springs,  which  see. 

SALT   liAKE    EOT    SPBINQS. 

Loeation  and  Post-Oflicc— Salt  Lake  City,  Salt  Lake  County,  Utah. 
Hotels. — Walker's,  Salt  Lake,  Revicr. 


ANALYSIS. 

One 
Solids. 

pint  contains — 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia 

0.447 

Chloride  of  sodium 

•                         • 

. 

.     2.443 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

•                         •                         • 

0.066 

Chloride  of  calcium 

•                         • 

. 

.     0.566 

Sulphate  of  soda 

• 

0.692 

Peroxide  of  iron 

■            • 

• 

.     0.021 

Total 


4.235 


The  above  combinations  have  been  arranged  by  J.  G. 
Rogers,  M.  D.,  from  an  analysis  in  elements  given  by  C.  T. 
Jackson,  M.  D.,  of  Boston. 

Properties. — ^This  water  belongs  to  the  group  of  thermal 
sulphur-waters.  Unlike  the  majority  of  warm  waters,  it  con- 
tains a  considerable  proportion  of  mineral  constituents.  It  is 
valuable  in  diseases  of  the  skin,  chronic  rheumatism,  etc. 

JRemarJcs. — These  springs  arc  situated  one  mile  north  of 
the  North  Gate  of  the  city,  and  supply  the  city  baths.  They 
are  much  resorted  to  by  invahds. 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


321 


Ijich 
iatcd 


Two  miles  farther  north  another  group  of  hot  springs 
occur,  of  a  still  higher  temperature— 128°  Fahr.  They  break 
forth  at  the  base  of  a  rock  whore  the  mountain  rises  from  the 
plain.  The  waters  flow  into  a  lake  near  by,  known  as  the 
Hot  Springs  Lake,  three  miles  long  and  one  mile  wide. 

WABM   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office.— Bath  Court-Housc,  Bath  County,  Virginia. 

Access.— From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  ninety-six  miles  south- 
west, to  Millboro  Depot  (Millboro  Hotel) ;  thence,  fifteen  miles  by  stage. 
From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio  River,  to  Huntington,  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five  miles  cast ;  thence,  via  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  two 
hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southeast,  to  Covington  (McCurdy's  Hotel); 
thence,  by  stage,  twenty-two  miles. 

Hotel. — Springs. 

ANALYSIS. 

One  pint  contains  (96°  to  98°  Fahr. 
Solids. 
Carbonate  of  lime 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Crenate  of  iron 
Silicates  of  magnesia  and  alumina 


A.  H.  Hayes,  M.  D.) : 

Grains. 

.       0.653 

1.816 

.       0.312 

0.210 


Total      . 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen  * 
Nitrogen  '   . 


2.997 
Cubic  in. 
1.80 
0.04 
0.41 


Properties. — This  water  is  limpid,  has  a  slight  styptic  taste, 
some  odor  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  the  temperatura  is 
98°  Fahr.  The  flow  has  been  estimated  at  six  thousnnd  gal- 
lons per  minute,  forming  a  stream  sufficient  to  move  a  mil!. 
The  temperature  of  these  baths,  as  taken  b}'  myself,  August 
24,  1871,  was  as  follows :  Gentlemen's  swimming-bath,  97.4° 
Fahr.  at  the  south  steps,  undoubtedly  98°  Falir.  at  the  centre ; 
gentlemen's  spout,  96.4°  Fahr. ;  temperature  of  ladies'  baths 
about  the  same;  drinking-fountain,  90.8°  Fahr.  The  large 
swimming-bath  is  forty  feet  in  diameter,  and  contains  forty- 


f:     I 


Wi 


From  an  analysis  by  another  choinist. 


022 


MINERAL  srUINGS. 


threo  thousand  gallons  of  water.     There  arc  four  other  batlis, 
of  which  two  are  spout-baths. 

The  action  of  these  waters  is  sedative  in  most  instances. 
Immersion  in  the  bath  gives  rise  to  a  sense  of  voluptuous  re- 
pose ;  and,  as  the  hand  is  passed  over  the  body,  the  surface 
presents  a  velvet  smoothness,  as  though  anointed  with  some 
delicate  ointment.     On  emerging  from  the  bath  this  smuoth- 
ness  is  still  retained,  and  continues  for  twelve  hours  after. 
This  bath  may  justly  be  compared  to  the  "Bains  des  delices" 
of  Molitg,  France,  or  the  Serpent  Bath  of  Schlangenbad,  Nas- 
sau, of  which  a  Frenchman  said,  "  One  becomes  absolutely  in 
love  with  himself  in  this  bath."     The  water  has  also  been  ap- 
propriately compared  with  those  of  Wildbad,  near  Stuttgart. 
The  unctuous  quality  of  this  water,  which  is  also  possessed 
by  the  waters  named,  has  not  been  made  note  of  heretofore. 
It  is  very  peculiar,  the  cause  therefor  not  being  known.     This 
quality  of  certain  waters  has  been  variously  ascribed,  by  Eu- 
ropean writers,  to  the  presence  of  silicates,  the  monosulphuret 
of  sodium,  or  an  organic  matter,  the  latter  with  most  proba- 
bility.    The  duration  of  the  bath  should  be  from  fifteen  min- 
utes to  half  an  hour.     Many  remain  longer,  but  the  last-named 
period  is  sufficient  for  securing  all  the  remedial  action  of  the 
water,  and  guards  against  too  great  relaxation. 

The  diseases  to  which  these  waters  are  applicable  arc 
chro7iic  and  subacute  rheumatism  (in  subacute  cases  prefera- 
ble), (/out,  neuralgia,  congestive  amenorrhea  and  dysmenor- 
rhcea,  and  in  nephritic  and  calculous  diseases,  by  its  soothing 
effects.  The  spout-bath,  arranged  with  an  ascending  douche, 
is  especially  useful  in  dysmenorrhcea  of  the  type  named.  From 
analog}',  we  should  expect  these  waters  to  prove  useful  in  pso- 
riasis, lichen,  pityriasis,  and  other  squamous  eruptions,  but  data 
are  wanting.  As  a  warm  pleasure-bath  these  waters  arc  un- 
surpassed, and  will  always  be  sought  with  especial  favor  by 
ladies. 

Ilemarlcs. — ^The  natural  surroundings  of  these  springs  are 
exceedingly  attractive.  They  lie  in  a  beautiful  valley  at  the 
fjummit  of  the  Warm  Springs  Mountain.     From  the  springs  an 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


323 


»ff 


easy  and  most  delightful  road  leads  up  to  Flat/  RocJc^  two 
thousand  four  hundred  feet  above  the  sea,  a  point  in  the  moun- 
tain-crest whi(th  gives  a  far-extended  view,  over  verdant  hill 
and  vale,  of  fitty  or  sixty  miles  in  every  direction.  To  the 
eastward,  in  i-he  distance,  is  House  Mountain,  and  the  Blue 
Ridgo  reaching  far  away  to  the  northeast.  To  the  southward, 
the  Peaks  of  Otter  may  be  seen  on  a  clear  day.  Far  to  the 
northwest  and  west  are  the  AUeghanies ;  "while,  looking  down 
into  the  valley,  we  behold  the  hotel  and  outlying  cottages, 
charmingly  nestled  amid  the  trees. 

On  the  road  from  Millboro  to  the  springs  the  Blowing 
Cave  is  passed.  It  was  thus  described  by  Thomas  Jefferson : 
"  It  is  in  the  side  of  a  hill,  is  of  about  one  hundred  feet  ill 
diaii.ctv :•,  and  emits  constantly  a  current  of  air  of  such  force 
as  to  keep  the*  weeds  prostrate  to  the  distance  of  twenty  yards 
before  it.  This  current  is  strongest  in  dry,  frosty  weather, 
and,  in  long  spells  of  rain,  weakest."  At  the  time  I  passed 
(August,  1871),  the  outward  current  was  exceedingly  strong, 
and  of  a  coolness  to  render  one  chilly  if  he  remained  in  it  for 
anv  time. 

HEALING   SPBIXas.' 

Location  and  Post-Ofllice. — Healing  Springs,  liuth  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
and  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles  south- 
west, to  Covington  (McCurdy's  Hotel) ;  thence,  sixteen  miles  by  stage,  to  the 
springs.  From  Richmond,  two  hundred  and  five  miles  by  Chesapeake  & 
Ohio  Railroad,  to  Covington.  From  the  west,  via  Cincinnati  and  the  Ohio 
River,  to  Huntington,  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles  east ;  thence,  via  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  Railroad,  two  hundred  and  fourteen  miles  southeast,  to  Cov- 
ington. 

HoteK — Healing  Springs. 

Properties. — This  water  corresponds  very  nearly  in  tem^ 
perature  to  the  Schlangenbad  of  Nassau,  though  in  chemical 
constituents  and  therapeutic  value  it  differs.  It  has  been 
well  named,  as  it  finds  appropriate  application  to  all  ulcerated 
conditions,  whether  of  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane.     In 

>  See  Analysis,  p.igo  324. 


«   i 


M 


1.  1;  ■ '.! 


13' 


, 


Hi 


324 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANAi.x3I9 

0..e  pint  contains— 

OU  Spring. 

86°  Kalir. 

Prof.  Wm.  E.  A.  Aikin, 

M.n. 

New   Spring. 

6S°  Fahr. 

Prof.  Wm.  E.  A.  Aikin, 

M.  D. 

Solids. 
Cjii'l*on:ito  of  tiifl.'^iiosia 

Orains, 
0.1f)6 
0.00!) 
2.23S 
0.02!) 
O.diM 
0.270 
0.1(00 
0.022 
0.1  tiT) 
O.OM 
tr.ice. 
trace. 
0.237 
0.107 

Grains. 
0  246 

(Iarb<"»njite  of  iron • .  •  • . 

0  034 

(^ftrbonatii  of  iiiiic 

2.340 

Chloride  of  potiissluui 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0,032 
0.030 

Sulphate  of  ])0tii8sa 

0.310 

Siilphnte  of  luaufucsla 

0.!»24 

Sulphate  of  iron". 

0.013 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.1.")S 

Snlnhate  of  .imuionia 

0  02!) 

lofline 

traco 

Kroiniue         

traco. 

Silicic  add 

0.228 

Organic  acid,  probably  crenic 

0.109 

Total 

4.208 

Cubic  !n. 
0.5S 

4.405 

Gab. 
Carbonic  acid 

Cubic  in. 
0.60 

many  such  cases  its  efficacy  is  undoubted.  In  this  class  are 
embraced  all  scrofulous  ulcers^  scrofulous  ophthalmia^  ozcena, 
chro?ilc  diarrhoea  and  dysentery^  and  many  forms  of  secondary 
and  tertiary  syphilis  and  diseases  of  the  skin  known  as  scrofu- 
lides.  It  has  also  given  relief  in  cases  of  gout  and  neuralgia. 
It  should  be  stated  that  the  forms  of  chronic  diarrhoea  and 
dysentery  to  which  it  is  applicable  arc  those  accompanied 
with  yreat  irritability  and  hyperemia  of  the  mucous  raeni- 
braiie  as  shown  by  a  red  tongue.  In  the  opposite  condition, 
other  waters  will  prove  more  useful.  M.  H.  Houston,  M.  D., 
of  Richmond,  Va.,  who  has  given  considerable  atteuiioii  to 
the  study  of  those  waters,  in  an  article  in  the  Hichmond  and 
Louisville  Medical  Journal  testifies  as  follows:  "The  Heal- 
ing-Spring water  will  be  found  to  be  slightly  hypnotic,  seda- 
tive, diuretic,  diaphoretic,  and  alterative.  Unless  it  be  in  ex- 
ceptional cases  of  very  rare  occurrence  it  produces  no  cathartic 
effect — indeed,  in  a  majority  of  cases  it  rather  tends  to  produce 
constipation.  Nor  is  it  possessed  of  any  very  ilirect  tonic  efl'ect, 
the  small  quantity  of  iron  it  contains  being  scarcely  ade(juate 
to  this  piiiposo.  The  iiivigoratiou  which  follows  its  use  is 
mainly  due  to  its  alterative  power,  and  by  alterative  I  moan  a 
rapid  transformation  of  the  tissues  in  every  part  of  the  body 


7  • 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


325 


a  transformation  which,  by  absorbing  and  eliminating  the  old 
tissues,  creates  a  keen  demand  for  the  materials  to  supply  the 
deficiency  in  the  organism.  The  alterative  effect  is  secondary, 
the  primitive  being  sedative  and  hypnotic.  In  ordinary  cases, 
the  properly  regulated  use  of  the  water  is  followed  by  a  de- 
cided inclination  to  sleep.  ...  In  general  terms,  it  may  be 
safely  stated  that  benefit  is  not  to  be  expected  from  the  use 
of  this  water  in  disease  of  whatever  kind  attended  by  relaxed 
fibre  and  impaired  sensibility,  unless  these  have  been  caused 
by  morbid  deposits ;  and  that  it  may  be  recommended  with 
confidence  for  all  curable  chronic  diseases  accompanied  or  not 
by  constitutional  irritation,  and  attended  by  local  hyperaemia 
and  exalted  or  perverted  sensibility." 

In  these  springs  there  is  a  confervoid  growth,  no  doubt 
depending  on  the  presence  of  soluble  organic  matter  for  its 
development.  It  is  a  soft,  green,  silken  moss,  about  an  inch 
to  two  inches  in  length,  and  found  clinging  to  the  walls  of  the 
reservoirs,  pools,  and  baths.  It  is  formed  with  mtich  rapidity, 
for,  if  all  the  moss  be  removed  from  a  surface  on  the  wall  of 
the  reservoir,  on  the  next  day  it  will  be  found  to  have  been 
reproduced.  This  moss  is  used  in  the  form  of  an  epithem  as 
a  dressing  for  ulcerated  surfaces,  having  been  previously  satu- 
rated with  the  spring's  water.  It  acts  as  an  irritant,  retaining 
the  water  in  contact  with  the  diseased  surface,  and  probably 
containing  some  of  the  active  ingredients  of  the  water  within 
its  structure,  by  which  it  cleanses  the  ulcer.  Persons  using 
the  mos?  should  distinguish  between  it  and  lae  large  and 
coarse  n;rowth  which  forms  in  great  abundance  in  the  reser- 


voir. 


Tlie  external  use  of  the  water  in  most  cases  should  be 
combined  with  the  internal,  and  for  this  purpose  there  are 
swimming-baths,  private  baths,  and  facilities  for  heating  the 
water  to  any  required  temperature,  though  the  natural  tem- 
perature of  the  swimming-baths--80°  to  84°  Fahr.— is  best 
adapted  to  the  majority  of  cases. 

Bemarks. — ^Thesc  springs  are  situated  in  the  valley  run- 
ning along  the  summit  of  the  Warm  Springs  Mountain,  six- 


M  % 


'i 


m 

!   J! 


,  i  1 


i 


\\ 


I 


326 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


teen   miles   from   Covington  by 


stage. 


The    road  up  the 


mountain  presents  exceedingly  fine  views  of  the  valley  of 
Jackson'  i  River,  while  within  a  few  miles  of  the  springs  is 
the  beantiful  cataract  of  the  Falling  Springs,  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter one  hundred  yards  in  breadth,  which  is  precipitated  over 
a  perpendicular  cliff  to  the  depth  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet.  A  short  walk  from  the  springs  are  the  Cascades,  well 
worth  a  visit. 

The  following  table  gives  the  averages  of  temperature  at 
these  springs  for  the  years  and  months  named.  It  will  apjily 
almost  equally  well  to  the  climate  of  the  Hot  Springs  and 
Warm  Springs  on  the  same  mountain : 


ATEUAGES 

OF  TtMPEUATUnE  AT 

IIEALINQ 

SPRINGS. 

1803. 

6  a.m. 

12  m. 

C  P.  M. 

10  P.  M. 

11  r.  M. 

July,  . 

68.2" 

F. 

8i.rr. 

74.8"  F. 

69.1"  F. 

66.8'"  F. 

August,  . 

61.5 

75.9 

67.9 

•   •   •   • 

62.8 

September,   . 

57.6 

79.4 

60.7 

.... 

57.2 

October,  to  8th, 

64.5 

65.3 

55.3 

•   •   •   • 

5.27 

18T0. 

July,      . 

66.2 

81.6 

•    •    •    • 

69.1 

•   •   •  • 

August, 

62.7 

79.2 

*    •    •    • 

66.8 

•   •   •  • 

September, 

55. 

73.9 

•    .   •    • 

60.7 

•   •   •   • 

October,  to  8th, 

50.7 

68.9 

•    •    •    • 

44. 

•   «  •   * 

1871. 

Juno,  from  19th, 

63.2 

79. 

•    •    •    • 

66.2 

•   •  •   • 

July, 

61. 

77.7 

•    •    •    ■ 

64.8 

•  •   •   • 

August,  to  21st, 

63.3 

83. 

•    •    •    • 

68.5 

•   •   •   • 

On  October  8,  ISYO 

there 

was  frost. 

On  October  20,  1868,  there  was 

snow. 

These  obscivations  were  taken  with  an  ordinary  thermom- 
eter ;  nevertheless  they  answer  a  good  purpose  till  more  accu- 
rate observations  are  made. 


AMERICAN    GEYSERS. 

liOcattoili — Wyoming  Territory. 

Access. — From  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  to  Fort  Benton,  Montana,  eight  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  miles  northwestwardly  in  a  direct  line  ;  tliencc  to  He- 
lena, one  hundred  and  ten  miles  soath  (direct  line) ;  thence,  via  Gallatin  City, 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


327 


to  Fort  Ellis,  ouc  hundred  and  twenty  miles  southeast;  thence  several  days' 
journey  southward. 

In  this  distant  and  almost  inaccessible  country  a  series  of 
geysers  have  lately  been  discovered  which,  according  to  descrip- 
tions, surpass  any  in  the  world.  Although  frequently  seen  by 
trappers,  their  tales  were  regarded  as  the  idle  extravagances 
in  which  that  class  so  frequently  indulge.  In  the  autumn  of 
1870,  however,  an  exploring  party  of  adventurous  gentlemen, 
under  General  H.  D.  Washburn,  ventured  into  the  unknown 
region,  and  there  found  some  of  the  most  wonderful  natural 
phenomena.  They  saw  a  water-fall,  in  one  continuous,  com- 
pact, glistening  sheet,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  broad  and 
three  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  descent,  by  r.ctual  measure- 
ment. They  passed — amid  volcanoes  and  boiling-springs  of 
colored  waters — places  where  the  earth  was  hot  under  foot, 
and  shook  under  the  tread.  But,  most  wonderful  of  all  were 
the  geysers.  From  a  report  of  the  expedition,  in  Scrlbner's 
Monthly^  we  extract  the  following : 

"  Our  search  for  new  wonders  leading  us  across  the  Fire- 
Hole  River,  we  ascended  a  gentle  incrusted  slope,  and  came 
suddenly  upon  a  large  oval  aperture  with  scalloped  edges,  the 
diameters  of  which  were  eighteen  and  twenty-five  feet,  the 
sides  corrugated  and  covered  with  a  grayish-white  silicious 
deposit,  which  was  distinctl}'^  visible  at  the  depth  of  one  hun- 
dred feet  below  the  surface.  No  water  could  be  discovered, 
but  we  could  distinctly  hear  it  gurgling  and  boiling  at  a  great 
distance  below.  Suddenly  it  began  to  rise,  boiling  and  splut- 
tering, and  sending  out  huge  masses  of  steam,  causing  a  gen- 
eral stampede  of  our  company,  driving  us  some  distance  from 
our  point  of  observation.  When  within  about  forty  feet  of  the 
surfiicc  it  became  stationary,  and  we  returned  to  look  down 
upon  it.  It  was  foaming  and  surging  at  a  terrible  rate,  occa- 
sionally emitting  small  jets  of  hot  water  nearly  to  the  mouth 
of  the  orifice.  All  at  once  it  seemed  seized  with  a  fearful 
spasm,  and  rose  with  incredible  rapidity,  hardly  affording  us 
time  to  flee  to  a  safe  distance,  when  it  burst  from  the  orifice 
with  terrific  momentum,  rising  in  a  column  the  full  size  of  this 


:.'■  i| 


*■  >;  i 


r 

j 


i; 


328 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


immense  aperture  to  the  height  of  sixty  feet ;  and  through 
and  out  of  the  apex  of  this  vast  aqueous  mass,  five  or  six 
lesser  jets  or  round  columns  of  water,  varying  in  size  from  six 
to  fifteen  inches  in  di:imeter,  were  projected  to  the  marvellous 
height  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  These  lesser  jets,  so 
much  higher  than  the  main  column,  and  shooting  through  it, 
doubtless  proceed  from  auxiliary  pipes  leading  into  the  prin- 
cipal orifice  near  the  bottom,  where  the  explosive  force  is 
;^reater.  If  the  theory  that  water  by  constant  boiling  becomes 
explosive  when  freed  from  air  be  true,  this  theory  rationally 
accounts  for  all  irregularities  in  the  eruptions  of  the  geysers. 

"  This  grand  eruption  continued  for  twenty  minutes,  and 
was  the  most  magnificent  sight  we  ever  witnessed.  "We  were 
standing  on  the  side  of  the  gc_)  ser  nearest  the  sun,  the  gleams 
of  which  filled  the  sparkling  column  of  water  and  spray  with 
myriads  of  rainbows,  whose  arches  were  c  jnstantly  changing 
— dipping  and  fluttering  hither  and  thither,  and  disappearing 
only  to  be  succeeded  by  others,  again  and  again,  amid  the 
aqueous  column,  while  the  minute  globules  into  which  the 
spent  jets  were  diffused  when  falling  sparkled  like  a  shower 
of  diamonds,  and  around  every  shadow  which  the  denser 
clouds  of  vapor,  interrupting  the  sun's  rays,  cast  upon  the 
column,  could  be  seen  a  luminous  circle  radiant  with  all  the 
colors  of  the  prism,  and  resembling  the  halo  of  glory  repre- 
sented in  paintings  as  encircling  the  head  of  Divinity.  All 
that  we  had  previously  witnessed  seemed  tame  in  comparison 
with  the  perfect  grandeur  and  beauty  of  this  display.  Two  of 
these  wonderful  eruptions  occurred  during  the  twenty-two 
hours  we  remained  in  the  valley.  This  geyser  we  named 
*  The  Giantess.' 

"  A  hundred  yards  distant  from  *  The  Giantess '  was  a  sili- 
cious  cone,  very  symmetrical  but  slightly  corrugated  upon  its 
exterior  surface,  three  feet  in  height  and  five  feet  in  diameter 
at  its  base,  and  having  an  oval  orifice  twenty-four  by  thirty-six 
and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  with  scalloped  edges.  Not 
one  of  our  company  supposed  that  it  was  a  geyser ;  and  among 
BO  many  wonders  it  had  almost  escaped  notice.     While  we 


THERMAL  WATERS. 


329 


were  at  breakfast  upon  the  morning  of  our  departure  a  col- 
umn of  water,  entirely  filling  the  crater,  shot  from  it,  which, 
by  actual  triangular  measurement,  we  found  to  be  two  hun- 
dred and  nineteen  feet  in  height.  The  stream  did  not  deflect 
more  than  four  or  five  degrees  from  a  vertical  line,  and  the 
eruption  lasted  eighteen  minutes.  We  named  it  *  The  Bee- 
hive.' " 

Five  other  geysers  were  observed  by  the  exploring  party, 
which  were  variously  named  according  to  the  degree  of  activ- 
ity, the  shape  of  the  column  of  water,  or  the  form  of  the  sili- 
cious  deposit  about  the  orifice. 

"  Old  Faithful "  was  the  first  geyser  observed  by  the  party, 
and  was  so  named  from  its  continuous  activity,  not  having  in- 
termitted more  than  an  hour  during  their  stay,  and  spouting 
for  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  each  time.  The  crater  is  five 
feet  by  three,  and  elevated  five  or  six  feet  above  the  surroimd- 
ing  earth.  The  column  of  water  was  eighty  or  ninety  feet 
high. 

"  The  Fan "  was  named  from  the  fan-shaped  column  of 
water  which  it  throws  out.  The  height  of  the  strearr  was 
about  sixty  feet,  and  it  continued  in  action  from  ten  to  twenty 
minutes. 

"  The  Grotto  "  received  its  name  from  the  form  of  the  cra- 
ter, which  is  about  ten  feet  high,  and  twenty  feet  through  the 
base,  with  several  large  openings.  Connected  with  this,  by  a 
ridge  of  incrustations,  was  a  smaller  mound,  about  five  feet 
high.  Through  one  of  the  side-openings  one  of  the  party 
crawled  to  the  discharging  orifice — about  four  feet  in  diameter 
— fiom  which,  a  few  hours  afterward,  a  column  of  boiling- 
water  shot  to  the  height  of  sixty  feet.  The  discharge  con- 
tinued for  half  an  hour. 

"  The  Castle "  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  an  incrusted 
mound,  and  has  a  turret-shaped  crater,  with  an  orifice  about 
three  feet  in  diameter.  The  water  issues  from  this  geyser  to 
a  height  of  about  fifty  feet. 

"  The  Giant "  has  a  rugged  crater  ten  feet  in  diameter  on 
the  outside,  with  an  irregular  orifice  five  or  six  feet  in  diam- 


'i  i  m 


■    :'H 


^-    >  V^ 


,  I 


330 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


n 


I 


eter.  It  resembles  a  miniature  model  of  the  Coliseum.  The 
column  of  water,  which  shot  upward  frcn  it,  was  five  feet  in 
diameter  and  one  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  in  height.  It 
continued  to  flow  for  nearly  three  hours. 

The  party  did  not  analyze  the  waters.  The  sinter  was  both 
carboniferous  and  silicious,  the  latter  characteristic  predomi- 
nating ;  ar.  d  we  may  with  confidence  conclude  that  the  waters 
contain  considerable  silica  in  solution. 

The  springs  observed  in  this  region,  which  resembled  boil- 
ing mud,  deposited  a  sediment  of  various  colors — some  white, 
some  delicate  lavender,  and  others  of  a  brilliant  pmk.  An 
analysis  of  specimens  of  this  sediment,  by  Prof.  Augustus 
Steitz,  gave  the  following  result : 

ANALYSIS. 


Solids. 

White  Sediment. 
Fer  cent. 

Lavender  Sediment. 
Per  cent. 

Fink  Sediment. 
Per  cent. 

Silica 

42.2 

83.4 

17.8 

6.6 

28.2 

'4'.2 

5S'.6 
8.2 
0.6 

'h'.2 

82.6 

Maimesia 

Lime 

8.3 

Allialies 

Alumina 

52.4 

Boracic  acid 

Oxide  of  iron 

Soda  and  potassa 

4.2 

Water  ana  loss 

2.5 

Total 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

L04 

Acf 

twenty 
Ho 

J 
Ix 

Cave 
whos 
is  no 
moth 
scene 
abou 
a  ma 
plete 
varyi 
Imm 
unkr 
we  s 
with 
sible 
tivel 
Bow 

^ 

Esq. 
thicl 


The 

it  in 

It 


joth 
omi- 
itcrs 

boil- 

lite, 

An 

istus 


I 


nent. 
t. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

UNCLASSIFIED     WATERS. 

AIiABASTEB   CAVE    SPUING. 

Location* — El  Dorado  County,  California. 

Access. — Go  to  Folsom,  a  station  on  the  Sacramento  Valley  Railroad, 
twenty  miles  east  from  Sacramento ;  thence  by  stage,  ten  miles. 
Hotel* — Cave  Hotel 

Analysis. — None. 

RemarJcs. — ^This  spring  is  in  a  cave,  known  as  Alabaster 
Cave.  The  cave  was  discovered  in  18G0,  by  William  Gwynn, 
whose  workmen  were  engaged  in  quarrying  stone  near  by.  It 
is  not  large,  but  is  said  to  be  even  more  beautiful  than  Mam- 
moth Cave.  Mr.  Gwynn  says :  "  On  our  first  entrance  we  de- 
scended about  fifteen  feet  to  the  centre  of  the  room,  which  is 
about  one  hundred  by  thirty  feet.  At  the  north  end  there  is 
a  magnificent  pulpit  in  the  Episcopal  Church  style.  It  is  com- 
pleted by  beautiful  drapery  of  alabaster  stalactites  of  all  colors, 
varying  from  white  to  pink-red,  which  overhang  the  beholder. 
Immediately  under  the  pulpit  is  a  lake  of  water,  extending  an 
unknown  distance.  On  arriving  at  the  centre  of  the  first  room 
we  saw  another  still  more  splendid,  two  hundred  by  thirty  feet, 
with  the  most  beautiful  alabaster  overharging  us  in  every  pos- 
sible shape."  There  are  several  apartments,  known  respec- 
tively as  Crystal  Chapel,  Dungeon  of  Enchantment,  Julia 
Bower,  and  Picture  Gallery. 

Within  this  cave  is  a  spring^  which,  according  to  S.  Powers, 
Esq.,  is  "literally  freezing  over  with  alabaster  ice,  about  as 
thick  as  window-glass."    He  says:  "I  put  my  hand  under  it, 


; 


I 


' 


333 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


and  found  it  of  the  same  thickness  all  over,  and  graining  on 
the  edges  with  particles  not  yet  attached." 

Visitors  so  wishing,  may  have  the  entire  cave  illuminated, 
tlius  adding  to  the  beauty  of  the  scene. 

SUUMIT   SODA   SPBINQS. 

Loeatloilt — Alpine  County,  California. 

icccsSt — From  San  Francisco  to  Summit  Station,  on  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad,  two  hundred  and  forty-three  miles  cast ;  thence  by  private  convey, 
ance. 

Hotel. — Summit  Hotel,  at  the  station. 

Analysis. — None.  The  water  is  said  to  possess  a  chalybe- 
ate taste,  and  precipitate  a  red  deposit.  It  is  highly  charged 
with  gas,  supposed  to  be  carbonic  acid. 

MemarTcs, — This  is  an  exceedingly  desirable  resort  for  those 
who  wish  to  breathe  mountain-air,  obtain  a  large  amount  of 
exercise,  and  enjoy  camp-life.  Summit  Station  is  seven  thou- 
sand and  forty  feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  surrounding  moun- 
tain-tops attain  a  height  of  fifteen  thousand  and  eighty-six 
feet.  At  the  Summit  Hotel  horses  are  procured,  and  a  delight- 
ful ride  of  some  miles  awaits  the  traveller.  The  road  winds 
through  dense  forests  of  pines,  cedars,  firs,  and  tamarack ;  gay- 
colored  wild-flowers  deck  the  earth  in  profusion,  while  the 
openings  in  the  wood  disclose  magnificent  views  of  valleys 
and  mountain-peaks. 

Near  the  springs  is  abundance  of  sport;  grouse,  quail, 
ground-hogs,  badger,  and  deer,  are  plenty,  and  easily  secured. 

A  correspondent  states  that  $100  or  $150  would  pay  the 
entire  expense  of  a  party  of  three  or  four,  for  two  or  even  four 
weeks. 

TTJSCAN   SPBINQS. 

Location! — Shasta  County,  California. 

Access. — From  Sacramento,  via  Oregon  Division  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
north  to  Tehama,  six  hours ;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. — No  quantitative  analysis  has  been  made. 
RcmarJcs. — "  The  waters  of  the  Tuscan  Springs  have  con- 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATERS. 


333 


sidcrablc  repute  for  their  medicinal  qualities,  especially  in  tlio 
cure  of  rheumatic  and  syphilitic  diseases.  The  temperature 
(October,  18G3)  was  76°  Fahr.  They  contain  common  salt, 
carbonate  of  soda,  borate  of  soda,  salts  of  lime,  and  evolve 
some  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  a  large  quantity  of  carbu- 
retted  hydrogen,  which  is  collected,  partially  purified,  and 
burned  for  heating  the  water  under  the  steam-baths."  ' 

VICHY   SPRINGS. 

r/ycatlon  and  Post-Offlce.— New  Alraaden,  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 
Access.— From  San  Francisco,  forty-seven  miles  south,  to  San  Jo86 ;  thence 
twelve  miles  by  stage. 
Hotel.— Vichy  Springs. 


Analysis. — 


BABTLETT   SPBINaS. 


Location. — Colusa  County,  California. 

Access. — Go  to  Lockport,  Lake  County ;  thence,  by  mountain-road,  over 
a  range  several  thousand  feet  high. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis, . 

Remarks. — ^Thesc  springs  first  became  known  during  the 
summer  of  1871,  and  were  one  of  the  California  sensations. 
Thousands  underwent  the  fatiguing  journey  across  the  moun- 
tain in  search  of  this  new-found  spring,  which,  like  that  which 
De  Leon  sought,  was  to  restore  them  to  youth  and  vigor.  The 
rush  thither  shows  there  are  numbers  in  every  community 
ready  for  a  Quixotic  chase  after  the  fountain  of  eternal  youth. 

ADAMS   SFBINaS. 

Location  and  Post'Office. — Adams  Springs,  Lake  County,  California. 

Access. . 

Hotel. . 

Analysis. — None. 

RemarJcs. — ^These  springs  were  located  in  1871.  They  are 
situated  about  two  miles  from  Cobb  Valley,  between  the  Gey- 

»  "  Geological  Survey  of  California,"  vol.  i.,  p.  208. 


?!- 


1^:  !  i! 


1 '  1 


334 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


1 


1 


;il 


! 


! 


scrs  and  Seigler's.     The  water  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  the 
Vichy  Springs,  Santa  Clara  County. 

NAPA   SODA   SPBINQS. 

Location. — Napa  County,  California. 

AccesSt — From  San  Francisco,  by  steamer,  to  Vallejo ;  thence,  by  Napa 
Valley  Railroad,  to  Napa  City ;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotel. — Napa  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

Remarks. — ^These  waters  are  bottled,  and  consumed  in  tlie 
State  in  considerable  quantities. 

HABBINES   SPBINaS. 

Location* — Lake  County,  California. 

Access* — From  San  Francisco,  by  Napa  Valley  Railroad,  to  Calistoga; 
thence  by  stage. 

Hotel* — Harbincs  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

SAN   BAFAEI<   SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce* — San  Rafael  Springs,  Marin  County,  California. 
Access* — ^From  San  Francisco  across  the  bay  by  steamboat. 
Hotel* — San  Rafael  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

CRYSTAL   SPRINOS. 

Location* — San  Mateo  County,  California. 

Access* — Go  to  San  Mateo,  a  station  on  the  San  Jos6  branch  of  the  Cen- 
tral Pacific  Railroad,  about  twenty  miles  south  of  San  Francisco ;  thence  by 
stage. 

Hotel* — Crystal  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 

ST.   LEON   SPRINGS. 

Location* — St.  Leon,  Three  Rivers,  Quebec,  Canada. 
Access* — By  steamer,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  Three  Rivers ;  thence, 
twenty-six  miles,  by  stage. 
notel. . 

Analysis. . 


Napa 


lie 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATERS. 


BOCKY    HOUNTAIN   SPRINGS. 


335 


Location.— Boulder  County,  Colorado, 

Post-OflScc. — Jamestown,  Boulder  County,  Colorado. 

Access. — Go  to  Denver ;  thence,  via  Denver  City  &  Boulder  Valley  Rail, 
road,  to  Erie,  thirty-four  miles;  thence  twenty  miles,  by  private  conveyanco 
(until  the  railroad  is  finished)  to  Boulder  City;  thence  ten  miles  by  pri- 
vaie  conveyance. 

notel. — Mountain  House. 

Analysis. — A  quantitative  analysis  states  that  the  waters 
contain  carbonate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  carbonate 
of  iron,  and  free  carbonic-acid  gas. 

Remarks.  —  These  springs  are  located  two  miles  from 
Jamestown,  amid  the  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  six  thou- 
sand five  hundred  feet  above  the  sea. 


;i: 


VABENNES   SFBINaS. 

Locatbn  and  Post-OOIce. — ^Varennes,  VerchSres  County,  Quebec,  Canada. 
ieeess. — By  steamboat,  from  Montreal  down  the  St,  Lawrence,  fifteen 
miles. 

Hotel. . 

Analysis. — None. 

OBANGE   SPUING. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Orange  Spring,  Marion  County,  Florida, 
Access* — Go  by  coast  steamers  to  Pilatka,  on  the  St.  John's  River ;  thence, 

by  steamboat  on  Thursdays  and  Saturdays,  about  twenty-five  miles  south. 

Or  go  to  Jacksonville,  Florida ;  thence  about  sixty  miles  south,  by  boat,  to 

Pilatka. 

Hotel. — Ocklawaha  House. 

Analysis. — None. 

BEBKSHIIli:   SODA   SPBING. 

Location. — Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts. 
Post-Office. — Great  Barrington,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts. 
Access. — From  Great  Barrington,  a  station  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad, 
two  and  a  half  miles  by  carriage  or  stage. 
Hotel. — Soda  Springs  House. 

Analysis, — No  quantitative  analysis.   Said  to  contain  chlo- 
rine, carbonic  acid,  soda,  and  alumina. 


m 


330 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


JRemarks. — These  waters  have  been  higlily  praised  in  dar- 
troiis  eruptions. 

Tlie  hotel  is  situated  amid  the  mountains  and  hills  of  Berk- 
shire— so  celebrated  for  their  quiet  beauty. 

BETHESDA   SPRINGS. 

Location* — Lumpkin  County,  Georgia. 

Post-OflDce* — Dabloncga,  Lumpkin  County,  Georgia. 

Access* — Go  to  Atlanta ;  thence,  via  Atlanta  &  Richmond  Airline  Rail-way, 
fifty-three  miles  to  Gainesville  ;  thence  twenty-nine  miles,  by  stage,  to  the 
springs. 

Hotel. — Bethcsda  Hotel. 

Analysis. — None. 

JRemarks. — These  springs,  three  in  number,  arise  at  the 
base  of  a  spur  of  Cedar  Mountain.  The  town  of  Dahlonega  is 
nine  miles  distant. 

TOGUS   SPBING8. 

Location* — Kennebec  County,  Maine. 
Post-Office* — National  Asylum,  Kennebec  County,  Maine. 
Access* — By  Rockland  stage,  from  Augusta ;  distance,  five  miles. 
Hotels*— None. 

These  springs — at  one  time  quite  a  resort — were  purchased 
by  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  National  Asylum  for  Disabled 
Volunteer  Soldiers.  The  place  is  now  known  as  the  Eastern 
Branch  of  the  National  Asylum. 


FLINT'S    SFBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Office* — Three  Rivers,  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan. 

Access* — Go  to  White  Pigeon,  a  station  on  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan 
Southern  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  east  of  Chicago ;  thence, 
twelve  miles  north  by  railroad,  to  Three  Rivers. 

Hotels* — Hatch,  Three  Rivers. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made. 

ItemarJcs. — ^The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  St.  Joseph,  Rocky,  and  Portage  Rivers.  The  pop- 
ulation is  over  three  thousand.  There  are  good  accommoda- 
tions for  bathing. 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATERS. 
LATONIA   SPBINQS. 


337 


Location  tnd  Post-OflUce* — Latonia  Springs,  Kenton  County,  Kentucky, 
leeess.— From  Covington,  Kentucky,  opposite  Cincinnati,  four  miles  south 
by  carriage. 

llotel* — Latonia  Springs. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made.  The  mineral  ingrcdienta 
arc  in  feeble  proportion. 

GBAND   LEDQE   WELLS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlcc— Grand  Ledge,  Eaton  County,  Michigan. 
Access.— Grand  Ledge  is  a  station  on  the  Detroit,  Lansing  &  Lake  Mich- 
igan  Railroad,  ninety-nine  miles  west  of  Detroit. 
Hotel. 

Analysis. — None  has  been  made. 

Memarks. — Grand  Ledge  is  a  town  on  the  Grand  River. 
Tiie  population  is  about  one  thousand.  There  are  two  wells 
here,  and  a  bath-house. 

BIBCH-DALE   SPBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlee. — Concord,  Merrimac  County,  New  Hampshire. 
'     Access. — The  springs  arc  nearly  four  miles  from  the  State-house. 
Hotel. — Birch-Dale  Springs. 

Analysis. — Extracts  from  an  analysis  by  C.  T.  Jackson, 
M.  D.,  of  Boston,  show  these  waters  to  contain  salts  of  lime, 
sodium,  phosphates,  silicates,  crenates,  and  a  portion  of  iron 
and  organic  matter.  The  result  as  published,  however,  does 
not  give  the  amount  of  each  salt,  and  it  is  not  possible  to  as- 
sign the  water  a  place  in  the  proper  classification.  Tiiere  arc 
four  springs,  named  the  Concord,  Merrimac,  Granite,  and 
Penacook. 

ABEXAaUIS    SPBINQS. 

Location. — Walpole,  Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire. 

Post-Oflice. — Bellows  Falls,  Vermont. 

Access. — From  Boston,  go  to  Bellows  Falls,  via  Fitchburg  Railroad  and 
Cheshire  Railroad,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  northwest ;  thence,  by  car- 
riage,  to  the  springs. 

Hotel. — ^Fall  Mountain. 

Analysis. — None. 

15 


\ 
! 


!( 


f  ■ 


338 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


JRemar/cs. — ^The  springs  are  located  at  the  base  of  Fall 
Mountain,  From  the  hotel,  there  is  a  path  to  Table  Rock,  on 
the  summit  of  the  Mountain,  fiom  which  there  is  an  extended 
view  of  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut. 

AMHERST    SPBINGS. 

Location.— Amlicrst,  llillsboroxigb  County,  New  Hampshire. 
Accesii. — From  Boston,  via  Booton,  Lowell  &  Nashua  Railroad,  forty-eight 
miles  north,  to  Amherst. 
Botelt — Amharst  Spring, 

Analys  is, — None. 

BBADFOBD    SPBINGS. 

Locatioilt — Merrimac  County,  New  Ilampshire. 
Post-Office. — Bradford,  Merrimac.  County,  New  Ilampshiro. 
Access. — From  Concord,  New  Ilampshire,  via  Concord  &  Claremont  Kail- 
road,  to  Bradford,  twenty-seven  miles  west ;  thence,  by  stage,  to  the  sprinj-s. 
Hotel. — Bradford  Springs. 

Analysis. — None. 


VAIiLONIA    SPRINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Offlce. — Vallonia  Springs,  Broome  County,  Now  York, 
Access* — From  Albany,  via  Albany  &  Susquehanna  Railroad,  to  Afton, 
one  h\mdrt;d  and  fourteen  miles  southwest ;  thence  by  stage. 
Hotelt — Spring  House. 

Analysis. . 

Itemarlcs. — This  is  a  pleasant,  quiet;  resort,  surrounded  by 
wild  and  romantic  scenery,  and  aifording  fine  opportunity  for 
hunting  and  fishing. 


» 


PIEDMONT    SPRINGS. 

Location. — Grimes  Connty,  Texas. 

Post-OfflcCt — Millican,  Brazos  County,  Texas, 

Access. — Go  to  Houston ;  thence,  via-  Houston  &  Texas  Central  Railroad, 
eighty  miles  northwest,  to  Millican  ;  thence,  six  and  a  half  miles,  by  stage,  to 
the  springs. 

Hotel . — Piedmont  Hotel. 

Analysis. . 


Fall 


UNCLASSIFIED  WATERS. 
ELQIN    SFBINa. 


339 


Location. — Addison  County,  Vennont. 
Post-office.— Vergennes,  Addison  County,  Vermont. 
Access.— Vergeiines  is  a  station  on  the  Rutland  Division  of  the  Vermont 
Central  Railroad,  ninety-nine  miles  northwest  of  Bellows  Falls. 
Hotel. . 

Analysis. . 

CAPPERS    SPRINGS. 

Location. — Frederick  County,  Virginia. 

Access.— From  Baltimore  to  Harper's  Ferry,  eighty-one  miles  west ;  thence, 
via  Winchester  Branch,  to  Winchester,  thirty-two  miles ;  thence,  seventeen 
miles  west,  to  springs. 

Hotel. — Cappers  Springs. 

Analysis. — . 

BLUE  RIDQE  SPRINGS. 

Location. — Botetourt  County,  Virginia. 

Access. — From  the  line  of  the  Virginia  &  Tennessee  Railroad. 

Hotel. — Blue  Ridge. 

Analysis. — No  accurate  quantitative  analysis  has  been 
made.  They  are  said  to  closely  resemble  the  Alleghany  Springs 
of  Virginia. 

Memarlcs. — These  springs  are  situated  near  the  summit 
of  the  Blue  Ridge,  at  an  elevation  of  thirteen  hundred  feet 
above  tlie  level  of  the  sea. 

PAREERSBURQ    HINERAIi    WELLS. 

Location  and  Post-Office. — Mineral  Wells,  Wood  County,  West  Virginia. 

Access. — Go  to  Parkersburg,  a  terminus  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad, 
on  thf  Ohio  River,  cither  by  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  or  Marietta  &  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad ;  thence  six  and  a  half  miles  by  stage. 

Hotel.- Parshall's. 

Analysis, — A  very  imperfect  analysis  shows  this  water  to 
contain,  as  the  principal  constituents,  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
sulphate  ot  soda,  w^ith  some  iron.  The  water  is  also  charged 
with  carbonic-acid  gas,  according  to  the  analysis.  Tempera- 
ture, 46''  Fahr. 


•  ( 


11.^ 


The  water  is  agreeable  to  the  taste. 


340 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Memarks. — ^The  wells  are  very  pleasantly  located  on  high, 
dry,  and  rolling  land,  on  the  margin  of  a  beautiful  vallc}'^, 
through  which  runs  Tygart's  Creek.  The  surrounding  counti y 
affords  the  sportsman  many  opportunities  for  recreation. 

ORKNEY    SFBINGS. 

Location  and  Post-Ofllice. — Orkney  Springs,  Shenandoah  County,  Virginia. 

lecesSt — From  Washington,  via  Orange,  Alexandria  &  Manassas  Railroad, 
to  Mount  Jackson,  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles ;  thence,  twelve  miles  west, 
by  stage. 

Hotel.— Orkney  Springs. 

Analysis, . 

SHANNONDALE    SPRINGS. 

Location. — Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia. 

Access. — From  Baltimore,  via  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  and  Winchester 
&  Strasburg  Branch,  to  Charlestown,  ninety-one  miles  west ;  thence  five  and 
a  half  miles. 

Hotel. 

Analysis. — An  examination  of  one  hundred  grains  of  the 
solid  contents,  by  Dr.  De  Butts,  of  Baltimore,  showed  these 
waters  to  be  similar  in  composition  to  the  Alleghany  Springs, 
though  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  substances  exist  in 
the  same  degree  of  concentration. 


■ 


,;i  ■ 


EUEOPEA^    SPAS. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

ALKALINE    WATERS. 

VkUyt — France,  donartraent  of  AUicr,  one  hundred  and  sixteen  miles 
south  of  Paris. 

Ems. — Germany,  ducliy  of  Nassau,  three  and  three-quarter  miles  east  of 
Coblcntz. 

Fachingeilt — Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau. 

ANALYSIS. 


Oii«  plat  coi 


VICIIY. 
Grantle  Crille. 

Ki.1.S°    Kal.r. 
Boucjiiet. 


Carbonate  of  j^/t^issa 

Carhoiuito  of  soda 

("arlmnatc  of  magnesia 

( "arbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  rnanffaneso  . . , 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carljonate  of  litliia 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

< 'arbonate  of  baryta 

^'Iil/jride  of  sodium 

(;iiloride  of  calcium 

8uli»liat(?  of  potassa 

Huljiliato  of  aoda. . .        

I'liosphate  of  soda » , ,  / , 

riiospliate  of  alumlDa 

l'hosj)hato  of  lime 

Phospbate  of  lithia 

Phosphate  of  silica 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

Borate  of  soda 

Arsenirtte  of  soda 

Silica  .., 


im. 


fftOfff' 


C«rtx>nix  4^  a, ii..,,i.-44n>f 

Nitroj?<n, /,,,... .»f,,ii,itt 


(i ruin a. 

0.(14 
26.011 

\M 
<t,02 
trace, 
2.31 

6!oi 
4.iu 


0.7-J 


trace. 
O.oO 


rACIIINOEN, 

6U°  Kiihr. 
I'°res(.'nlu8. 


(iniins. 

19.'47C3 
1.3.")S0 
O.Ositl 

2 '.olio 

0.0004 
0.00U7 

4!  5.574 
0.00:34 

o,or)0(i 

0.000:{ 
0.001)4 
0.0!M>2 
0.'2(UO 


EMS. 

Kesselhninnen. 
11.5°  Fahr. 
Fre$cniti9. 


Grains, 

lo!5:i70 
0.H.")10 
0.02(t2 
0.0035 
1.2591 

O.OOiJO 

7.7705 

ois'.w 

0.0061 

o'.6oJ6 


0.8643 


|l.»9 


27  'm\ 

Cubic  In, 

82.075 

0.025 


21 .2194 

Ciibip  In. 
6.78S 


1 


1 1 


It 


342 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Vichy. — ^This  is  probably  the  best  known  of  all  mineral 
waters,  the  fame  of  its  baths  and  its  cures  having  penetrated 
to  every  portion  of  the  globe.  Its  essential  power  consists  in 
the  unusual  combination  of  a  high  degree  of  thermality,  with 
an  exceedingly  large  amount  of  alkali,  and  sufficient  carbonic- 
acid  gas  to  render  it  palatable.  The  springs — of  which  there 
are  nine  in  use — are  not  all  of  the  same  temperature.  They 
range  from  53°  to  110°  Fahr.  In  the  analysis  given  the  bi- 
carbonates  are  reduced  to  carbonates.  The  original  analysis 
shows  thirty-seven  and  a  half  grains  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  in 
each  pint  of  water,  and  the  total  solids  amount  to  iifty-four 
grains,  nearly  one  drachm.  In  chemical  constitution  the  dif- 
ferent sources  vary  but  little. 

The  action  of  the  Vichy  waters  varies  with  the  individual. 
In  many  cases  they  are  diuretic,  while  some  persons  are  al- 
ways purged  while  using  them.  Perspiration  if  absent  is 
usually  developed,  but  seldom  excited  in  a  high  degree.  One 
fact,  however,  is  well  established,  that,  in  the  medical  admin- 
istration of  these  waters,  their  efficacy  in  no  wise  depends  on 
the  production  of  their  physiological  effects.  Like  all  alkaline 
waters,  they  render  the  urine  alkaline. 

This  water  is  especially  applicable  to  di/sj^ejisia — simple 
dyspepsia — characterized  by  laborious  digestion,  by  disgust  of 
food,  by  vertigo,  acidity,  and  constipation.  In  dyspepsias  ac- 
companied by  catarrh,  or  in  gastralgia,  other  waters  prove 
more  efficacious.  Diseases  of'  the  liver  are  most  satisfactorily 
influenced  by  these  waters,  the  bile  is  liquefied,  and  flows  more 
freely,  and  biliary  calculi  (gall-stones)  an?  discharged  n  ithow* 
pain.  In  the  case  of  (/all-stones,  one  or  two  seasons  at  the 
waters  frequently  correct  the  morbid  cc«iditions  that  pKHlwet' 
them,  so  that  the  patient  is  free  from  attacks  for  years,  lu 
regular  ffouty  presenting  in  plethoric  subjects,  tbt-s^-^  waters 
have  achieved  a  world-wide  reputation.  Tlie  treatmciit  ox  this 
disease,  however,  by  these  waters,  requires  close  circumsjjec- 
tion,  lest  the  regular  form  of  the  disease  be  converted  into  ir- 
regular or  metastatic  gout. 

These  waters  have  long  constituted  one  of  the  admitted 


:hey 
bi- 


ETTROrRAN  SPAS. 


343 


remedies  in  diabetes,  and  the  combination  of  thermal  baths 
found  til  ere  ftivors  the  action  of  the  waters  in  a  marked  de- 
gree. Under  the  use  of  Vichy  waters  all  trace-  of  sugar  some- 
times disappears  from  the  urine,  the  appetite  and  strength  are 
restored,  sleep  becomes  natural,  thirst  diminishes,  and  consti- 
pation ceases.  In  this  way  life  is  frequently  prolonged  for 
years.  The  water  and  baths  have  r.iso  proved  of  exceedin"- 
value  in  that  grave  condition  known  as  paludal  cachexia^  re- 
sulting from  prolonged  exposure  to  miasma. 

The  Vichy  bath  is  usually  formed  one-half  of  mineral  wa- 
ter and  one-half  of  ordinary  water,  this  combination  proving, 
according  to  Durand-Fardel,  superior  to  the  mineral  water 
alone.  Of  private  baths  there  are  three  hundred,  so  that  from 
two  thousand  five  hundred  to  three  thousand  baths  per  day 
may  be  given. 

The  surroundings  of  Vichy  are  thus  described  by  Constan- 
tin  James :  "  Those  who  arrive  at  Vichy  to-day  (18G9) — hav- 
ing not  seen  the  place  for  ten  years — fool  the  same  surprise 
that  those  do  who  visit  Paris  after  having  been  absent  for  an 
equal  time.  Old  Vichy  is  lost  in  the  midst  of  beautiful  villas 
and  splendid  hotels,  which  surrovuid  it  on  tncrv  >ido.  And 
there,  where  the  river  Allier  overflowed  its  banks  and  depos- 
ited insalubrious  soil,  has  apj>earcd  a  delight  tul  park,  with  its 
sanded  walks,  verdant  shade,  and  magnificent  lake.  And  the 
assembly  halls,  yesterday  so  humble  and  so  modi^t,  are  re- 
placed to-day  by  a  casino  which  rivals,  if  it  does  not  sur|>ass, 
the  most  beautiful  in  Germany." 

The  popularity  of  Vichy  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  twen- 
ty-three thv)usand  persons  visited  the  resort  in  18G8. 

Ems. — The  waters  of  Ems  arc  limpid,  soft,  and  unctuf>fK 
to  the  touch.  They  deposit  large  quantities  of  solid  incrus- 
tations, and  a  brown-and-grcen  confervoid  growth  forms  in  the 
reservoirs.  As  many  as  twenty-one  springs  have  been  counted 
a4  Em». 

When  tlvse  waters  are  taken  in  moderate  quantity  they 
cauKS(>  »n  increased  urinary  s(icretion,  and  augment  perspira- 
tion.    The  urine  becomes  promptly  alkaline.     They  tend,  as 


344 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


a  rule,  to  cause  constipation.  If  taken  in  considerable  quan- 
tity they  readily  produce  gastro-intestinal  irritation,  a  result 
which  is  to  be  guarded  against. 

The  Ems  water  is  especially  adapted,  according  to  Spcii- 
glcr,  to  the  treatment  of  all  chronic  catarrhal  affections.  In 
this  class  we  have  chronic  bronchitis^  of  the  form  accompanied 
by  exacerbations  of  the  cough  morning  and  night.  Cases  of 
this  kind  are  cured  by  this  water.  If  the  w^ter  alone  proves 
too  exciting,  it  is  usual  to  mix  it  with  milk  or  whey;  In  those 
cases  of  bronchitis  accompanying  gout,  Ems  is  the  best  resort. 
Granular  pharyngitis^  or  clergyman's  sore-throat  as  it  is  often 
called,  is  peculiarly  influenced  in  a  favorable  manner  by  this 
water.  For  the  treatment  of  this  condition  it  is  usual  to  mix 
the  water  with  whey,  and  also  to  apply  the  gas  from  the 
springs — carbonic  acid  and  nitrogen — directly  to  the  diseased 
surfaces  by  means  of  tubes.  In  catarrh  of  the  stomachy  and 
also  catarrh  of  the  hepatic  ducts^  the  water  is  exceedingly 
serviceable.  Chronic  catarrh  of  the  bladder^  accompanied  by 
renal  calculi,  or  griivol,  is  equally  subject  to  favorable  action. 

These  waters  have  a  well-established  reputation  in  uterine 
catarrh.  For  this  purpose  the  internal  use  of  the  water  is 
combined  with  the  ascending  douche.  The  arrangements  for 
the  use  of  the  douche,  in  this  disease,  are  of  the  most  perfect 
kind.  Althaus  thus  describes  the  condition  of  the  uterus  in 
which  the  waters  are  especially  successful :  "The  vnginal  por- 
tion, and  the  cervix  uteri,  are  in  such  instances  generally  dark 
red,  hyperajmic,  hypei  trophied,  and  either  painful  to  the  touch 
or  not ;  the  whole  tissue  of  the  uterus  being  harder  and  firmer 
than  it  is  in  healthy  women.  In  many  cases  there  is  also  dis- 
placement of  this  organ,  and  dysmenorrhcea  or  amenorrluBa 
is  mostly  present.  The  mucous  membrane  of  the  uterus 
secretes  a  considerable  quantity  of  i)uriform  mucus,  and  the 
cervix  uteri  is  filled  with  transparent  mucus.  Sterility,  car- 
dialgia,  habitual  sickness  and  vomiting,  constipation,  and  vari- 
ous hysterical  symptoms,  are  generally  the  consequence  of  this 
condition  of  the  womb.  All  these  symptoms  arc  often  re- 
lieved bv  the  Ems  waters." 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


345 


Ems  is  an  exceedingly  attractive  watering-place,  possess- 
ing all  the  comforts  to  which  the  wealthy  are  accustomed,  an<l 
without  the  incessant  commotion  that  characterizes  many  of 
these  resorts.  The  beautiful  Gothic  castle  of  Stolzcnfels,  on 
the  Rhine,  and  the  fortress  of  Ehrenbreitstein,  are  not  far 
distant. 

Fachingen. — These  waters  are  used  in  the  diseases  to 
which  the  Vichy  waters  are  applicable.  The  spring  is  not  a 
resort.  The  water  is  bottled  and  sold  largely  throughout 
Europe,  as  much  as  half  a  million  bottles  being  consumed  an- 
nually. 

SALINE   WATERS. 

Ilomliarg. — Germany,  Ilesse-Homburg,  nine  miles  north  from  Frankfort. 

Kissingen. — Bavaria,  twenty-eight  miles  north  of  Wiirtzburg. 

Wiesbaden. — Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  five  and  a  half  miles  northwest 
from  Mayence. 

Bonrbonne* — ^F  ance,  department  of  Haute-Marne,  one  hundred  and  sov- 
enty-threc  miles  west  from  Paris. 

SelterSt — Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Mayence. 

Ilomhurg, — This  is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  German 
watering-places,  having  been  sought,  however,  more  for  th»* 
attractions  of  society,  and  the  gaming-table,  than  the  waters. 
But  since  gaming  is  now  forbidden,  it  is  prob  vble  the  waters 
will  receive  more  attention.  The  water  taken  in  doses  of 
three  or  four  glasses  usually  proves  cathartic,  but  without 
causing  debility  of  the  intestines.  These  effects  are  readily 
explained  by  the  ingredients.  The  Homburg  waters  are 
strongly  saline,  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  iron.  They 
are  especially  applicable  to  catarrhal  dyspepsia  in  anicmic 
subjects,  etc.,  cases  of  ahdominal  plethora  and  engorgement 
of  the  liver,  occurring  in  weak,  irritable,  and  scrofulous  per- 
sons, and  to  whom  the  use  of  purging-waters  might  prove 
detrimental — to  cases  of  tumid  spleen^  arising  from  ague,  or 
sujipression  of  the  hemorrhoidal  or  catamenial  flow — to  cases 
of  chlorosis  and  ana'mia  in  scrofulous  patients,  for  whom  the 
pure  chalybcates  iriight  prove  too  constipating,  or  too  exciting 
to  the  circulation. 

•  AS't'e  Annlyslij,  page  316. 


M 


i 


\ 


340 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contnlns— 

.i 
1 

2  §2| 

• 

SoLins. 

Gnilna, 

Grains. 

Gra!n8. 

GraiiK. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

.    , 

, 

.... 

6.778 

Ciirbonato  of  inapnesia . 

2 

.01 

.... 

0.08 

.... 

1.516 

C!art)onate  of  iron 

0 

.46 

0.24 

0.04 

• . .  • 

0.079 

( larbonntc  of  manganese 

, 

•  ■  ■ 

0.004 

0.002 

Carbonate  of  lime 

10 

.99 

8.14 

8.21 

2.264 

1.^52 

Cliloride  of  potassium. . 

, 

.  •  . 

2.120 

1.12 

•  •  •  • 

0.289 

Chloride  of  sodium 

7}t 

.15 

44.71 

52.50 

46.110 

17.228 

Chloride  of  magnesium. 

7 

.79 

2.33 

1.57 

... 

•  •  >  • 

(Chloride  of  calcium .... 

7 

.77 

8.l'>2 

5.683 

•  •  .  . 

Chloride  of  ammonium. 

0.13 

.... 

Chloride  of  lithium  .... 

0.15 

0.001 

, 

Sulphate  of  soda 

0 

.3S 

*  ■  >  • 

•  •  •  • 

0.201 

Suljihate  of  magnesia . . 

4.50 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  * 

Sulphate  of  lime 

2.99 

0.69 

5.993 

0.261 

lMiosj)hate  of  soda 

..  •  • 

•  •  >  • 

0.0002 

Plios|)hate  of  alumina. . 

.... 

•  I  •  > 

.... 

0.0004 

Phosi)hate  of  lime 

Iodide  of  sodium 

0.04 

0.003 

.... 

•  •  .  • 

trace. 

.... 

Bromide  of  potassium. 

■  •  •  • 

.... 

0.3?4 

0.0002 

Bromide  of  sodium 

0.06 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

.... 

0.03 

Fluoride  of  calcium  — 

.... 

.... 

0.0016 

Nitrate  of  soda 

0.07 

Arseniate  of  lime 

.... 

0.001 

Silicate  of  alumina 

. 

0.004 

Silica 

0 

.,S2 

0.09 

0.46 

.... 

0  250 

Total 

108. 8T 
Cubic  in. 

65.52 

Cubic  In. 

63.463 
Cubic  In. 

00.434 

2S.51S4 

Gases. 

Cubic  in. 

Cnrlionic  acid 

48.46 

41,77 

10.7 



80. 

Oxygen 

0.0046 

Nitrogen 



6".667 

o.io 

.... 

0.02.S5 

Ammonia 

Homburg  is  a  small  village  situated  on  the  declivit}-  of  a 
hill  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  chain  of  the  Taunus.  The 
Kursaal  is  without  contradiction  one  of  the  most  beautiful  es- 
tablishments of  the  kind.  The  interior  is  ornamented  with 
marble  columns,  beautiful  frescos,  and  elegant  paintings.  The 
springs  arc  five  in  number,  and  vary  in  temperature  from  50° 
to  53-2^°  Fahr.  The  iLaiserhrunneii  contains  104  grains  of 
chloride  of  sodium,  one-half  grain  of  carbonate  of  iron,  and  109 
cubic  inches  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  in  each  pint. 

JOssingen. — There  is  a  close  resemblance  between  the 
waters  of  Kissingen  and  Homburg.  Kissingen,  however,  has 
a  far  more  decided  reputation  in  the  cure  of  disease,  and  much 


im 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


347 


more  attention  is  given  to  medical  treatment.  These  waters 
according  to  Prof.  Seegen,  slightly  increase  secretion  from  all 
the  mucous  surfaces,  particularly  those  of  the  digestive  tract  • 
they  increase  the  appetite,  accelerate  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  and  revive  the  nutritious  functions.  They  are  at  once 
aperient,  tonic,  and  exciting. 

The  waters  of  Kissingcn  are  adapted  to  catarrhal  dyspep- 
sia^  accompanied  with  constipation  in  anajmic  subjects.  In 
cases  of  this  kind  they  are  excellent.  At  Kissingcn,  much  at- 
tention is  given  to  the  treatment  of  ffout^  and  ^or  certain  con- 
ditions of  the  disease  the  waters  are  valuable.  Plethoric  per- 
sons suffering  from  this  malady,  are  favorably  influenced  by 
a  combination  of  Ragoczi  and  the  bitter  water.  Those  suflFcr- 
ing  from  irregular  gout,  with  structural  lesions  of  the  joints, 
the  bones,  the  heart  and  blood-vessels,  are  better  treated  by  the 
waters  of  Wiesbaden  or  Toplitz.  In  plethoric  persons  of 
middle  age,  and  sedentary  habits,  suffering  from  hyperaimia 
of  the  liver^  the  Ragoczi  and  bitter  waters  of  Kissingcn,  com- 
bined, frequently  effect  a  cure.  Tliese  waters  are  also  favor- 
able in  icterus  due  to  catarrh  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
duodenum.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  if  in  catarrhal  dys- 
pepsia there  is  any  inflammatory  condition  of  the  stomach,  the 
cold  acidulous  saline  waters,  such  as  Homburg  and  Kissingcn, 
should  not  be  emploj'ed,  but  the  waters  of  Wiesbaden  in  small 
doses.  Many  maladies  are  favorably  treated  at  Kissingcn  that 
are  not  amenable  to  the  saline  waters  alone,  because  of  the  bit- 
ter water,  which  adds  to  the  resources.  This  is  a  purgative 
water,  and  in  one  pint  contains — 46  grains  sulphate  of  soda, 
39  grains  sulphate  of  magnesia,  61  grains  chloride  of  sodium, 
30  grains  chloride  of  magnesium,  and  6  cubic  inches  carbonic- 
acid  gas. 

Kissingcn  is  located  in  a  fertile  valley  on  the  banks  of  the 
rapid  river  Saal.  The  climate  is  salubrious,  and  all  the  neces- 
sities of  the  invalid  are  well  provided  for.  Neither  are  social 
attractions  wanting.  The  Bavarian  Government  for  many 
years  annually  added  improvements,  until  Kissingcn  became 
one  of  the  most  popular  watering-places. 


348 


MINERAL  SPRINGS, 


lii 


Wiesbaden. — Here  are  the  best  tliernuil-salinc  waters  in 
Europe.  The  waters  are  peculiar,^  tasting  like  warm  hijrhly- 
salted  chicken-broth,  and,  when  collected  in  reservoirs,  present- 
ing a  somewhat  yellowish  color.  Besides  the  ingredients 
given  in  the  analysis,  they  contain  a  small  proportion  of  or- 
ganic matter,  which  has  not  been  closely  studied.  The  physi- 
ological action  of  the  waters,  according  to  Dr.  Braun,  is  as 
follows :  In  a  moderate  dose,  about  a  pint,  they  increase  the 
flow  of  saliva,  give  a  sense  of  warmth  to  the  stomach,  and 
produce  moderate  alvine  evacuation  ;  in  quantities  of  a  quart 
to  three  pints,  and  taken  but  slightly  warm,  they  prove  de- 
cidedly p\irgative.  From  one  to  three  hours  after  drinking 
even  small  quantities  of  the  water,  the  flow  of  urine  is  in- 
creased, and  its  chemical  composition  altered ;  more  consider- 
able quantities  of  chloride  of  sodium,  uric  acid,  and  urea,  are 
eliminated,  than  if  a  corresponding  quantity  of  ordinary  water 
were  taken.  Under  the  influence  of  these  waters  the  faeces 
are  fluidified,  and  contain  more  biliary  constituents,  menstrua- 
tion becomes  more  abundant,  and  the  flow  of  milk  is  promoted, 
perspiration  is  increased,  and  the  pulse  accelerated.  The 
eflect  of  the  waters  on  the  urinary  secretion  was  closely  in- 
vestigated by  Drs.  Neubauer  and  Genth.  They  first  deter- 
mined the  quantity  of  urine  and  urinary  solids,  under  usual 
habits  of  life,  for  periods  of  five  and  eight  days.  Then  for 
five  days  they  took  baths  of  the  water  at  95°  Fahr.,  and  ex- 
amined the  urine,  and  then  for  eight  days  they  took  the  same 
baths,  and  drank  four  hundred  and  five  hundred  cubic  centi- 
metres respectively.  The  quantity  of  urine  under  ordinary 
circumstances — 1,414  in  one,  and  1,253  in  the  other — rose, 
while  taking  the  bath*;  alone,  to  1,707  in  the  one,  and  1,305 
in  tlie  other.  While  taking  baths  and  drinking  the  water,  it 
rose  to  3,050  and  1,547  respectively ;  the  urea  rose  from  33  to 
39.6  and  43.8  grains ;  chloride  of  sodium,  from  14.743  to  16.- 
467  and  33.678 ;  chloride  of  ammonium,  from  3.073  to  3.344 
and  3.733,  and  in  similar  ratio  for  the  other  constituents. 
During  the  course  of  the  experiments,  the  weight  of  the  body 
did  not  undergo  any  particular  change. 


iHlll 


^' 


1 1 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


349 


The  waters  and  baths  of  Wiesbaden  arc  especially  em- 
ployed in  gout^  and  rheumatism.  Tiiey  arc  advantageously 
used  in  all  forms  of  gout,  unless  inflammatory  symptoms  bo 
present  at  the  time,  but  are  especially  adapted  to  cases  of 
anomalous  or  irregular  gout.  When  external  manifestations 
have  almost  ceased,  and  the  disease  tends  to  attack  internal 
organs,  it  is  said  these  waters  will  recall  it  to  tiie  point  of 
external  attack.  For  action  on  the  kidneys,  the  water  is 
taken  in  doses  of  two  to  four  tumblersful,  and  cooled  before 
drinking,  but  little  exercise  being  taken  in  the  mean  time ; 
but  if  diaphoresis  is  desired  it  should  be  taken  hot,  and  consid- 
erable exercise  in  the  intervals  of  drinking. 

In  chronic  rheumatiom,  facial  neuralgia^  and  sciatica^  these 
waters  are  frequently  curative,  and  cases  oi paralysis  also  im- 
prove under  their  use.  In  these  cases  baths  and  douches  are 
freely  employed.  Deforming  rheumatism  {rhumatisme  nou- 
cux)  is  also  very  much  relieved  by  this  treatment.  Wies- 
baden also  enjoys  a  deserved  reputation  for  the  relief  of  con- 
traction of  the  joints,  and  old  gunshot-womids  complicated  by 
the  presence  of  the  ball,  or  necrosis. 

Wiesbaden  is  situated  on  the  southerly  exposure  of  the 
Taunus,  in  a  valley  enclosed  by  opposing  spurs  of  the  chain. 
The  climate  is  notably  temperate,  so  that  treatment  may  be 
pursued  in  the  early  spring,  and  late  in  autumn,  and  even 
through  the  winter  months.  There  are  twenty-nine  springs 
at  Wiesbaden  supplying  a  volume  of  hot  water  that  is  utilized 
for  bathing  in  every  conceivable  form.  The  mineral  mud- 
bath  is  also  employed.  This  is  also  a  station  where  the 
whey-cure  is  adminislonjcl 

Wiesbaden  was  kiinvn  to  the  ancient  Romans  under  the 
name  of  Aqua3  Mattiacas,  and  is  described  by  Pliny.  At  the 
present  day  it  is  probably  the  most  popular  resort  in  Ger- 
many ;  sixty- three  thousand  persons  are  said  to  have  visited 
there  during  the  present  year — 1873. 

Baden-Baden. — ^The  waters  of  this  spa  are  mild  thermal- 
saline  waters  of  155°  Fahr.,  and  containing  sixteen  grains 
chloride  of  sodium  to  the  pint.    They  are  chiefly  used  for 


!i 


l^^i 


^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


UilM    |Z5 

m  ^^"  ■■■ 
ttt  lii   12.2 

Sf  U£    12.0 


liWi!iiU4 


I^iotographic 

Sdmoes 

CorporaJion 


33  WBT  MAIN  STMIT 

«VIISTIR,N.Y.  MStO 

(71«)t73-4S03 


hi 


350 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


bathmg,  the  waters  of  other  springs,  as  Homburg  and  Kissin- 
gen,  being  drunk.  There  is  a  muriated-Uthia  spring  at  Baden 
containing,  according  to  Bunsen,  two  and  three-tenths  grains 
chloride  of  lithium  in  the  pint.  It  does  not  appear,  however, 
to  have  justified  expectations  as  a  curative  in  gout  and  lithia- 
sis.  Baden-Baden  is  charmingly  located  on  the  banks  of  the 
Oos,  just  at  the  entrance  of  the  Black  Forest.  The  valley  is 
exceedingly  picturesque.  Heretofore,  the  principal  attrac- 
tions have  been  the  gaming-tables  awdifttes.  This  resort  was 
frequented  by  the  Romans,  and  was  known  to  them  by  the 
name  of  Civitas  Aurelia  Aquensis.  Numerous  relics  of  sculp- 
ture, of  piscina?,  and  of  vapor-baths,  testify  to  this  fact. 

Hourhonne. — This  water  is  mildly  laxative  when  taken 
cold  or  tepid.  At  the  natural  temperature  it  does  not  prove 
cathartic  unless  taken  in  large  doses,  and  even  then  this  effect 
is  only  temporary,  and  succeeded  by  constipation.  As  a  rule, 
the  purgative  eflfect  is  not  sought  in  treatment. 

.  There  is  a  decided  analogy  between  the  application  of 
these  waters  and  those  of  Wiesbaden.  They  prove  valuable 
in  chronio  rheumatism^  accompanied  with  contractions,  with 
enlargement  of  the  joints,  and  deposits ;  also  in  paralysis. 
Especially  are  the  waters  suitable  to  these  maladies  when 
they  are  allied  to  a  scrofulous  diathesis.  So  certain  are  these 
waters  as  a  remedy  in  false  anchylosis^  in  contractions^  in  old 
gunshot-iooimds  and  necrosis^  that  the  French  Governtnent  has 
erected  a  military  hospital  capable  of  accommodating  one 
hundred  officers  and  three  hundred  soldiers. 

Bourbonne  is  agreeably  situated  at  an  altitude  of  nhie 
hundred  feet,  on  the  brow  of  a  gently-inclined  hill  which  com- 
mands a  distant  view  of  the  range  of  the  Vosges.  There  are 
three  springs  supplying  a  large  number  of  baths  of  every  de- 
scription. The  mineral  mud-bath  is  also  a  resource  of  Bour- 
bonne. Its  principal  constituents  in  100  parts  arc  silicic  acid 
6 1  parts,  oxide  of  iron  5,  lime  6,  and  vegetable  and  animal 
matter  15, 

/Setters. — This  water  is  cool  and  refreshing  in  taste,  with  a 
slight  trace  of  iron,  alkali,  and  salt  in  the  flavor.     It  is  chiefly 


f'v-  ■ 


cai 


EUPwOPEAN  SPAS. 


351 


employed  as  a  table-driuk,  and  under  the  name  seltzer  is 
known  and  imitated  {inferiorly,  as  a  rule)  the  world  over. 
There  are  no  establishments  at  the  spring.  Two  million  bot- 
tles are  sold  annually. 

BRINE-BATHS. 

Krcaznach. — Rhenish  Prussia,  seven  miles  south  of  Blngcn. 
Nanheim. — Germany,  Ilesse-Cassel,  fifteen  miles  north  from  Franlifort. 

ANALYSIS. 


KREITZNACH. 

NAUIIGIM. 

Ono  i)lnt  contains— 

Ellscnqiiellc. 

64.D''Falir. 

Lowlg. 

Oranienquelle. 

64.6°  Fahr. 

Llobig. 

Ktirbrunnen. 

71.3'  Fahr. 

Bromois. 

SoLIDB. 
Cnrbonato  of  mo^ncsia 

Grains. 
0.106 

."693 

0.624 
72.8':3 

4.071 
13.889 

0.613 

6!  025 
0.035 
0.27S 
0.129 

Grains. 
0.130 
0.856 

6!255 

0.460 

10S.705 

22;7i9 

6'.695 
0.012 
1.780 
0.999 

Giaint. 

t'arbonate  of  Iron 

0  145 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

0  021 

Carbonate  of  lime 

8  028 

Clilorldo  of  j)otassium 

4  047 

<  'liloride  of  sodium 

109  923 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

2  155 

Chloride  of  calcium 

S  215 

Chloride  of  lithium 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0  740 

Phosphate  of  alumina 

Iodide  of  maffni'sium 

.... 

llroniide  of  magnesium, 

0.205 

Silica 

0  115 

Total 

Ji3.846 

185.541 

l!;3.6'54 

Gas. 
Carbonic  ticid 

Cuble  In. 
31.2 

Jvreuznach. — These  were  the  first  waters  of  the  kind  to  be 
medicinally  employed  in  Germany,  and  the  success  which  at- 
tended their  use  has  caused  the  development  of  numerous 
waters  of  similar  character.  The  Elisonquelle  is  the  only 
spring  used  internally.  When  taken  in  small  doses,  it  tends 
to  constipation,  at  the  same  time  diuretic ;  but  in  large  doses 
it  is  purgative. 

These  waters  have  been  used  in  scrofula  with  the  most  de- 
cided success,  especially  the  forms  accompanied  with  infiltra- 
tion of  the  glands.  Scrofulous  diseases  of  the  skin,  such  as 
lupus  and  sycosis,  are  also  favorably  influenced.  The  water 
is  also  said  to  possess  a  resolutive  action  in  fibroid  tumors  of 
the  uterus.  According  to  Scanzoni,  the  good  results  in  these 
cabcs  are  chiefly  due  to  the  reduction  of  the  size  of  the  womb, 


; 


":[ 


I 


352 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


thus  controlling  lia5morrhage,  uterine  colic,  and  other  symp- 
toms. In  ovarian  tumors,  Scanzoni  discountenances  the  use  of 
these  Waters  when  symptoms  of  congestion  are  present,  and 
the  tumor  is  rapidly  enlarging.  In  other  conditions,  however, 
the*growth  of  the  tumor  may  be  decidedly  retarded.  In  cer- 
tain cases  of  tertiary  syphilis,  associated  with  scrofula,  this 
water  proves  exceedingly  efficacious.  Besides  the  spring-w.a- 
ter,  graduated  brine  and  mother-lye  are  employed.  The  fol- 
lowing is  the  composition  of  these  solutions : 


One  pint  contalot— 


80UD8. 
Chloride  of  potassium. . 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnesium . 
Chloride  of  aluminum. . 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Chloride  of  lithium 

Ptrchloride  of  iron 

Sul]>hate  of  soda 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Iodide  of  magnesium. . . 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  magnesium. 


Total. 


The  following  is  the  usual  method  of  Krcuznach  treatment. 
The  patient  drinks  daily  from  twenty  to  thirty  ounces  of  the 
Elisenquelle ;  children  less,  according  to  age.  An  hour  after 
drinking  the  water,  a  bath  is  taken  at  from  86°  to  92°  Falir. 
in  temperature.  In  the  beginning  of  the  treatment,  the  sim- 
ple brine-bath  is  used,  but  gradually,  as  the  system  becomes 
accustomed,  the  mother-lye  is  employed.  From  one  to  fifty, 
and  even  a  hundred  quarts  of  the  mother-lye  are  added  to  the 
bath ;  but,  as  soon  as  sj'^mptoms  of  excitement  and  saturation 
occur,  the  quantity  is  diminished,  or  even  entirely  withdrawn. 
The  duration  of  the  bath  is  from  a  quarter  to  three-quarters 
of  an  hour,  and,  in  severe  cases  of  scrofula  and  skin-disease, 
two  baths  per  day  are  sometimes  given.  It  is  customary 
while  in  the  bath  to  rub  the  diseased  parts  with  a  soft  sponge 
or  brush.  Cloths  soaked  in  brine  arc  also  applied,  especially 
to  enlarged  lymphatic  glands. 

Krcuznach  is  situated  in  th  3  valley  of  the  Nahe,  on  the 


Gradiinted  Brine. 

Mother-lye. 

Dr.  W'Ic-sbadcn. 

PolsJorf. 

Gm'ns. 

Grains. 

11.23 

168..S1 

1,311.89 

22f>.»7      • 

73.'22 

280.81 

VM 

241.00 

l,78!t.97 

.... 

i.\)r> 

.... 

tracts. 

.... 

tract's. 

0.05 

0.C3 

C9.14 

5.00 

.... 

l,G4l>.9T 

2,484.10 

71 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


353 


left  side  of  the  Rhine.  The  principal  wells  and  baths  are  on 
a  wooded  island  in  the  Nahe.  Pleasant  excursions  may  be 
made  in  the  vicinity. 

Nauheim. — The  waters  of  Nauheim,  like  strong  saline 
vraters  in  general,  tend  in  small  quantities  to  produce  consti- 
pation, and  in  large  quantities  to  cause  purgation.  The  baths 
readily  produce  the  phenomena  of  eruptions,  known  as  la 
poussee.  The  large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  in  these  waters 
renders  them  more  palatable  than  saline  waters  of  equal 
strength  usually  are,  and  the  temperature,  ranging  as  high  as 
99°.9  Fahr.,  makes  them  especially  applicable  for  bathing 
purposes.  There  are  five  springs,  yielding  a  large  volume  of 
water.  Similar  method  of  treatment  is  pursued  here  to  that 
of  Kreuznach,  graduated  brines  and  mother-lye  being  em- 
ployed. In  addition,  there  is  an  establishment  especially 
devoted  to  administration  of  the  carbonic-acid  bath. 

The  application  of  this  water  is  like  that  of  Kreuznach,  es- 
pecially adapted  to  scrofula,  and  diseases  allied  to  scrofulous 
conditions,  declaring  themselves  in  young  persons.  Catarrh 
of  the  vagina  in  scrofulous  and  anajmic  persons,  and  scrofu- 
lous diseases  of  the  bones,  are  frequently  cured  by  these  baths. 
Brine-baths  are  also  of  utility  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
absorption  of  rheumatic  exudations.  Indeed,  the  rheumatic 
diathesis  seems  sometimes  to  be  overcome  by  their  use. 

Nauheim  is  situated  on  the  northeast  slope  of  the  Taunus, 
and  is  a  pleasant  drive  from  Hombuvg.  It  is  comparatively  a 
newly-developed  resort,  only  dating  back  some  eighteen  years ; 
neverthelesss,  every  arrangement  for  securing  the  full  benefits 
of  the  warm  salt-water  has  been  made,  and  the  facilities  for 
social  enjoyment  arc  quite  complete. 

STJLPHUR-WATERS. 

Aix-Ia-Cliapelle< — Rhenish  Prussia,  forty-seven  miles  west  from  Cologne. 

Aix-les-Balns* — Savoy,  ten  and  a  half  miles  north  from  Chambery. 

Barnes* — France,  department  of  Hautcs-Pyrenees,  one  hundred  and 
twelve  miles  south  of  Bordeaux. 

Bagntres-de-Lnehon. — France,  department  of  Ilautc-Oarcnuc,  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  miles  south  of  Bordeaux. 


h    i 


:l 


H 


354 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


Nenndorft — Germany,  principality  of  Hcssc,  12  miles  west  from  Hanover. 
MCinbcrg. — Germany,  principality  of  Lippc-Dctmold,  tliiity-cight  miles 
south  of  Hanover. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  ]'int  cantain< — 

AIX-LA-CIIAPELLE. 

KniKer(|iiclle. 

lar  Kohr. 

Llelii;,'. 

NENNDOKF. 

Trinki|iiolIa. 

63.6°  I'ahr. 

Bunsen. 

MEINBERG. 

SckwcrFl(|uolle. 
48°  l''nlir. 
Bmncles. 

S0LIW8. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

Graiiif. 
4.995 
0.895 
0.073 
1.21T 
0.002 
0.002 
20.271 

i!i86 
2.171 

6!673 

•  •  •  • 

6.664 

0.028 
0.503 
0.577 

Gnlna. 
SMI 

•  t  •  • 

i!s5i 

0.3;j9 
4.519 
^.818 

P.  121 

6."555 


6."ic2 

Graiui. 

(Carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Carbonate  of  iron 

0.172 

0.003 

Carbonate  of  lime 

2.149 

Carbonate  of  lithia. 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Clioride  of  magnesium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

1.035 
0.005 

Sulnhato  of  soda 

5.H44 

Sulohate  of  mafimesia 

1.733 

Bul{>hate  of  lime 

8.835 

Sulphate  of  strontia 

0.008 

Suiphuret  of  sodium 

Sulphuret  of  calcium  (hydratcd) 
Phosnhatc  of  alumina 

0.067 
....     /- 
0.010 

Iodide  of  sodium 

Bromide  of  sodium 

Silica 

0.120 

Organic  matter 

Total 

31.5J2 

Per  font. 

f30.89 

,1    0.81 

1    1.S2 

.60.98 

•  •  •  • 

21.276 

CiiMc  in. 
ft. 25 
1.28 
0.06 
O.Cl 

19.480 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Cubic  In. 
2.81 

Sulphuntttcd  hydrojTon 

Carburetted  hydrogen 

0.01 

Nitrogen 

0.40 

Oxvsren 

0.02 

Aix-la-Chapelle. — The  waters  of  these  famous  thermals 
possess  an  alkaline,  saltish,  and  sulphurous  taste.  Taken  in- 
ternally, they  are  especially  diuretic  and  diaphoretic. 

The  treatment  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  consists  both  in  drinking 
the  water — that  of  the  Kaiserquelle  being  chiefly  used — and 
bathing,  to  which  the  waters  are  eminently  adapted  by  their 
tepiperature.  The  bathing  arrangements  arc  excellent,  and 
the  attendants  have  an  unsurpassed  reputation  for  dexterity  in 
application  of  douches  and  shampooing.  The  douciies  have  a 
fall  of  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet,  and  range  in  tempera- 
ture from  89°  to  100°  Fahr.  The  bath  is  usually  given  at  from 
92°  to  96°  Fahr. 

These  waters  possess  a  high  reputation  in  the  treatment 

1  Porcontoge  of  gases  ascending  from  the  water. 


Is 

n- 

<r 
o 

d 

ir 
(I 
II 

fi 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


355 


of  chronic  rheumatism^  chronic  metallic  poisoning^  and  dis- 
eases of  the  shin.  Of  the  latter,  it  is  especially  to  humid  dar- 
trous  diseases  that  they  are  applied. 


ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contains— 

AIX-LE-BAIN8. 

Kaiix  de  Soufre. 

10b°-in°  Fahr. 

Boi\jean. 

DARficES. 

Boiicliertes. 

64.4°  Fahr," 

Latour. 

BAGNKRES-DE  - 

LUCIiON. 

La  Keine. 

l.ir  Fahr. 

FUhol. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

Graing. 

6'.is8 

0.064 
1.084 
traces. 
0.057 
0.125 

olioi 

0.257 

0.400 

traces. 

0.117 

•  ■  •  • 

0.017 

traccB. 

••  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

6!o30 

Undetermined. 

0.087 

Grains. 

•  •  •  • 

6!6i4 

6!2.34 
0.292 

6;i47 

•  •  •  • 

» o'.oso 
6!ii6 

6!6o7  » 

0.146 
[  0.080  -j 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

[  0.087 

Grains, 
traces. 

Carbonate  of  inagncsia 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

.... 

Carbonate  of  liino 

.... 

Carbonate  of  strontia    

Chloride  of  sodium 

6!492 

6!663 
0.162 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Sulphate  of  potjissa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  magnesia '. 

Sulphiite  of  alumina 

.... 

Sulphate  of  iron 

.... 

Sulphate  of  lime 

0.28C 
0.401 
0.020 
0.024 

traces. 

traces. 

Sulphuret  of  sodium 

Sulphuret  of  iron 

Suljihuret  of  manganese 

Suli)hurct  of  copper 

Hyposulphite  of  soda 

Phosphates  of  lime  and  alumina 

and  fluoride  of  calcium 

ItMiido  of  potassium 

Iodide  of  so<lium 

traces. 

traces. 
0.060 
0.180 
0.086 

traces. 

traces. 

traces. 

Silicate  of  so<la 

Silicate  of  magnesia 

Silicate  of  alumina 

Silicate  of  lime 

Silica 

Alumina 

I'hosphates 

Bituminous  matter  and  glairine. 
Loss 

Total 

8.133 

Cubic  In. 
0.89 
0.82 

19.04 

1.203 

1  724 

OA8E8. 

Carbonic  acid 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Nitrogen 

traces. 

Aix-la-Chapelle  was  an  early  resort  of  the  Romans,  and 
known  to  them  by  the  name  of  Aquae  Grani.  Numerous  re- 
mains of  ancient  thermal  establishments  are  found.  Subse- 
quently it  was  the  favorite  abode  of  the  great  Charlemagne. 
It  is  said  that  he  luxuriated  in  the  thermal  baths,  and  was  ac- 
customed to  bathe  in  public  with  the  officers  of  his  court,  and 
even  held  councils  of  state  in  the  baths.    The  city,  which  has 


Somo  of  the  BarCges  Bprings  reach  111°  Fahr. 


9  With  carbonate  of  iron. 


956 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


now  shrunk  into  small  compass  compared  with  its  former  lim- 
its, shows  outward  evidence  in  many  portions  of  the  former 
presence  of  the  great  Frank,  now  dead  a  thousand  years. 
His  remains  are  sacredly  guarded  in  the  treasury  of  the  an- 
cient cathedral,  and  are  shown  to  the  public  once  in  seven 
years.  One  of  the  principal  baths — that  which  he  frequented, 
and  which  was  a  favorite  with  the  great  Napoleon — is  known 
as  the  Kaiserbad.  This  establishment  is  veritably  a  "  thermal 
palace." 

Aix-les-Bains, — ^The  use  of  these  waters  is  almost  exclu- 
sively external.  For  the  employment  of  the  waters  in  this  way 
there  are  unsurpassed  facilities.  The  flow  of  the  water  is  ex- 
ceedingly large,  and  the  grand  bath  establishment,  built  in 
1773  by  Victor-Am6d6e  III.,  received  such  additions  in  1854 
that  it  is  now  one  of  the  most  complete  in  Europe.  The  num- 
ber and  variety  of  douches  are  said  to  be  unequalled. 

The  application  of  these  waters  is  to  all  thcsre  diseases 
which  are  benefited  by  thermal  baths,  such  as  chronic  rheu- 
matism, diseases  of  the  skin,  syphilis,  paralysis,  independent 
of  organic  lesion  of  the  nerve-centres,  etc. 

Aix  is  quite  a  pretty  village,  situated  in  an  agreeable  val- 
ley, bounded  to  the  south  and  north  by  mountains.  The  cli- 
mate is  exceedingly  salubrious. 

This  resort  again  reminds  us  of  the  pleasure  taken  by  the 
Romans  in  thermal  baths.  Many  relics  of  their  residence  here 
are  found  in  the  village,  and  the  place  was  known  to  them  as 
Aquae  Gratianae.  To-day  the  resort  equals,  if  it  does  not  sur- 
pass, its  ancient  splendor,  and  offers  many  attractions  to  the 
valetudinarian. 

Bareges. — ^These  waters,  taken  internally,  possess  an  ex- 
citing action.  The  effect  is  upon  the  nervous  system,  and 
especially  on  the  circulation,  compared  by  Borden  to  that  of 
strong  coffee,  but  easily  developing,  both  in  the  well  and  in 
the  sick,  a  febrile  condition.  Although  these  waters  have 
given  name  to  the  soluble  organic  principle  of  mineral  waters, 
they  contain  but  a  small  proportion  according  to  analyses. 
The  naming  of  the  substance  was  but  accidental,  Longchamp 


1 


EUliOPEAN  Sr.\S. 


357 


being  engaged  with  these  waters  at  the  time  he  made  the  dis- 
covery.' The  analysis  of  the  waters  has  not  been  as  exact  as 
the  science  of  hydrology  demands,  that  of  the  spring  «:;iven  in 
the  table  being  only  less  imperfect  than  others.  The  compo- 
sition of  I'Entr^e  (103°  Fahr.),  according  to  Henry,  is  as  fol- 
lows, in  one  pint :  Sulphuret  of  sodium,  0.362  grains ;  sulphate 
of  soda,  0.219 ;  carbonate  and  silicate  of  soda,  0.175 ;  organic 
matter  (iodine,  lime,  and  magnesia),  traces. 

The  waters  of  Bareges  enjoy  a  celebrity  in  the  treatment 
of  gunshot-wounds,  and  bringing  to  the  surface  unextracted 
balls  and  pieces  of  shell,  that  has  penetrated  every  comer  of 
Europe,  so  much  so  that  they  have  been  termed  les  Eaux 
d^ Arquehusade.  Says  Constantin  James:  "One  should  not 
despair  of  the  curative  action  of  the  water  because  the  foreign 
body  appears  too  voluminous,  or  too  deeply  imbedded  in  the 
tissues;  nothing  seems  to  limit  their  power."  The  French 
Government  has  a  military  hospital  at  this  resort.  The  waters 
are  used  internally,  and  in  the  form  of  douches  and  baths. 
The  douche  having  a  fall  of  only  three  feet,  the  eflFect  cannot 
be  attributed  to  percussion.  The  water  is  also  efficacious  in 
certain  scrofulous  conditions,  such  as  diseases  of  the  bones, 
caries,  chronic  ostitis,  fistulous  tracts,  abtcess,  and  ulcers.  It 
is  not  to  young  scrofulous  subjects  that  these  waters  are 
adapted,  but,  says  Durand-Fardel,  "  if  the  scrofula  is  already 
an  old  disease,  if  the  patient  approaches  the  age  when  the 
disease  tends  to  become  extinct,  if  the  capital  indication  is  to 
treat  an  old  manifestation,  born  of  the  diathesis  and  persisting 
less  because  of  the  early  impulsion  than  by  inability  of  the 
organism  to  produce  resolution,  then  the  waters  of  Bar6ges 
appear  to  us  the  most  efficacious  of  all  sulphur-waters."  In 
dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  and  in  syphilis,  they  prove  of 
utility.  Because  of  the  excessive  excitement  usually  pi'oduced 
by  the  baths  and  douches,  the  patient  frequently  can  take 
them  only  every  other  day,  and  the  duration  of  treatment  is 
from  five  to  eight  weeks. 

Bareges  is  situated  near  the  summit  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  an 

»"  ChUnio  Ilydrologlque,"  par  Lofort,  Paris,  1359,  p.  203. 


858 


MINEBAL  SPRINGS. 


elevation  of  four  thousand  two  hundred  feet,  surrounded  by 
wild  and  unattractive  scenery,  and  overhung  by  ice-crowned 
peaks.  The  climate  is  exceedingly  changeable,  in  the  midst 
of  summer  a  suffocating  heat  in  the  morning  being  sometimes 
succeeded  by  icy  cold  in  the  afternoon.  Only  invalids  fre- 
quent the  place. 

J3agn^re8-de-Luchon. — The  waters  of  Luchon,  taken  iu 
doses  of  two  to  four  glasses,  augment  the  appetite,  and  often 
produce  constipation,  rendering  the  excrementitious  matter 
black  or  brown.  The  internal  functions  are  excited  even  in 
the  absence  of  baths,  the  secretion  of  urine  being  augmented. 
They  frequently  do  not  rest  well  on  the  stomach,  producing 
nausea  and  sulphurous  eructations.  Some  persons  cannot 
take  them  without  the  addition  of  syrups  or  infusions.  The 
baths  even,  at  moderate  temperature,  act  decidedly  upon  the 
skin.  After  a  quarter  of  an  hour^s  immersion  the  cutaneous 
surface  is  swollen,  and  severe  itching  is  felt.  Sometimes  the 
irritation  is  sufficient  to  produce  slight  eruptions,  which,  how- 
ever, disappear  soon  afterward.  Baths  of  elevated  tempera- 
ture often  determine  severe  eruptions,  lapousske. 

These  waters  are  celebrated  for  the  cure  of  dartrous  dis- 
eases of  the  skin.  Of  these  diseases  they  prove  of  especial 
service  in  pustulous  eczema,  in  jysoriasis,  pityriasis,  ichthy- 
osis, etc.  For  the  treatment  of  secondary  and  tertiary  syph- 
ilis, with  the  various  syphilides,  they  are  perhaps  superior  to 
any  other  European  sulphur-waters.  The  waters  also  prove 
efficacious  in  scrofulous  eruptions,  classed  by  some  authors  as 
Bcrofulides.  They  are  also  applicable  to  chronic  rheumatism^ 
in  persons  of  lymphatic  constitution.  For  the  cure  of  old 
wounds,  and  elimination  of  balls  and  foreign  bodies,  they  are 
efficacious,  but  not  equal  to  the  waters  of  Bareges. 

Luchon  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent valleys  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  an  elevation  of  two  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  sea,  and  is  the  most  frequented  resort  of 
this  region,  as  many  as  twenty  thousand  persons  going  there 
during  the  season.  The  Cours  d?Etigny  is  a  long  avenue, 
shaded  by  four  rows  of  linden-trees  and  bordered  by  build- 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


350 


ings,  in  which  visitors  lodge.  At  the  southerly  extremity  of 
this  avenue  the  springs— forty-eight  in  number— issue  at  the 
base  of  the  mountain  Super-Bagn6res.  A  sojourn  at  Luchon 
offers  many  attractions.  The  Cours  cPEtigny  is  animated  by 
the  movement  of  visitors,  and  inviting  excursions  are  made  to 
the  Lake  d'Oo,  to  the  valley  of  the  Lys,  and  to  the  Pont  de 
VenasquCy  whence  grand  views  uic  obtained  of  the  Maladetta, 
with  its  immense  glaciers. 

Nenndorf,  —  These  cold  sulphur-springs  are  much  fre- 
quented by  North-Germans.  The  arrangements  are  good. 
There  are  hot  baths  and  douches,  and  an  excellent  inhalation- 
house.  Mineral  mud-baths  and  saline  baths  are  also  admin- 
istered. Opportunities  for  the  whey-cure  are  offered.  This 
resort  is  chiefly  visited  by  those  suffering  from  gout,  rheuma- 
tism, paralysis,  neuralgia,  and  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Meinberg, — This  resort  offers  an  unusual  variety  of  cura- 
tive agencies.  There  are  carbonic-acid  inhalations,  baths  and 
douches  of  carbonic  acid,  mineral  mud-baths,  and,  besides  the 
sulphur-wators,  a  good  saline  water.  The  resort  has  consider- 
able repute  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  articular  rheumatism, 
certain  forms  of  paralysis,  scrofula,  when  exhibited  in  the 
lymphatic  ganglions,  and  irregularities  of  menstruation.  Mein- 
berg is  pleasantly  situated,  on  a  wooded  hill-side,  in  a  pleas- 
ing country. 

CHALYBEATE   WATERS.^ 

Sl'liwalbach. — Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  five  miles  southeast  from  Ems. 
Pyrmontt — Germany,  principality  of  Waldeck,  twenty-eight  miles  south- 
west of  Hanover. 

Spa* — Belgium,  province  of  Liege,  seventy  miles  cast  of  Brussels. 
St>'3IoritZi — Switzerland,  canton  of  Grisons. 

Schwalbach. — These  may  be  termed  pure  chalybeate  waters, 
containing  nearly  half  a  grain  of  carbonate  of  iron  per  pint, 
and  but  a  small  proportion  of  other  constituents,  together 
with  a  large  quantity  of  carbonic-acid  gas. 

The  action  of  these  waters  is  that  of  chalybeates  in  gen- 
eral, tending  to  produce  constipation,  rendering  the  fteccs  dark 

>  See  Analysis,  page  360. 


aoo 


MINERAL  SFRINUS. 


in  culor,  and  restoring  the  red  color  to  impoverished  bIood> 
globules.  Under  their  use  the  appetite  and  digestion  are  iin- 
proved.  The  waters  arc  applicable  to  cmcemic  coiiditions  aiui 
chlorosis^  and  form  an  admirable  succcdaneum  to  a  course  of 
alterative  mineralvvatcr  treatment. 

ANALYSIS. 


On«  pint  conUlni— 

SOIIWALnACII. 

Staiilbrunnen. 

Ai'-*l°  F«br. 

FKsenlui. 

PTBMONT. 

TrinktruDncn. 
M.5°  Fkhr. 

8PA. 

PouboD. 
50*  Fnhr. 
Mouhelm. 

SAINT-MOBITZ. 
Unnde  Souree. 

*r  Fkhr. 
PUnU  A  Kiikul«. 

1                                        Solids. 

1                              Carbonate  of  s<>da 

Grains. 
O.llO 
0.966 

6'.467 
0.108 
1.181 

6.662 

6*.629 
0.061 

•  •  •  • 

traces, 
traces. 

6.246 
traces. 

Oraloi. 
6.*740 

o'.sio 

0.024 
7.276 
0.002 
8.752 
0.608 
0.019 
0.170 

2!  888 
6.609 

traces. 

h'.m 

0.019 
traces. 

Oralni. 

0.700 

0.241 

0.024 

.677 

6!  580 

6'.i57 

■  •  •  • 

6!2i7 
6!6i2 

Onlnt. 
1.864 

Carbonate  of  mu^iiosla 

(.'arbonate  of  alumina 

Carbonate  of  iron 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Carbonate  of  lime 

0.827 

•  •  •  • 

0.178 
0.080 
6.808 

Carbonate  of  ammonia 

Chloride  of  sodium 

6.2^2 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  lithium 

Sulnhate  of  notassa 

0.119 

Sulphate  of  soda 

1.967 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

•  •  •  • 

Phosnhatc  of  soda 

Nitrate  of  soda 

Borate  of  soda 

Phosphoric  acid 

0.003 

Bromine,  Iodine,  and  fluorine. 
Alumina 

traces. 
0.002 

Silica 

0.278 

Oriranlc  matter    

Loss 

.... 

Total 

8.215 

CiiMc  In. 
60.27 
0.003 

22.275 

Cubic  In. 
47.10 

2.603 

Cubic  In. 
71.  6 

10.343 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Cubic  In. 

89.29 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Schwalbach  lies  in  a  pleasant  valley  surrounded  by  wooded 
hills.  It  is  one  of  the  most  popular  chalybeate  waters  i''  Eu- 
rope. The  large  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  discharged  is  util- 
ized in  baths,  which  are  so  arranged  that  the  gas  does  not 
escape  when  the  water  is  heated. 

Pyrmont. — ^This  water  is  not  equal  to  Schwalbach  or  Spa. 
It  is  not  a  pure  chalybeate,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis, 
containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  sulphate  of  lime  and 
other  salts,  in  all  twenty-two  grains  to  the  pint,  and  not  quite 
one-third  of  a  grain  of  carbonate  of  iron. 

This  resort  docs  not  attract  so  large  a  number  of  visitors 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


(1- 
n- 
ul 
of 


TZ. 


361 


as  formerly,  though  the  arrangements  are  excellent,  and  a 
saline  water  adds  to  the  resources. 

iSpa. — This  is  the  type  of  pure  chalybeate  waters,  and  is 
not  equalled  in  Europe.     As  will  be  seen  by  the  analysis,  the 
Pouhon  Spring — the  most  used — contains  two-thirds  of  a  grain 
of  carbonate  of  iron  to  the  pint,  and  seventy  cubic  inches  of 
carbonic-acid  gas,  with  less  than  two  grains  <.  >i  other  constitu- 
ents.    These  waters,  like  iron-waters  in  genrTal,  are  especially 
applicable   to  anaemic  conditions  and    Morons.    In  many 
cases  t»f  dyspepsia,  with  decided  anremia,  the   results    are 
exceedingly  satisfactory.     In   all  those  cMoiotio  conditions 
depending  on  impoverished  blood  and  irregularity  of  the  men- 
ses they  are  a  most  valuable  remedy.     Patients  subject  to 
passive  haemorrhage  are  also  relieved  by  these  waters.     The 
water  also  possesses  reputation  for  the  cure  of  sterility,  a 
result,  however,  only  due  to  the  invigoration  and  stimulation 
of  the  uterine  function  resulting  from  the  iron  contained. 

Spa  is  situated  at  the  base  of  a  miniature  mountain,  and  is 
protected  from  the  north  winds  by  a  similar  mountain.  The 
surroundings  are  exceedingly  agreeable,  and  recreations  of 
every  kind  invite  the  pleasure-seaker.  A  most  beautiful 
bathing-establishment  has  been  erected  within  a  few  years. 
The  resort  has  been  renowned  since  the  commencement  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

Saint-Moritz. — This  is  a  fair  chalybeate  water,  but  the 
curative  effects  may,  in  great  measure,  be  attributed  to  the 
fresh  mountain-air  that  surrounds.  It  is  situated  in  a  valley 
of  the  Haute-Engadine,  at  an  elevation  of  six  thousand  and 
eighty-eight  feet  above  the  lev<^l  of  the  sea. 

Within  a  few  years,  Saiut-Moritz  has  become  quite  a  pop- 
ular place  of  resort.  The  waters  are  chiefly  used  for  drinking, 
but  there  are  arrangements  for  bathing,  and  the  carbonic-acid 
gas  is  applied  in  the  way  of  inhalations  and  local  douches. 
These  springs  are  said  to  have  been  brought  into  notice  by 
Paracelsus  during  the  sixteenth  century. 

This  resort  is  convenient  to  the  saline  purgative  springs 
of  Tarasp  and  Wyh,  in  the  Lower  Engadirio. 
16 


. 


862 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


PUBQATIVE    WATEBS. 


Piillna* — Bohemia,  th'rty-two  miles  northwest  of  Prague. 

Frledricbstaalli — Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  eight  miles  from 
Coburg. 

Carlsbad. — Bohemia,  sixty-nine  miles  west  of  Prague. 

Marienbad.— Bohemia,  seventy-three  miles  west  of  Prague,  and  twenty- 
two  miles  south  of  Carlsbad. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contsina — 

P&LLMA. 

Striive. 

FBIEDBIOH- 

8HALU 

48.6*  Falir. 

Bauer. 

0ABL8BAD. 

Sprudel. 
162.5°  Fahr. 
,  GOttl. 

MARIEKBAD. 

Kreuzbrunnen. 

63.3*  Fahr. 

Kersten. 

SotlDS. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Graini. 
6!466 

6".770 
"6!666 

i'.soo 

123.800 

98.086 

2.000 

6.668 

6!i76 

Graini. 
8.63 

o'.ii 

67.87 

81.08 

0.07 

0.06 

0.02 

41.73 

89.65 

11.24 

6!62 

0.21 

Graini. 
9.062 
0.809 
0.031 

2!620 

aim 

•  ■ «  • 

■  •  •  • 

6!870 
19.960 

6 1215 

•  •  •  • 

i!652 

Graini. 
8.594 

Carbonate  of  ma.^nesia 

Carbonate  of  iron 

8.200 
0.350 

Carbonate  of  manganese  — 
Carbonate  of  liihe 

0.039 

4.605 

Carbonate  of  lithla 

0.049 

Carbonate  of  strontia. 

Chloride  of  sodium 

0.014 
11.166 

Chloride  of  magnesium 

Chloride  of  aluminum 

Chloride  of  ammonium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

6!449 

Sulphate  of  soda 

86.269 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 

Sulnhate  of  lime 

•  •  •  • 

PhoB]>hato  of  alumina 

Phosphate  of  lime 

0.051 
0.018 

Bromide  of  magnesium 

Silica 

6!  679 

Total 

248.807 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

194.99 

Cubic  in. 
6.32 

41.883 

Cubic  in. 
7.80 
0.08 

65.486 

Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 

CiiMc  in. 
16.7 

Nitrogen 

.... 

Piillna. — ^This  is  an  exceedingly  strong  purgative  water, 
and  of  the  class  known  in  Germany  as  Bitterwmser.  It  is 
indicated  in  such  cases  as  demand  a  saline  purgative ;  its 
action,  however,  is  milder  than  ordinary  Epsom  salts.  The 
water  should  only  be  used  as  an  evacuant,  as  continuous  use 
causes  derangement-  of  digestion,  and  decidedly  impoverishes 
the  blood. 

The  manner  in  which  this  water  is  collected  is  peculiar. 
There  is  no  spring,  properly  speaking,  but  several  pits  sunk 
in  the  earth.  The  water  which  enters  them  is  that  which 
falls  directly  in  rain  and  filters  through  the  surrounding  earth. 
In  dry  weather  the  supply  is  considerably  diminished.     The 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


363 


)m 


ty. 


surrounding  soil  is  composed  of  basalt  and  phonolite,  contain- 
ing large  quantities  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  mag- 
nesia. 

There  are  no  bath-buildings  at  Pullna,  the  water  only  be- 
ing used  in  the  bottled  form. 

Friedrichshall. — ^This  is  a  more  agreeable  purgative  water 
than  Pttllna,  and  very  popular  at  the  various  German  spas. 
n  Its  action  is  much  less  liable,  it  is  said,  to  be  followed  by  con- 

stipation, and  it  may  be  used  for  considerable  time  without 
producing  injurious  eflfects. 

There  are  ho  accommodations  for  visitors  at  the  spring, 
but  the  bottled  water  is  consumed  in  considerable  quantities. 

SecUitz. — ^This  purgative  waier  contains,  in  the  pint,  75 
grains  sulphate  magnesia,  Vl  sulphate  of  soda,  4  sulphate  of 
potassa,  4  sulphate  of  lime,  5  carbonate  of  lime,  and  1  grain 
.  chloride  of  magnesium. 

It  is  this  water  which  gives  the  name  to  the  familiar  se& 
litzrpowder^  composed  of  tartrate  of  soda  and  potassa,  carbon- 
ate of  soda,  and  tartaric  acid,  and  not  containing  a  single  con," 
stituent  of  the  water  from  which  it  is  named. 

Sedlitz  is  in  Bohemia,  not  far  distant  from  PuUna.  The 
water  is  exported  in  bottles. 

Carlsbad  or  Karlsbad. — ^These  waters  contain  the  very 
unusual  combination  of  a  considerable  proportion  of  carbonate 
of  soda,  salt,  and  Glauber's  salt,  together  with  a  high  degree 
of  heat.  They  may,  therefore,  be  termed  allcaUne-saline 
purgative  waters.  The  taste  of  the  water  is  said  to  resemble 
weak  mutton-broth.  The  water  produces,  according  to  Krey- 
sig,  "  slight  purgation  and  liquid  motions,  but  without  colic. 
It  is  rare  that  it  produces  nausea,  unless  the  person  is  exceed- 
ingly delicate,  or  the  digestive  organs  much  diseased.  The 
urinary  and  cutaneous  secretions  are  favored  in  a  marked 
degree,  but  at  the  same  time  the  circulation  is  excited  and 
the  water  disposes  to  congestion  toward  the  head."  Prof. 
Seegen  says  of  the  water:  "The  effect  upon  the  kidneys  is 
only  trifling.  The  function  of  the  intestine  is  moderately  ex- 
cited, and  a  really  laxative  clTect  is  very  rare.  .  .  .  The  secre- 


3G4 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


tion  of  the  bile  is  increased,  and  the  composition  of  this  liquid 
is  probably  altered.  The  high  temperature  facilitates  the 
absorption  of  the  water,  and  at  the  same  time  prevents  loss 
of  animal  heat."  The  water  is  said  to  have  produced  ptyal- 
ism  when  no  mercurials  have  been  taken. 

Prof.  Seegen  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  action  of 
this  water.  He  experimented  on  seven  persons  whose  con- 
dition was  carefiilly  noted  for  seven  days  previous  to  drink- 
ing the  water,  and  for  from  seven  to  nine  days  during  the 
administration  of  the  water.  From  the  results,  as  given  by 
Althaus,  I  have  formed  the  following  table : 


ti  ! 


XXOBBTIONS  EXAMINED. 


Faeces 

Urine 

Urine,  urea  in 

Urine,  phosphoric  acid  in. . . 
Urine,  chloride  of  sodium  in. 
Body  weight 


BESULT8. 

Increased. 

Unaltered, 

Dlminiebed. 

2 

8 

2 

6 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

6 

•  • 

,  , 

8 

,  , 

4 

7 

•• 

•• 

Total. 


7 
7 
7 
6 
7 
7 


The  acidity  of  the  urine  was  affected  thus :  continued 
acid  in  three,  became  alkaline  in  three,  rendered  neutral 
after  taking  the  water  in  one,  but  became  acid  by  night. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  urine  was  diminished  in  some 
cases,  and  increased  in  others,  always  inversely  proportional 
to  the  quantity  of  urine  discharged. 

Although  the  urine  was  increased  in  five  out  of  seven,  the 
increase  was  not  proportional  to  the  additional  quantity  of 
water  ingested. 

The  waters  of  Carlsbad  possess  a  reputation  above  all  oth- 
ers in  diseases  of  the  liver.  Of  these  diseases,  hyperemia, 
from  whatever  cause,  whether  the  congestion  be  active  or 
passive,  is  most  frequently  cured.  Those  cases  arising  from 
prolonged  exposure  to  paludal  poison,  are  often  relieved  in  a 
remarkable  manner.  It  is  also  said  that  fatty  degeneration  of 
the  liver  is  cured  by  their  use.  The  proof  of  this  must,  how- 
ever, be  exceedingly  difiicult  to  determine.  In  cases  of  gall- 
stone they  are  also  exceedingly  efficient,  and  in  icterus  arising 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


365 


)id 

he 

il- 

)f 

pn- 
[k- 
he 


I 


from  catarrh  of  the  hepatic  ducts.  In  each  of  the  conditions 
named,  no  less  an  authority  than  Frerichs  testifies  to  their 
utility.  The  waters  have  also  considerable  reputation  for  the 
relief  of  diabetes^  when  associated  with  disease  of  the  liver  or 
gout.  Gout  is  also  frequently  amenable  to  these  waters 
when  the  liver  or  abdominal  organs  are  in  a  turgid  condi- 
tion. Gastric  catarrh  is  most  especially  subject  to  cure  by 
these  waters.  Prof.  Niemeyer  is  exceedingly  explicit  on  this 
point. 

Carlsbad  is  situated  in  a  profound  valley,  surrounded  on 
either  side  by  immense  masses  of  overhanging  granitic  rock. 
Being  one  of  the  most  renowned  resorts  in  Europe  for  those 
diseases  which  most  frequently  attack  those  who  lead  an  easy 
and  luxurious  life,  it  possesses  all  the  requirements  for  per- 
sons of  that  class.  The  name  of  the  place  is  due  to  Charos 
IV.,  who  erected  an  establishment  there  in  the  fourteenth 
centur}'. 

The  Sprudel  is  the  spring  most  frequently  employed. 
Constantin  James  says :  "  Tliis  source,  the  queen,  without 
contradiction,  of  all  the  mineral  waters  of  Europe,  jets  forth, 
bounding  and  boiling  from  beneath  the  earth  by  a  large 
orifice,  then  falls  back  in  foam.  A  cloud  of  vapor  envelops  it 
on  all  sides,  and,  united  to  the  noise  made  by  the  rushing 
water,  announces  its  presence  from  afar."  Large  quantities 
of  incrustations  form  about  the  reservoir,  and  green  confervoid 
growths  appear.  There  are  many  springs  at  Carlsbad,  vary- 
ing in  temperature,  but  differing  little  in  constitution.  The 
high  temperature  of  the  water  affords  ample  facilities  for 
baths,  which  are  frequently  employed  in  conjunction  with  the 
internal  use  of  the  water  for  the  treatment  of  the  diseases 
named.  Bathing,  however,  is  of  secondary  importance  at 
this  resort. 

3Tarienbad. — The  waters  of  these  springs  do  not  differ  es- 
sentially from  those  of  Carlsbad,  except  in  containing  a  larger 
proportion  of  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonic  acid,  and  iron ;  and 
being  cold  in  temperature.  The  difference  in  the  effects  can 
re  •  ily  be  traced  to  this  difference  in  constitution.    They  are 


■I 


366 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


much  more  readily  purgative,  and,  if  large  quantities  are  taken, 
the  excretion  of  urine  is  decidedly  augmented.  The  secre- 
tions of  the  mucous  membrane  are  increased,  perspiration  is 
more  free,  and  in  some  instances  eruptions  appear  on  the  sur- 
face. The  appetite  and  digestion  usually  improve  under  their 
use,  and,  owing  to  the  presence  of  carbonic  acid  and  iron,  the 
prolonged  use  of  the  water  does  not  prove  as  debilitating  as 
otherwise  would  be  anticipated. 

The  waters  are  recommended  in  the  same  diseases  as 
Carlsbad.  They  are  preferable  to  Carlsbad  in  those  cases  in 
which  free  purgation  is  advisable,  but,  in  subacute  gastric 
catarrh,  the  large  amount  of  carbonic  acid  contained  would 
prove  injurious. 

A  specialty  at  Marienbad  is  the  mineral  mud-bath.  The 
dried  moor  from  which  these  baths  are  made,  contains,  besides 
purging  sulphates,  humic  acid,  and  organic  matter,  a  large 
amount  of  the  salts  of  iron,  as  much  as  two  hundred  and 
sixty-eight  grains  in  a  thousand. 

Marienbad  is  beautifully  situated  at  an  altitude  of  two 
thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level.  T  iC  country  is  open  and 
inviting,  and  the  arrangements  for  entertainment  and  for  bath- 
ing are  superior. 

Franzensbad. — ^These  springs  are  situated  in  Bohemia, 
three  and  a  half  miles  from  Eger.  In  chemical  characteristics 
they  very  much  resemble  Marienbad  —  the  Wiesenquelle 
(51°  Fahr.,)  containing  in  the  pint  25  grains  sulphate  of  soda, 
9  of  chloride  of  sodium,  0.376  carbonate  of  iron,  traces  of  bro- 
mides and  iodides,  and  45  cubic  inches  of  carbonic-acid  gas. 
Their  therapeutic  application  also  resembles  Marienbad,  except 
that,  containing  but  a  very  small  proportion  of  alkaline  carbon- 
ates, they  act  much  more  decidedly  as  an  iron  tonic. 

The  specialty  of  Franszensbad  is  the  mineral  mud-hath^ 
which  possesses  a  reputation  above  every  other  in  Germany. 
The  composition  of  the  dried  moor,  of  which  this  bath  is  com- 
posed, is  given  under  the  title  mud-baths.  These  baths  are 
especially  recommended  in  cases  of  paralysis,  rheumatism, 
and  gout. 


west 


re- 
is 

|ir- 
Mr 
le 


lie 
Id 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 
CAIiOIC    WATERS. 


367 


Contrexvllle.— France,  department  of  Vosges,  two  hundred  and  thirtj- 
five  miles  east  of  Paris. 

B8gn%res-dc-Bigorre.— France,  department  of  Hautes-Pyr6n6e8,  eighty- 
five  miles  west  of  Toulouse. 

Leuk.— Switzerland,  canton  of  Valais,  twenty-two  miles  east  of  Sion. 

Wildangen.— Germany,  principality  of  Waldeck,  eighteen  miles  south- 
west  of  Cassel. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  coiit«lns — 


Solids. 

Carbonate  of  soda 

Carbonate  of  magnesia  . . , . 

Carbonate  of  Iron 

Carbonate  of  umngaDcsc  . . . 

Carbonate  of  Ilino 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  magnosium 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Sulphate  of  mngncsia 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Sulphate  of  strontia 

Phosphate  of  lime 

Organic  matter  and  arsenic. 

Loss 

Alumina 

Silica 

Kesiduo,  fatty  matter 


Total. 


Oases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Oxygen  

Nitrogen 


CONTREX- 
VILLE. 
Pavilion. 

63.0°  Fahr. 
Henry. 


Gralni. 
1.438 
1.606 
0.066  > 

4.927 
traces. 

1.022 

0.292 
traces. 
0.114!) 
1.8S7 
8.8!>5 


0.511 
6!8763 


2k469  s 

Cubic  in. 
0.29 

undetcrndned, 


BAGNERES-DE- 

BIGORRE. 

La  Rc'ine. 

115.1°   Fahr. 

Ganderax  and 

Roaiire. 


Grains. 

6.821 
0.584 

i!942 


0.453 
0.949 

2.891 
12.264 


0.394 

6/263 
0.050 


20.111 


undetermined. 


LEUK. 

Lorenziiuello, 
123°  Fahr. 
Brunner. 


Grains. 

6!662 
0.024 

6!857 

o.'o'io 
o.o.^ 

0.027 

6!  509 

1.991 

12.712 

0.031 


0.102 


15.630 

Cubic  in. 
0.26 
0.19 
0.85 


WILTUJNOKN. 

Stadtbrunneu. 

60°  Fahr. 


Grains. 
0.492 

2.403 
0.139 
0.053 
8.778 


0.071 


0.919 
0.2&9 


0.008 
0.279 


8.431 

Cubic  in. 

42.70 


Contrexville.  —  The  prominent  effect  of  this  water  is 
diuretic,  and  the  quantity  of  urine  passed  seems  more  than  in 
proportion  to  the  water  ingested.  When  taken  in  large 
quantities,  and  it  is  readily  tolerated,  there  is  frequently 
slight  diarrhoea,  abundant  perspiration,  and  phenomena  of 
general  excitement. 

These  waters  are  distinguished  for  the  relief  given  in  cases 

1  And  carbonate  of  manganese. 

3  And  alumina. 

9  lliis  spring  also  contains  traces  of  iodhie,  bromine,  and  nitrates. 


368 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


of  catarrh  of  the  bladdery  nephritic  coliCy  calculus,  and  gravel. 
The  value  of  the  waters  in  gravel,  says  Durand-Fardel,  is 
"  neither  contested  nor  contestable."  The  effect  of  the  waters 
in  this  disease,  according  to  his  view,  depends  on  their  diuretic 
action,  on  the  washing  out  of  the  urinary  organs,  and  not  on 
any  decided  effect  on  the  organism  by  which  the  diathesis  is 
destroyed.  The  relief  given,  however,  is  immediate,  and  con- 
tinues for  a  considerable  time  after  the  use  of  the  water  is 
suspended.  In  catarrh  of  the  bladder,  however,  the  waters 
exercise  a  decidedly  curative  effect. 

This  is  comparatively  a  recent  resort,  but  within  a  few 
years  has  received  considerable  patronage,  and  jpossesses  the 
requisites  for  a  comfortable  abode. 

JBagneres-de-Bigorre. — These  waters  are  reputed  sedative 
to  all  conditions  of  over-excitement  or  sensitiveness  of  the 
nervous  system,  and  find  especial  application  in  disorders  of 
the  genito-urinary  apparatus,  and  menstruation  in  females. 
They  also  prove  useful  in  the  atonic  and  nervous  condition  of 
students,  and  men  who  lead  a  sedentary  life.  These  good 
effects  are  attributable  almost,  if  not  altogether,  to  the  baths 
and  fresh  mountain-air.  The  waters,  however,  contain  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  iron,  which  proves  valuable  in  the  con- 
ditions named,  and  in  certain  dyspepsias. 

The  number  of  springs  at  Bigorre  is  upward  of  thirty, 
and  the  supply  of  water  is  abundant.  The  bathing  arrange- 
ments are  superior. 

Besides  the  calcic  waters,  there  is  a  fine  sulphur-spring  not 
far  distant,  the  waters  of  which  have  been  brought  into  the 
village. 

Bagn6res-de-Bigorre  is  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts  in 
the  Pyrenees,  as  many  as  eighteen  thousand  persons  going 
there  during  the  season.  It  is  delightfully  situated  amid  the 
heights  of  the  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  eighteen  hundred 
feet.  Every  opportunity  for  pleasure  and  recreation  is  af- 
forded. 

Leuk. — ^These  waters  are  chiefly  appropriated  to  the  bath. 
For  this  purpose  they  are  used  in  common  by  both  sexes, 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


369 


lel. 

is 

prs 

;ic 

)n 

lis 

n- 

is 

|rs 


( 


after  the  manner  described  in  another  chapter.  The  patient 
remains  in  the  water  from  one  to  five  hours,  with  the  object 
of  producing  the  phenomenon  known  as  la  pouss'ee,  or  the  bath- 
eruption.  This  mode  of  treatment  is  especially  applicable  to 
dry  dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  such  as  paoriasiSj  lichen^  and 
pityriasis^  accompanied  with  want  of  vital  action  in  the  in- 
tegument. The  bath-eruption  seems  to  remove  this  inertia, 
and  cure  by  substitution.  The  application  of  the  waters,  in 
these  diseases  and  conditions,  is  recommended  by  Hardy  and 
other  specif.lists  of  equal  note. 

The  village  of  Leuk  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Gemmi 
Pass,  at  an  elevation  of  four  thousand  six  hundred  feet  above 
the  sea.  On  either  hand  glacier-crowned  summits  tower  five 
thousand  feet  above,  and  the  entire  region  possesses  a  wild 
and  sterile  grandeur. 

Wildungen. — The  waters  of  this  spa  are  readily  tolerated 
by  the  stomach,  and  prove  decidedly  efficacious  in  gravel  and 
the  lithic-acid  diathesis.  They  exercise  a  happy  effect  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  urinary  passages,  and  under  their 
use  gravel  and  renal  culculi  are  passed  without  pain,  and  the 
formation  of  new  concretions  is  prevented.  The  water  also 
proves  curative  in  catarrh  of  the  bladder. 

Wildungen  is  a  quiet  resort,  situated  in  a  pleasant  valley, 
and  offbrs  attractions  to  those  who  desire  to  avoid  the  confusion 
of  the  larger  watering-places. 


li 


THERMAL   WATEBS.i 

Gasteln. — Austria,  duchy  of  Salzburg,  seventy-four  miles  south  of  Salz- 
burg. 

Toplltz.— -Bohemia,  circle  of  Leitmcritz,  forty  miles  south  of  Dresden. 
SehlangeoJiad.— Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  four  miles  south  of  Schwal- 

bach  Springs. 

Plomblires.— France,  department  of  the  Vosges,  two  hundred  and  fifty- 

one  miles  east  of  Paris. 

Gasteln. — These  waters  arc  dev(»tcd  almost  exclusively  to 
bathing.     There  are  eight  springs  varying  little  in  composi- 

»  Sec  Analysis,  page  3T0. 


370 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


tion,  but  ranging  in  temperature  from  87°  to  160°  Falir,  The 
eflPects  of  the  waters  are  in  great  measure  those  of  the  warm 
and  hot  bath.  Prof.  Seegen  regards  the  curative  agency  as 
due  only  to  this  action  and  the  mountain-air.  However,  Con- 
stantin  James  affirms  that  a  bath  in  these  waters,  unlike  one 
in  ordinary  warm  or  hot  water,  produces  contraction  and 
rigidity  of  the  skin,  and  that  when  a  number  of  baths  are 
taken,  they  especially  stimulate  the  genital  organs  and  the 
nervous  system.  The  temperature  of  the  bath  is  from  98°  to 
100°  Fahr. 

ANALYSIS. 


One  pint  contain*— 

GASTRIN. 

Sl'-ltio"  Kahr. 
Wolf. 

TOPLITZ. 

Hauptqiiclle. 

120°  Fahr. 

Wolf. 

BCIILANOENBAD. 

8i(.4*-Slt.(i'  Fnhr. 
Freivnlus. 

PLOMBlfeKlM. 

Source  del  Dunes. 

125"  Fahr. 

Lb«rlller. 

Solids. 
Carbonate  of  soda 

Oraini. 
0.04 
0.02 
0.05 
0.02 
0.86 

6!86 

6.61 
1.51 

6!64 

traces. 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

traces. 

0.24 

traces. 

Gralni. 
2.635 

0.0S8 
O.OIi> 
0.021 
0.880 
0.027 

0'.488 

0.098 
0.290 
0.014 
0.020 

0".85i 

•  a  •  • 

•  ■  •  • 

o'.m 

•  •  •  • 

0.448 

Gralni. 
0.079 
0.C47 

0.250 

o'.bb*4 

1.825 

o'.m 
o'.'m 

0.258 

Gralni. 

t'arbonate  of  majniesia 

Carbonate  of  iron 

•  •  •  « 

Carbonate  of  manganese 

Carbonate  of  lime 

.... 

Carbonate  of  strontia 

Chloride  of  potassium 

Chloride  of  sodium 

Chloride  of  calcium 

•  •  a  • 

[   0.276 

Sulphate  of  potassa 

Sulphate  of  so<la 

0.627 

Phosphate  of  soda 

Phosphate  of  alumina 

Fluoride  of  calcium 

.... 

Fluoride  of  slliclum 

Arsenlate  of  soda 

0.005 

Silicate  of  potassa 

0.008 

Silicate  of  soda 

0.626 

Silicate  of  lime  and  magnesia.. 
Crenic  acid 

•0.168 

Alumina 

0.076 

Strontia 

BUlca 

0.089 

Organic  matter 

0.168 

Total 

2.65 

In  100  parii. 

86.'89 
69.11 

4.808 

In  100  parta. 

4.74 

0.66 

94.59 

2.668 

Cubic  In. 
0.67 

•  ■  a  • 

•  •   •  • 

2.012 

Gases. 
Carbonic  acid 

Oxvcren 

M&n.......::.:. ....:. 

•  •  ■  • 

These  baths  possess  especial  reputation  in  cases  otparal^/- 
sis,  both  Jiemiplegia  and  paraplegia,  provided  the  originating 
attack  has  been  some  time  passed,  and  organic  degenerai-ion 
of  the  nerve-tissues  has  not  occurred.  They  are  also  said  to 
be  of  service  in  restoring  virility.     It  is  almost  needless  to 


1 


EUROPEAN  SPAS. 


371 


add  that  they  prove  valuable  in  chronic  rheumatism.  Ga- 
•  stein  is  situated  in  a  romantic  valley  of  the  Noric  Alps  at 
ati  elevation  of  three  thousand  five  hundred  and  twenty  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  journey  thither  is  a  most  delightful  one 
to  the  tourist,  passing  by  the  charming  chdteaux  of  Hell- 
brunn,  through  the  narrow  defile  of  Pass-Leug,  and  the  peril- 
ous passage  of  the  Klamm,  with  the  pathway  cut  in  the  solid 
rock. 

Toplitz. — The  waters  of  this  resort  are  devoted  to  the  bath, 
for  which  they  are  especially  adapted.  It  is  this  resort  which 
has  added  most  to  the  reputation  of  indifferent  thermal  waters. 
The  effect  of  the  baths  is  that  of  warm  or  hot  bathing.  When 
skilfully  administered,  according  to  Prof.  Seegcn,  they  increase 
the  function  of  the  skin,  stimulate  the  circulation  and  peri- 
pheric innervation,  and  in  certain  cases  facilitate  the  deple- 
tion of  engorged  organs. 

Paralysis  and  neuralgia  are  successfully  treated  at  TOplitz, 
also  chronic  muscular  and  articular  rheumatism.  Atonic  gout 
is  frequently  improved  under  the  treatment. 

There  are  five  springs  at  TOplitz,  and  the  system  of  baths, 
consisting  of  swimming-baths,  private  baths,  douches,  and 
vapor-baths,  is  unsurpassed.  We  should  not  omit  naming 
the  mud-bath.  Schonau,  a  suburb,  where  there  are  six 
springs,  is  included  in  this  statement.  The  surroundings  of 
this  resort  are  agreeable,  and  visitors  or  patients  have  every 
opportunity  for  passing  time  agreeably.  Ten  thousand  per- 
sons visit  Toplitz  during  the  summer. 

Schlangenhad. — This  is  exclusively  a  tepid  bath,  but  a 
tepid  bath  possessing  peculiar  properties.  The  water  is 
characterized  in  a  high  degree  by  unctuosity,  so  that,  when 
passed  between  the  fingers  and  rubbed,  there  is  a  sense  of 
oiliness,  or  velvety  sensation.  When  immersed  in  the  water, 
the  entire  integument  presents  the  same  soft  and  velvet-Uke 
feeling.  The  bath  is  delightful.  The  resort  is  known  through- 
out Europe  as  the  ladies^  hath. 

The  baths  prove  sedative,  and  are  especially  applicable  to 
hysteria,  and  erethism  of  the  nervous  system,  depending  on 


I 


872 


MINERAL  SFB1NG& 


functional  derangements  of  the  sexual  organs  in  females. 
They  also  prove  valuable  in  certain  cases  of  gout  and  rheu- 
matism, and,  by  virtue  of  their  calming  action  on  the  integu- 
ment, prove  of  utility  in  diseases  of  the  s/cin^  accompanied 
by  hypcraesthesia.  The  waters  also  have  a  reputation  as  a 
cosmetic. 

Schlangenbad  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  valley  nine  hundred 
feet  above  the  sea-level,  on  the  road  between  Wiesbaden  and 
Schwalbach,  and  not  distant  from  either  place.  The  surround- 
ings are  agreeable.  The  whey-cure  adds  to  the  resources  of 
Schlangenbad. 

Plombidres. — ^These  waters,  like  the  indifferent  thermals 
in  general,  are  largely  employed  in  the  form  of  baths.  The 
Source  des  Dames  and  du  Crucifix  are,  however,  used  for  drink- 
ing. They  are  distinguished  fron;  other  thermal  waters  by 
the  large  proportion  of  silicates,  and  an  appreciable  amount  of 
arsenic.  Tliey  present,  however,  no  characteristic  effect  when 
taken  internally,  or  employed  externally.  The  water  is  trans- 
parent, without  taste  or  odor,  and  soft  to  the  touch. 

As  a  remedy,  they  prove  exceedingly  efficacious  in  gastral- 
gia^  also  in  chronic  enteritis^  associated  with  much  abdominal 
pain.  In  articular  and  muscular  rheumatism^  unaccompanied 
by  exudation,  they  are  also  of  decided  utility.  In  the  dry 
dartrous  diseases  of  the  skin,  such  as  psoriasis  and  lichen, 
they  have  proved  efficacious.  Paraplegia  is  also  treated  at 
this  resort  with  considerable  success. 

PlombiSres  is  situated  in  a  valley  of  the  Vosges  Moun- 
tains, at  an  elevation  of  fourteen  hundred  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  surroundings  are  agreeable.  The  place  was  largely 
patronized  by  the  Emperor  Louis  Napoleon,  and  the  Bain 
Napoleon  is  one  of  the  most  complete  in  Europe.  Every  con- 
venience for  swimming-baths  and  douches  is  afforded.  This 
resort  was  a  favorite  with  the  Romans,  as  numerous  remains 
testify.  One  of  the  ancient  thermae  is  in  an  excellent  state 
of  preservation. 


* 


SEA-SIDE   EESORTS. 


CHAPTER   XIX. 

Onk  who  has  passed  his* early  life  in  an  inland  city  or 
village  can  well  remember  how  frequently  he  has  desired  to 
see  the  heaving  waters  of  the  ocean,  to  hear  its  tempestuous 
roar ;  and,  on  visiting  a  seaboard  city  for  the  first  time,  he 
may  not  have  been  content  to  look  upon  the  waters  of  the 
bay,  but  may  have  journeyed  to  some  exposed  portion  of  the 
coast-line,  where  the  waves  roll  in  from  across  the  broad  waste 
of  waters.  To  every  one  there  are  majesty  and  bep"+y  in  the 
sea. 

The  air  at  the  sea-side  has  a  peculiar  freshness  and  life, 
that,  as  we  breathe,  seems  to  penetrate  every  portion  of  our 
frame,  and  impart  to  us  renewed  vitality.  And  we  shall  not 
have  breathed  this  air  long  before  we  shall  experience  a  keen 
appetite,  and,  if  vigorous,  feel  inclined  to  athletic  exercise. 
Exactly  what  it  is  in  the  constitution  of  sea-air  that  produces 
these  effects  has  not  been  discovered.  We,  however,  know 
that  the  air  is  purer  than  that  of  the  land,  less  contaminated 
by  miasm,  by  vegetable  exhalations  and  noxious  gases,  though 
in  the  component  oxygen  it  differs  but  little.  The  air  of  the 
ocean  is  always  highly  charged  with  watery  vapor,  bearing 
with  it  a  perceptible  amount  of  chloride  of  sodium.  Wlien 
we  have  been  exposed  to  the  sea-air  for  a  long  time  we  detect 
this  in  the  salt  taste  experienced  when  the  tongue  touches 
the  outer  borders  of  the  lips.  Experiment  has  shown  that 
this  saline  vapor  is  much  more  freely  diffused  when  the  ocean 


374 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


is  agitated,  and  it  is  then  carried  inland  for  several  miles. 
Besides  containing  chloride  of  sodium,  it  is  quite  probable 
that  the  atmosphere  of  the  sea  also  contains  a  proportion  of 
iodides  and  bromides — a  conclusion,  however,  which  is  not 
based  on  direct  experiment.  And,  although  chemistry  has 
not  revealed  the  minute  dilFerenccs  between  ocean  air  and 
that  of  the  land,  still,  whoever  is  familiar  with  its  odor  can 
recognize  it  miles  inland  from  the  sea-shore.  Many  persons 
sojourn  at  the  sea-shore  more  for  the  purpose  of  breathing  tlie 
sea-air  than  for  bathing  in  the  surf.  Breathing  sea-air  aflects 
the  organism  by  the  change  wrought  in  the  blood,  and  thus  in 
the  entire  system.  How  quickly  medical  agents  act  through 
the  lungs  is  shown  by  the  rapidity  with  which  anaesthesia  may 
be  produced  by  chloroform. 

Sea-air  is  deemed  especially  applicable  to  chronic  bron- 
chitis accompanied  with  considerable  expectoration.  If  the 
patient,  on  the  contrary,  has  dry  cough  and  great  irritability 
of  the  lungs  and  larynx,  it  will  not  prove  beneficial.  In  the 
chronic  cough  of  old  age — senile  bronchitis — it  is  also  advan- 
tageous, if  the  patient  is  not  a  sufferer  from  asthma  and  em- 
physema. Phthisis  in  its  early  stages  is  favorably  influenced 
by  a  residence  at  the  sea-side,  or  repeated  ocean-voyages. 
Indeed,  the  last-named  remedy  has  been  a  favorite  in  all  ages. 
Pliny,  Celsus,  and  Galen,  have  all  testified  to  its  virtues. 
Care,  however,  is  recommended  that  those  cases  only  seek 
the  sea  in  which  the  cough  is  moist,  and  there  is  very  little 
tendency  to  haemoptysis. 

The  loater  of  the  sea  is  exceedingly  complex  in  constitu- 
tion, and  contains  several  medical  substances  in  active  propor- 
tion. The  analysis  of  sea-water,  on  page  375,  will  illustrate 
this  statement. 

From  the  analysis  it  is  seen  that  chloride  of  sodium  is  the 
chief  constituent,  and  next  is  chloride  of  magnesium,  then 
sulphate  of  potassa,  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
etc.  It  will  also  be  noticed  tiiat  the  composition  varies  in  dif- 
ferent seas.  The  waters  of  northern  seas  are  less  saline,  be- 
cause of  the  small  amount  of  surface  evaporation.     The  waters 


1 


a. 
lo 


SEASIDE  RESORTS. 


37i 


of  the  Dead  Sea  arc  very  heavily  charged,  because  of  the  con- 
tinual access  from  surrounding  rivers  without  any  correspond- 
ing outflow. 

ANALYSIS. 


On*  |ilot  contaiu— 


Soi.iiM. 

Carbonnto  of  mogucsla 

CarlwiiuU)  i)f  lliiio 

I'lilorlde  of  potasHiiiui 

C!hloi-I«loof8o<liimi 

C'lilorido  of  niuKneHiuin 

ChlorldH  of  nltiiiilnuin 

(Jhloridt!  of  Iron 

Chloii(  I    I  >f  calcium 

Ohlori<.<^  of  aiiiuioniuin 

Chloride  of  inan^rancsu 

Siilplmtc  of  potassa 

Sulpiiato  of  inn^'ncBia 

Sul|)hato  of  liino 

Phosphnto  of  soda 

lodidie  of  sodium 

lironiide  of  sodUini 

ISronildo  of  iniif^nesiuiii 

Oxide  of  Iron 

Uromino 

Sliver 

Copper 

Lead 

SlUca 

OrKftulc  mutter 

Bitumen 

Kvsiu  and  extractive  matter. 


Total 267 .80 


<i  rains. 

truce. 

2l»>'!l»2 
24.1)0 

trace. 


18.M 
4.37 

11.60 

tmco. 

trace. 
8>!> 


trace, 
trace, 
trace, 
trace, 
trace. 


^ 


(irelni. 

».7h 

220.41 

24.12 


IS.  fir) 

10.10 


4.16 
6!  02 


282.06 


%  i 


CSraliii. 


2.42 

14i»    s 


2.72 


17.84 


trace. 
(K66 


185.. M> 


Gmioi. 

(  .1)4 

1'J.40 

r  M 

'?«*.2:l 

40.l!S 


00.47 
85.  SO 


trace. 


459.63 


'1 


(Iriiini. 

trace, 

85.83 

si{7.s4 

657.15 

8.02 

0.10 

172.00 

0.42 

0.42 


4.70 

trace. 
10.57 


trace, 

4.82 

trace. 


ICSO.Ol 


The  accumulation  of  solid  matter  in  the  water  of  the  sea 
occurs  as  follows :  The  pure  clear  drops  of  water  descend  from 
the  heavens,  and,  as  they  pass  to  the  stream,  dissolve  and  carry 
from  the  rocks  and  loam  many  of  their  constituents,  though 
in  exceedingly  small  proportion.  These  myriads  of  drops  of 
water,  each  freighted  /ith  its  little  burden,  meet  in  the  rivers 
and  pass  on  to  the  c^  jan.  Arriving  here  they  are  heated  by 
the  sun  and  arise  in  vapor,  depositing  the  burden  they  have 
borne.  Again  this  vapor,  wafted  across  the  land,  meets  a 
cold  stratum  of  air  and  descends  once  more  in  rain,  again  to 
bear  a  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  to  the  ocean.  This  aggre- 
gation for  ages  of  dissolved  salts  has,  in  great  part,  caused 
the  saline  condition  of  the  ocean.    But,  in  addition,  there  are 


;i 


! 


376 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


large  beds  of  salt  on  the  shores  and  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean 
which,  doubtless,  contribute  to  iis  saltness. 

We  find,  then,  that  sea-water  is  exceedingly  complex  in 
constitution.  Besides,  it  possesses  various  colors^  due,  how- 
ever, in  great  measure  to  its  varied  surroundings — the  color 
of  the  sky,  the  disposition  of  the  coast-line,  whether  bold  and 
precipitous,  or  low  and  receding.  From  the  varied  colors  we 
have  the  names  White,  Red,  and  Black  Sea,  etc.  One  char- 
acteristic, however,  which  has  been  the  subject  of  a  number 
of  theories,  is  its  phosphorescence.  When,  on  a  steamer  far 
out  in  the  ocean,  we  look  back  at  night  over  the  ship's  track 
we  see,  just  bordering  the  crest  of  the  wave,  a  line  of  faint 
sparkles  appearing  and  disappearing  with  the  changes  of  the 
wave — now  they  flash  out  in  peculiar  brilliance,  then  are  lost 
in  the  dark  surge.  Some  consider  that  this  efifect  is  due  to  a 
peculiar  chemical  combustion,  others  to  myriads  of  animalcules 
capable  of  luminosity,  like  the  glow-\vorm,  and  another  theory 
attributes  it  to  electrical  conditions. 

The  temperature  of  the  sea,  like  that  of  rivers,  is  never  con- 
stant, varying  according  to  the  seasons.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture of  the  surface  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  near  the  coast 
of  France,  is  found  to  be  59°  Fahr.  But,  beneath  the  surface, 
the  temperature  decreases  downward,  and  in  mid-ocean  the 
temperature  has  been  found  as  high  as  83.4°  Fahr.  at  the  sur- 
face, while  at  the  depth  of  six  thousand  feet  it  marked  but 
45.5°  Fahr.  Aim6  has  shewn  that  the  lowest  temperature 
of  the  depths  of  the  ocean  is  equal  to  the  mean  temi'Tature 
of  the  surface  during  the  winter.  At  the  sea-side  resorts  the 
temperature  ranges  between  60°  and  70°  Fahr.  during  the  sea- 
son. The  sea-hath  is  a  cold  bath,  and  its  effects  may  almost  all 
be  deduced  from  this  fact.  But  it  is  a  cold  bath  under  the 
most  favorable  conditions.  Tlie  fascination  of  the  sea,  the 
attraction  of  many  batliers  in  the  water  at  the  same  time,  the 
excitement  attendant  on  the  rolling  in  of  the  waves,  and  the 
exercise  required  in  meeting  them,  contribute  to  the  salutary 
effect  that  is  experienced.  Here  the  person  makes  no  coii- 
scious  effort  to  exercise,  but  tl  i  entire  surroundings  lead  him 


SEA-SIDE  RESORTS. 


311 


to  do  so,  and  often  so  vigorous  is  this  exercise  that  reaction 
j  p  commences  while  in  the  water,  to  be  followed  by  complete 

redness  of  the  surface,  and  a  feeling  of  renewed  energy  when 
he  retires  to  the  dressing-room  and  is  thoroughly  rubbed  and 
dried.     That  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  water  have  any 
[  part  in  the  result  is  exceedingly  doubtful,  for,  on  the  one 

hand,  the  temperature  of  the  water  is  so  low  that  the  skin  is 
unprepared  for  absorption,  and,  on  the  other,  the  period  of 
immersion  is  usually  so  short  that,  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions,  little  absorption  could  occur.  However,  it  must 
be  remembered  that,  during  the  entire  time^  the  lungs  are 
continually  filled  with  the  aroma  of  the  sea,  and  the  blood 
much  more  highly  charged  with  its  medical  properties  than 
when  at  the  hotel  on  the  shore.  The  time  passed  in  the  bath 
varies  frcm  five  to  twenty  minutes,  and,  where  the  water  is 
unusually  warm,  it  may  be  extended  beyond  these  limits. 
One  bath  a  day  is  sufficient,  and  two  each  day  as  many  as 
should  be  indulged  by  the  most  vigorous.  In  some  instances 
reaction  is  not  readily  established  on  coming  from  the  bath, 
and,  in  such  cases,  in  addition  to  rubbing  with  the  coarse 
towel,  it  will  be  advantageous  to  immerse  the  feet  in  warm 
water.  It  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say  that  morning  is  the 
preferable  time  for  the  bath,  and  that  the  stomach  should  be 
empty  when  it  is  taken.  The  rules  given  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Cold  Bath  "  are  also  applicable  to  sea-bathing. 

The  effect  of  a  course  of  sea-bathing,  according  to  Durand- 
Fardel,  is  as  ibllows :  The  first  baths  cause  excitement,  exces- 
sive fatigue,  pain  in  the  muscles  and  course  of  the  nerves,  es- 
pecially if  the  sea  has  been  rough ;  sometimes  the  appetite  is 
lost.  But,  in  five  or  six  days,  these  conditions  disappear,  and 
a  feeling  of  hien-ttre^  of  vigor  and  joyousness,  succeeds ;  at  the 
same  time  the  appetite  is  increased,  and  the  secretions  are 
more  active,  especially  those  of  the  kidneys,  skin,  and  lungs. 
But,  if  the  baths  are  too  long  continued,  after  fifteen,  twenty, 
or  thirty  days — according  to  the  individual — the  excitement, 
fatigue,  and  the  pain  reappear,  and,  if  the  baths  are  not  dis- 
continued, all  the  advantage  gained  may  bo  lost. 


378 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


I 


f 


I     'I 

I 


Sea-baths  are  especially  applicable  to  persons  of  lymphatic 
constitutions.  In  these  classes  they  favorably  influence  a  num- 
ber of  diseases  by  the  tonicity  wrought  in  the  system.  They 
have  been  highly  lauded  as  a  remedy  at  the  age  of  puberty, 
in  both  sexes,  when  there  is  a  want  of  development,  an  ap- 
parent failure  of  the  vital  force ;  they  then  stimulate  to  a  re- 
newed effort,  the  pale  youth  develops  into  a  vigorous  boy,  and 
the  cheek  of  the  anaemic  girl  assumes  the  rosy  hue  of  health. 
In  cases  of  delayed  or  difficult  menstruation,  accompanied 
with  chlorosis  in  the  young  girl,  sea-baths  are  of  peculiar 
benefit.  Indeed^,  so  decided  is  their  influence  upon  the  uterine 
functions  that,  in  women  who  have  ceased  +o  menstruate,  the 
flow  has  reappeared,  and  those  always  sterile  have  become 
enceinte.  The  beneficial  effects  to  the  scrofulous  of  a  residence 
at  the  sea-side  are  generally  known. 

Sea-bathing  is  not  without  danger  to  those  who  are  reck- 
less, or  do  not  obsserve  the  rules  which  are  given  for  the  guid- 
ance of  bathers.  Those  who,  in  a  strong  sea,  quit  the  lines 
of  rope  are  never  without  danger,  for,  in  those  seemingly  small 
waves,  there  is  a  power  that  can  only  be  appreciated  by  those 
who  have  felt  their  force ;  and  those  who  wander  beyond  the 
prescribed  limits,  recklessly  peril  their  lives, 

Marshall  Hall's  ready  method  for  resuscitating  persons  as- 
phyxiated from  drowning,  may  prove  useful  to  tliose  at  the 
sea-side.     It  is  as  follows : 

1 .  Treat  the  patient  instantly  on  the  spot  in  the  open  air^ 
freely  exposing  the  face,  neck,  and  chest  to  the  breeze,  except 
in  severe  weather. 

2.  In  order  to  clear  the  throaty  place  the  patient  gently  on 
the  face,  with  one  wrist  under  the  forehead,  that  all  fluid  and 
the  tongue  itself  may  fall  forward,  and  leave  the  entrance  into 
the  windpipe  free. 

3.  To  excite  respiration^  turn  the  patient  slightly  on  his 
side,  and  apply  some  irritating  or  stimulating  agent  to  his 
nostrils,  as  ammonia^  camphor,  etc. 

4.  Make  the  face  warm  by  brisk  friction ;  then  dash  cold 
water  upon  it. 


SEA-SIDE  RESORTS. 


379 


5.  If  not  successful,  lose  no  time ;  but,  to  imitate  respi- 
ration, place  the  patient  on  his  face,  and  turn  the  body  gently 
but  completely  on  the  side,  and  a  little  beyond;  then  again 
on  the  face,  and  so  on  alternately.  Repeat  these  movements 
deliberately  and  perseveringly,  Jifteen  times  only  in  a  minute. 
When  the  patient  lies  on  the  chest,  this  cavity  is  compressed, 
and  ca^iration  takes  place.  When  he  is  turned  on  the  side, 
this  pressure  is  removed  and  inspiration  occurs. 

6.  When  the  patient  is  in  the  prone  position,  make  a  uni- 
form and  efficient  pressure  along  the  spine,  removing  the  pvess- 
ure  immediately  before  rotation  on  the  side.  The  pressure 
augments  the  ea;piration ;  the  rotation  commences  ^Vispiration. 
Continue  these  measures  without  tiring,  for  restoration  often 
results  when  hope  is  entirely  lost. 

7.  Rub  the  limbs  upward,  vfixh.  firm  pressure  and  with  en- 
ergy ;  the  object  being  to  aid  the  return  of  venous  blood  to 
the  heart. 

8.  Substitute  for  the  patient's  wet  clothing,  if  possible, 
such  other  covering  as  can  instantly  be  procured,  each  by- 
stander supplying  a  coat  or  cloak.  Meantime,  and  from  time 
to  time,  to  excite  itispiration,  let  the  surface  of  the  body  be 
slapped  briskly  with  the  hand. 

Avoid  the  immediate  removal  of  the  patient,  as  it  involves 
a  dangerous  loss  of  time  /  also  the  use  of  the  bellows,  or  any 
forcing  instrument. 

SEA-SIDE    BESOBTS. 

Portland,  Maine. — ^Three  miles  distant  from  this  city  is 
Cushing^s  Island,  which  contains  about  two  hundred  and  fifty 
acres.  It  commands  magnificent  ocean-views.  The  beach,  on 
either  side  of  the  island,  is  exceedingly  good,  and  every  facil- 
ity, including  bathing-houses,  dresses,  etc.,  are  at  hand.  This 
resort  is  popular  with  Canadians,  and  those  who  prefer  a  quiet 
retreat  to  the  excessive  excitement  of  more  noted  places.  Fish- 
ing of  all  kinds  is  abundant. 

Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire.— Near  this  city  is  Bye  Beach, 
growing  in  popularity.     The  bathing  is  good.     It  may  be 


380 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


P 


reached  by  carriage-drive  of  seven  miles,  over  an  excellent 
road,  from  Portsmouth,  or  by  train  to  Greenland,  four  miles 
from  Portsmouth ;  thence  by  stage.  Hampton  Beach  is  also 
near  by ;  not  so  fashionable  as  Rye,  but  celebrated  many  years 
ago.  To  good  fishing  and  bathing  it  adds  the  attraction  of 
charming  scenery.  Access  by  railroad,  seven  miles  south- 
west from  Portsmouth,  to  Hampton  Station ;  thence,  by  stage, 
to  the  beach. 

Boston,  Massachusetts. — The  fashionable  sea-side  resort  of 
Boston  is  Sicampscott.  It  is  twelve  miles  north  of  the  city, 
on  the  ccast-line  of  railroad  to  Portsmouth.  The  bathing  is 
excellent,  with  no  undertow.  Its  popularity  seems,  however, 
to  be  entirely  fortuitous,  as  the  beaches  are  not  large  and  the 
scenery  not  peculiarly  attractive. 

The  best  beach  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Boston  is 
Nlifumt.  It  is  approaclied  by  the  coast-line  of  raih'oad.  The 
passenger  leaves  the  train  at  Lynn,  eleven  miles  north  of  Bos- 
ton ;  tlience  four  miles  by  stage.  It  is  a  charming  peninsula 
of  rocky  islands,  coimected  with  each  other  by  a  series  of  un- 
surpassed beaches.  Many  Cambridge  professors  choose  this 
for  their  summer  home.  Chelsea  Beach  is  situated  in  the 
town  of  Chelsea,  four  miles  north  of  Boston  by  rail.  The 
beach  is  three  miles  long.     It  is  a  pleasant  resort. 

Newport,  Rhode  Island. — This  is  the  most  elegant  water- 
ing-place in  the  United  States,  and  the  facilities  for  bathing 
are  unsurpassed.  The  beaches  are  known  as  Eastoti's^  Sa- 
chuseVSy  and  Smlth''6,  the  first-named  being  the  most  popular. 
The  location  of  Easton's  is  admirable,  the  waves  rolling  in  in 
majestic  succession,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  bather  is  with- 
out danger  from  undercurrents. 

Besides  the  attraction  of  Newport  as  a  resort,  it  is  inter- 
esting to  those  who  delight  in  studying  the  early  history  of 
America. 

The  drives  about  Newport  are  delightful,  the  new  one — 
ten  miles  long — ^giving  an  unobstructed  view  of  the  oceau 
almost  the  entire  distance. 

Narraganaett  Pier^  about  one  hour's  sail  from  Newport, 


% 


ce( 


SEA-SIDE  RESORTS. 


381 


has  been  known  over  twenty  years  as  a  watering-place ;  within 
a  few  years  it  has  become  quite  a  popular  resort.  The  beach 
is  at  the  mouth  of  Narragansett  Bay.  It  slopes  gradually, 
and  there  is  an  absence  of  strong  undercurrents.  The  Pier  is 
also  reached  by  the  Shore-line  Railroad  from  New  York  to 
Boston,  leaving  the  train  at  Kingston,  a  station  twenty-seven 
miles  southwest  from  Providence,  whence  stages  convey  to 
the  hotels. 

New  York  City.— The  most  fashionable  resort  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  New  York  is  Long  Branch.  It  is  about  thu-ty-two 
miles  distant  from  the  city,  by  steamer  to  Port  Monmouth,  or 
Sandy  Hook,  New  Jersey;  thence  by  rail.  Within  a  few 
years  many  commodious  hotels  have  been  erected,  and  throngs 
of  visitors  have  gathered  during  the  summer  season.  Long 
Branch  is  famed  for  its  bathing,  its  sea-breezes,  its  shell-fish, 
and  its  hotels.  Its  nearness  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia, 
and  its  ease  of  access,  are  its  chief  claims  to  popularity. 

Coney  Island  was  once  a  fashionable  resort,  but  it  is  now 
only  sought  by  those  of  moderate  means.  During  the  summer 
season  large  numbers  go  over  for  a  day's  pleasure,  by  steam- 
boat from  New  York.  The  distance  is  ten  miles.  Or,  it  is 
reached  from  Fulton  Ferry,  Brooklyn,  by  street-cars.  The 
beach  is  exceedingly  fine. 

Rochaway  is  also  one  of  the  once  fashionable  resorts  which 
have  fallen  into  decay,  because  of  their  immediate  proximity  to 
the  city.  It  is  accessible  during  the  summer  season  by  steam- 
boat from  New  York,  or  from  Brooklyn  by  Long  Island  Rail- 
way and  South  Side  Railway. 

Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. — The  sea-side  resort  of  Phila- 
delphia is  Cape  May^  New  Jersey.  It  is  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  the  State,  having  on  the  one  side  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  on  the  other  Delaware  Bay.  It  has  long  been  one  of  the 
most  fashionable  and  elegant  sea-side  watering-places,  patron- 
ized by  the  inhabitants  o\  every  portion  of  the  United  States, 
but  especially  from  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington,  and 
the  West  and  South.  The  beach  is  over  five  miles  long,  ex- 
ceedingly firm  and  solid,  and  off'ers  every  facility  for  the  enjoy- 


.  1 

i: 


382 


MINERAL  SPRINGS. 


ment  of  sea-bathing.  Here  the  hotels  are  built  almost  on  the 
beach,  in  full  view  of  the  ocean,  giving  easy  access  to  the 
baths,  and  aflFording  the  amplest  opportunity  for  breathing 
sea-air.  Cape  May  is  reached  by  cars  from  Philadelphia  on 
the  West  Jersey  Railroad,  distance  eighty-one  miles  south. 
Passengers  from  New  York  change  cars  at  Camden ;  thence 
southward. 

Atlantic  City  is  on.  the  eas*^ern  coast  of  New  Jersey,  about 
sixty  miles  southeast  by  rail,  via  the  Camden  &  Atlantic 
Railroad.     There  are  fine  accommodations  for  bathing. 


W        '*' 


tl 


It 

ic 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


PAOB 

Abdominal  plethora 181 

Acid,  apocronic 60 

boracic 60 

carbonic 63 

in  baths 64 

orenic 60 

fluohydrio 60 

nitric 60 

organic . . .  .^ 60 

Acne 107 

Action  of  mineral  waters 36 

Bardgos 356 

Bigorre 368 

Carlsbad 3(53 

Contrexvillc 367 

Eras 343 

Gastein 370 

Kissingen 347 

Luclion 358 

Sclilangenbad 371 

Vichy 342 

Wiesbaden 348 

iEdipsuB 1 

Ague  {see  Intermittent  Fbveb). 

Albuminuria 101 

Algfo 62 

Alibert,  advice  of 117 

Alkaline  waters 144 

alterative  action  of 43 

immediate  action  of 41 

muriated 87 

A   >m-water8 236 

Aluminous-chalybeate  waters  ...    78 

Amenorrhoea 102 

Analyses,  imperfections  of 48 

of  sens 375 

Anasarca 78 

Aneamiu 53,  80,  236 

Anchylosis 107,  285 

Ancient  baths 1 

perfumes 7 

Antimony 60 

Aqua  Soils ...      3 

AqucB  grani 355 

Oratianoe 356 


Aq,     Mattiacffl 349 

Arsenic 60 

Ascending  douche 139 

Asthma 89 

Ataxia^  locomotor 83 

Atlantic  ocean 375 

B. 

Bad  friesel 45 

Bad  Sturm 44, 130 

Baiae 2,9 

Bar(5gine 61 

Bath,  carbonic  acid 64,  142 

cold 127 

fever 44,  130 

foot 140 

hot 132 

hot-air 135 

medicated 141 

mud 140 

Bussian 134 

sand 69,  141 

shower 139 

sitz 139 

spout 139 

temperate 129 

tepid 129 

Turkish -136, 138 

vapor 134 

warm 129 

Baths,  ancient 1-10 

Roman 8 

of  Agrippa 4 

of  Agrippina 9 

of  Caracalla 4 

of  Diocletian 4 

Bathing,  sea 376 

time  for 117 

Bicarbonates 51 

Biliary  ducts,  catarrh  of 98 

Bitterwasser 362 

Bladder,  catarrh  of  the  .  .100,  145,  268 

Blowing  cave 323 

Boileau,  letter  of,  to  Racine 116 


384 


INDEX. 


PAHR 

Borux 60 

Bottling 118 

Bracciolini,  Poggio,  on  Baden. . .     10 
Bri<;iit'6  disease  (see  Albuminuria). 

Brino,  graduut'jd 352 

Brines IBl 

BroinidcH 69 

Bronchitis,  cbronic 88,  145 

Brusu 8 

Bullet-wounds 110 

C. 

Cachectic  diseases 66 

Calcic  waters 268 

immediate  action  of 42 

Calculus 99,  268 

renal 100 

Cancer 78,  154 

Caracalla,  baths  of 4 

Carbonates 51 

Carbonic  acid 68 

bath 64, 103, 142,  853,  861 

solvent  powers  of 49 

waters  containing 42 

Carburetted  hydrogen 65 

Cardialgia 93 

Caries 109 

Casotis 1 

Caspian  Sea,  analysis  of. 375 

Catarrii  of  the  biliary  ducts 98 

bladder 100,  145,  268 

uterus 101 

Chalyboatc  waters 235 

alterative  action  of 44 

Change  of  air 87 

of  scene 88 

Charles  Eivcr,  analysis  of. 15 

Chemical  constivaents 48 

Chlorides 54 

Clilorosis 80,  235 

Chronic  diseases 66 

Classification  of  mineral  waters. .    82 

autliors 84 

French 33 

German 82 

Clergymen's  sore-throat 80 

Climatology  of  resorts 112 

Cold  bath 127 

Colic,  hepatic 96 

Color,  of  mineral  waters 22 

Constipation 94 

Constituents  of  mineral  waters. .     48 

Constitutional  diseases 66 

Consumption 88,  90 

Consumiitives,  resorts  for. . .  185,  296 

Contractions  of  muscles 108,  285 

Copper 60 

Coxalgia 109 

Crenic  acid CO 

Crisis 115 


PAOB 

Croton  River,  analysis  of 16 

Cure,  whey 118 

grape 118 

Customs  in  baths,  ancient 6 

D. 

Dartrous  diseases 104 

Dax 2 

Dead  Sea,  analysis  of  the 875 

Deposits 61,  171 

Descending  douche 139 

Diabetes  mellitus 76, 145 

Diarrhoea,  chronic 77,  236 

Diocletian,  baths  of 4 

Diseases,  chronic 66 

surgical 107 

of  tlie  digestive  organs 90 

of  the  heart 85 

of  tlie  liver 96,  262 

of  the  nervous  system 81 

of  the  respiratory  organs ....    85 

of  the  skin 104 

of  the  urinary  organs 98 

of  the  uterus 101 

Douche,  the 138 

Drinking  mineral  waters 114 

Dropsy 78 

of  joints 108 

Drowned,  resuscitation  of  the...  378 

Dysentery,  chronic 77 

Dysmenorrhoia 103 

Dyspepsia 90, 145,  161,  268 

E. 

Earthquakes,  effect  of,  on  springs    50 

Eczema 105,  236 

Electricity 26 

Elevation,  of  resorts 112 

Engorged  liver 95, 180 

European  spas 872 

Extracts  of  waters 113 

F. 

Fan  douche 139 

Fatty  liver 97 

Ferrusrinea,  Gallionella 62 

Flag  rock 323 

Fluorides 60 

Foot-bath 140 

French  military  hospitals 110 

Fumigation 141 

G. 

Gall-stones 96,  145,  161,  262 

Gallionella  Furm^'inca 62 

Gambling  at  Baden 12 

Gasteiii-water,  action  of 370 

Castralgia 93 


INDEX. 


385 


PAGE 

Gastric  catarrh 92, 145,  262 

Gastric  ulcer 98 

OaHtritis,  chronic 91, 146, 262 

(ilairino 61 

Gout 68,  69, 144, 161, 181,  262,  285 

Graduated  brine 852 

Grape-cure 118 

Gravel 98, 144,  268 

H. 

Hsematuriu 100 

Heemorrhoids 94, 181 

Hadrian,  anecdote  of 7 

Hall's,  Marshnll,  method  of  re- 
suscitating the  drowned. . .  878 

Heart,  diseases  of  the 85 

Hemiplegia 81 

Hepatic  colic 96 

Herpetic  diseases 104 

Hip-joint  disease 109 

Horace,  quotation  from 2 

Hospitals,  military,  at  springs. . .  110 

Hot-air  bath 135 

Hot  bath '. 132 

Hot  sand  douche 69 

Hydrarthrosis 108 

Hydrosin 61,  62 

Hydrogen,  carburetted 65 

sulphuretted 64 

Hypochondria 85 

Hysteria 84 

I. 

Icterus  {see  Jaundice). 

Impetigo 105 

Intermittent  fever 77 

springs 21 

Invalids,  advice  to 112, 116, 117 

Iodides 68 

J. 

James,  Constantino,  on  Leuk ....    12 

Jaundice 98, 145, 161 

Joints,  stiffened 68 

Kedzie,  on  magnetic  wells 29 

Kidneys,  Bright's  disease  of  the. .  101 
Kreuznach  treatment 852 

L. 

Laryngeal  catarrh 86 

phthisis B8 

Laryngitis,  chronic 85 

Laws  concerning  ancient  baths..  8 

11^ 


I-ead go 

Letters,  to  proprietors  of  resorts  112 

Leucorrhoea 103,  286 

I^}cl»en 106   286 

Liver,  engorged 95,  262 

fatty 97 

M. 

Magnetism 27 

Medicated  baths .'.  141 

Mediterranean  Sea .'.  875 

Menstruation,  painful 103 

suppression  of 102 

Metallic  poisoning,  chronic... 75,  181 

Metritis,  chronic loi 

Mineral  springs,  life  at 114 

Mineral  water,  action  of 86 

action  of.  Bareges 856 

action  ot,  Bigorre 868 

action  of,  Carlsbad 863 

action  ofl  Contrexville 367 

action  of,  Ems 843 

action  of,  Gustein 370 

action  of,  Kissingcn 347 

action  of,  Luchon 358 

action  of  Sclilangenbad 871 

action  of,  Vichv 342 

action  of,  Wiesbaden 348 

bottling , 118 

classification  of 84 

color  of 22 

constituents  of 48 

definition  of 14 

electricity  in 26 

extracts  of II8 

invariability  of  constitution  of   50 

magnetism  of 27 

odor  of 28 

prescription  of. ill 

salts  of 118 

soaps 118 

taste  of 23 

temperature  of 24 

texture  ^f 24 

time  for  drinking 114 

treatment  by 113 

Monas  sulfuraria 62 

Montaigne,  on  Baden 10 

Mother-lye. ...  1 162,  352 

Mud  bath,  mineral.  .140,  290,  350, 

859,  366 
Musa 2 

N. 

Necrosis 109 

Neuralgia 83,  286 

Nitrates 60 

Nitrogen 65 

North  Sea,  analysis  of  the 876 


f: 


iy 


386 


INDEX. 


O. 

PAOI 

Odor  of  mineral  waters 23 

OilineHK  of  watora 24 

Old  woundB 110,  181 

Organic  acids 60 

Organic  matter 24,  42 

substances 61 

Oscillaires 62 

Oxygen 65 

P. 

Paralysis 81,  161,  286 

Paraplegia 82,  285 

Peaks  of  Otter 259 

Pepys,  on  baths 11 

Perfumes,  ancient 7 

Petrified  forest 290 

Pharyngitis,  chronic 88 

Phosphates 59 

Phthysis,  laryngea 88 

Piles  (see  II^hobrhoids). 

Pityriasis 106 

Pliny,  on  springs 2,  21 

Pouss6e,  la 45 

Prescription  of  waters Ill 

Prurigo 107 

Psoriasis 106,  286 

Psydracia  thermalis 45 

Purgative  waters 261 

R. 

Benal  calculus 100 

Respiratory  organs,  diseases   of 

the, 85 

Besorts,  climatology  of 112 

early 171 

elevation  of 112 

recreations  at 114 

Rhoumitiam 67,  69, 161, 181,  285 

Bing  douche 139 

Bivers,  analyses  of 15 

Bule,  as  to  diseases 66 

as  to  time  for  treatment. ...  66 

BuBsian  bath 134 

S. 

Saline  waters 160 

alterative  action  of 44 

Salts,  Crab  Orchard 263 

Epsom 261 

or  mineral  waters 113 

Sand-bath 141 

douche 69 

Schuylkill  Biver,  analysis  of  the. .  15 

Scrofula 78, 161,  286 

Scrofulous  skin-diseases 107 

Sea-air 373 

bath 376 

water 874 


PAflR 

Sea-side  resorts 873 

Athmtic  City 882 

Capo  May 881 

(/helsca  lieuch 880 

Coney  Island 881 

Cushing's  Island 879 

Hampton  Beuch 880 

Long  Branch 881 

Nahant 880 

Naragansott  Pier 380 

Newport 380 

Eockaway 881 

Kyo  Beach 279 

Swampacott 380 

Sedlitz  powders 363 

Seneca,  description  of  Baite 9 

on  ancient  baths 7 

Shasta's  peak 288 

Shower-bath 139 

Silicates 59 

in  glairines 61 

in  sulfuraria 62 

waters  containing 24 

Sitz-bath 139 

Skin,  anatomy  of  the 120 

diseases  of  the 104 

function  of  the 122 

normal  condition  of  the 125 

Soaps,  mineral  water 113 

Soda-water 63 

Spas,  European 341 

Spout-bath 139 

Springs,  ascending 19 

descending 20 

intermittent 21 

origin  of 14 

Tuscan,  geological  section  of  20 

Saratoga,  geological  section  of  18 

St.  Lawrence  River,  analysis  of. .  16 

St.  Nicholas 1 

St.  Patricus,  on  hot  springs 26 

Sterility 103,  276 

Stiff  joints 68, 181 

Stone  {tee  Calodlus). 

Substitution,  cure  by 45 

Sulfuraria 61 

Sulfurhydrine 61 

Sulphates 57 

Sulphur-waters 180 

alterative  action  of 44 

immediate  action  of 42 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 64 

Surgical,  diseases 107 

Swope's  Mountain 230 

Syphilis 78,  75, 181,  286 

Syphilitic  skin-diseases 107 

T. 

Tarbellum 2 

Taste  of  mineral  waters 23 


INDEX. 


387 


173 
|82 
181 

l80 

Isi 

l79 

l80 
|81 
|80 

Iso 

|80 

m 

m 

m 

9 

7 


Tokuharawa  Falls 210 

Teinporuto  bath 129 

Temperature  atBoorBhobaSprings  250 

Ilcnlin^  BprJnffs 826 

Bockbridffo  Alum 256 

Santa  Barbara 299 

Sweet  Cbalyboate 258 

of  the  batli 130 

of  mineral  waters 24 

Tepid  bath 129 

Texture  of  waters 24 

Tlierapcutics 66 

Thernml  waters 284 

action  of 44,  285 

ThorniopylsB 1 

Time  for  using  mineral  waters. . .  66 

Tin 60 

Treatment,  preliminary 116 

time  required  for 116 

to  commence 118 

Trousseau,  quotation  from 46 

Tufa 51,m 

Turkish  bath 136 

Tuscan  springs,  section  of 20 

Tyndall,  on  thermo-electricity. . .  285 

V, 

Ulcer,  chronic 109 

gastric 93 

Ulcerations  of  the  uterus 101 


Unclassified  waters 831 

Uuivor»al  douuho '.'.'.'.'.  189 

Ilrinary  organs,  diseases  of  the'. !  98 

Uterus,  diseases  of  the loi 

V. 

Vapor-bath 134 

Vesical  catarrh ',,',[  jqo 

W. 

Warm  bath 129 

Washington's  property  at  Berk'c- 

^  ,    l^jy  • 279 

Water,  absorption  of 40 

action  of, 40,  96 

in  the  body 39 

of  constitution 43 

properties  of 14 

soda 68 

Whey,  action  of. 87 

cure 115,372 

White  swelling 109 

W  omb,  diseases  of  the  {see  Utebus). 
Wounds,  old no 

Z. 

Zinc 60 

Zymotic  diseases 66 


I 


AMERICAN    SPRINGS. 


U 


v^ 


"  A  "  Spring,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.  . . .  174 

Abenaquis,  N.  H 837 

Adams,  Cal 333 

Adams  County,  0 247 

Agua  Caliente,  N.  M 309 

Alabaster  Cave,  Cal 51,  331 

Albany,  Artesian,  N.  Y 179 

Alburg,  Vt 217 

Alleghany,  Va 279 

Alpena,  Mich 28,  201 

Amherst,  N.  H 838 

Augusta,  Va 257 

Avon,  N.  Y 208 

Bailey,  Ala 286 

Ballston,  N.  Y 176 

Bartlett,  Cal 833 

Bath  Alum,  Va 256 

Bedford,  Pa 264 

Bedford,  Ky 199 

Bedford  Alum,  Va 259 

Beer,  Or 266 

Beersheba,  Tenn 250 

Berkeley,  W.  Va 171,  277 

Berkesliiro  Soda,  Mass 335 


Bothesda,  Wis 281 

Betliesda,  Ga 336 

Big  Bone,  Ky 193 

Birch  Dale,  N.  H 337 

Bladon,  Ala 146 

Blossburg,  Pa 248 

Blount.  Ala 182 

Blue  Lick,  Upper,  Ky 191 

Blue  Lick,  Lower,  Ky 192 

Blue  Ridge,  Va 339 

Blue  Sulphur,  W.  Va 234 

Botetourt,  Va 223 

Bradford,  N.  H 338 

Buffalo.  Va 222 

Burner's,  Va 225 

Butterworth's,  Mich 269 

Caledonia,  Can 163, 183 

Calistoga,  Cal 289 

Capon,  W.  Va 16S 

Capper's.  Va 839 

Carlisle,  Pa 215 

Catoosa,  Ga 240 

Central,  Vt 166 

Charleston,  Artesian,  S.  C 179 


388 


INDEX. 


PAOB 

Oharlotavillo,  Can 186 

Cherry  Valley ■210 

Chittenango,  N.  Y 200 

Church  Iini,  Va 2.58 

Clarendon,  Vt 274 

Clifton,  N.  Y 211 

Cold  White  Sulphur,  Va 224 

Columbia,  N.  Y 212 

Columbian,  N.  Y 178 

CongresH,  Cal 147 

Congress,  N.  Y 50, 172 

Cooper's  Well,  Misa 244 

Coyner's,  Va 222 

Crab  Orchard,  Ky 262 

Cresaon,  Pa 248 

Crystal,  Cal 884 

Crystal,  N.  Y 174 

Daggar's,  Va 226 

Des  Chutes,  Or 816 

I)e  Soto,  La 200 

Dibrell's,  Va 226 

Drcnnon,  Ky 199 

Dryden,  N.  Y 205 

Eaton  Rapids,  Mich 28,  270 

Eggleston's,  Va 228 

Elgin,  Vt 267 

ElPis,  N.  Y 174 

Empire,  N.  Y 173 

Esculapia,  Ky 196 

Estill,  Ky 197,  241,  262 

Eureka.N.  Y 174 

Excelsior,  Saratoga,  N.  Y 174 

Excelsior,  Syracuse,  N.  Y 176 

Fauquier,  Va 224 

Fayette,  Pa 249 

Flint,  Mich 836 

Fox,Ky 197 

French  Lick,  Ind 186 

Fruit  Port,  Mich 167 

Fry's  Soda,  Cal 238 

Gettysburg,  Pa 278 

Geyser,  N.  Y 28,  63, 175 

Geysers,  Cal 290 

Geysers,  Wyo 51,  826 

Gilroy,  Cal 803 

Glenn,  S.  C 215 

Grand  Ledge.  Mich 837 

Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah 215 

Green  Brier,  W.  Va 227 

Green  Castle,  Ind 240 

Green  Cove,  Fla 186 

Grayson,  Ky 196 

Grayson,  Va 226 

Hamilton,  N.  Y 178 

Harbine's,  Cal 884 

Harrodsburg,  Ky 264 


PACK 

Hathorn,  N.  Y 174 

Ileullng,  Va 80,  828 

High  Kock,  N.  Y 61,  170 

Highgate,  Vt 219 

Holston,  Va 282 

llopkinton,  Mass 242 

Hot,  Ark 286 

Hot,  Va 817 

Hubbiirdston,  Mich 272 

Huguenot,  Va 226 

Idaho,  Col 304 

Indian,  Ga 189 

Indian,  Ind 188 

Jordan's,  Va 218 

Knightstown,  Ind 242 

Lafayette,  Ind 190 

Lake  Sulphur,  N.  Y 174 

Lake  Tahoe,  Cal 803 

Lansing,  Mich 164 

Latonia,  Ky 837 

Lebanon,  N.  Y 810 

Leslie,  Mich 271 

Lodi,  Ind 189 

Longmuir's,  N.  Y 209 

Louisville,  Artesian,  Ky 198 

Lower  Blue  Lick,  Ky 192 

Lower  Soda,  Or 158 

Mud!?;on,  Ga 241 

Massvin;- ,  N.  Y 204 

Middle  I  irk,  Col 306 

Mic5.11eto wn,  Vt 157 

MirVir.r.d,  Mich 266 

Mineral,  N.  J 247 

Mineral,  0 247 

Minnequa,  Pa 214 

Missisquoi,  Vt 156 

Montgomery,  Va 224 

Montvale,  Tenn 249 

Napa  Soda,  Cal 334 

Newbury,  Vt 220 

Oak  Orchard,  N.  Y 58,  245 

Ocean,  Miss 245 

Old  Sweet,  "W.  Va 24,  268,  275 

Olympian,  Ky 196 

Orange,  Fla 835 

Orkney,  Va 340 

O  wosso,  Mich 243 

Parkersburg,  "W.  Va 389 

Paroquet,  Ky 194 

PasoKoblos,  Cal 293 

Pavilion,  N.  Y 173 

Perry,Ill 148 

Piedmont,  Gal 184 


r4 
28 
JO 
19 

12 

B6 
S7 


INDEX. 


389 


PAGB 

Piedmont,  Tex 838 

Pluntagcnet,  Can 168 

Puebia,  Nev 61,  812 

Pulaski,  Vji 266 

Putnam,  N.  Y 178 

Rawley,  Va 250 

Kod.N.Y 174 

Bed  Sulphur,  Ga 186 

W.  Vtt 62,89,  281 

Red  Sweet,  Va 61,  251 

Rioliflcld,  N.  Y 207 

Roanoke  Red  Sulphur,  Va 226 

Rockbridge  Alum,  Va 20,  80,  253 

Baths,  Va 167 

Booky  Mountain,  Col 886 

Salt  Lake,  Utah 820 

Bolt  Sulphur.  W.  Va 229 

San  Bernurdino,  Cal 301 

Sandwich,  Con • 182 

San  Rtifaol,  Cal 834 

Santa  Barbara.  Cal 295 

Saratoga,  N.  Y 168 

Schooley's  Mountain,  N.  J 243 

Schuyler  Co.,  Ill 242 

Seltzer,  Cal 148 

N.  Y 178 

Seven  Fountains,  Va 225 

Shannondale,  W.  Va 840 

Sharon,  N.  Y 202,  247 

Sheldon,  Vt 78,  153,  156 

Shocoo,  N.  C 213 

Sitka,  Alasko 216 

Skuggs,  Cnl 808 

Spring  Lake,  Mich 28,  166 

St.  Catherine,  Can 161 

St.  Leon,  Can 834 

St.  Louis,  Mich 28,  150 

St.  Louis,  Artesian,  Mo 167 

Staftbrd,  Conn 239 

Star,N.Y 173 

Stribling's,  Va 220,  257 


Summit,  Cal 882 

Sweet,  W.  Va 24,  268*  275 

Swoet  Chalybeate 251 

Togus,  Me 836 

Trmity,  Ind mo 

Tuscan,  Cal 19,  332 

United  States,  N.  Y 174 

Upper  Blue  Lick,  Ky 191 

Vallejo,  Cal I84 

Valloniii,  N.  Y 838 

Varennes,  Can 835 

Variety,  Va 260 

Vermont,  Vt 156 

Versailles.  Ill 149 

Vichy,  Cal 333 

Volcano,  Nev 813 

Warm,  Qa 810 

N.C 807 

Va 24,  821 

Warner's  Rancii,  Cal 800 

Warren,  N.  C 213 

Washington,  N.  Y 173 

Welden,  Vt 157 

West  Baden,  Ind 187 

White,  N.  Y 178 

White  Sulphur,  Cal 184 

La 200 

N.C 214 

N.  Y 212 

0 213 

Greenbrier,  W.  Va 227 

Montgomery,  Va 224 

Saratoga,  iJ.  Y 174 

and  Tar,  Ky 200 

Wilhoit'8,  Or 178 

Yellow,0 272 

Yellow  Sulphur,  Va 221 

York,  Pa ...  215 


^. 


EUROPEAN   SPAS. 


Belgium. 

Spa 360 

Ungland. 

Aqua  Soils 3 

Bath 8 

Clifton 50 

Epsom 57,  261 

Aix 3 


Aix-la-Chapelle 354 

Aix-les-Bains 3,  355 

Bagneres-de-Bigorre 8,  46,  367 

Bagnerea-de-Luchon 3,  355,  358 

Bareges 61,  353,  355 

Bourbonne-les-Bains 56,  346 

Cauterets 133 

Celles l'')" 

Challes 75,229 

Contrexville, 97,  367 

Eaux  Bonnes 86 

Forbach 91 

Mont-Doro 46 


df^T: 


\ 


390 


INDEX. 


PAGK 

Neris 46 

Niederbronn 91 

Plombieros 46,  870,  872 

Pougues 46,  91,97 

Vals 71,97 

Vichy 46,  71,  76,  91,  97, 144,  341 

Oermany. 

fiaden-Baden 12,  56,  349 

"3ilm 49 

Carlsbad.  .71,  76,  85,  91,  92,  9&-98, 

100,  261,  862 

Durckheim 56,  164 

Eger 73 

Eilsen 205 

Eras 86,  97,  341,  343 

Fachingen 841,  345 

Franzensbad 141,  366 

Friedrichsballe 100,  362 

Gaatein 26,  50, 78,  82,  83,  370 

Gleichcnberg 86 

Hombuvg 73,  95,  ?i6 

lachel 79 

Karlsbad  {see  (.ablsbad). 
Kissingen.  .73,85,91,95. 96, 98,  ^-A,  347 

Kusen 79 

Krankenheil 113 

Kreuznach 79, 162,  351 

Marienbad.  .85, 92, 95, 98, 10),  362, 365 

Meinberg .' 354 

Nftuheim 91,  351,  858 

Nenndorf. 209,354 

Obersalzbrunnen 86 

Piillna 362 

Pyrmont 360 

Schlangenbad 370 

Schwalbach 360 

Sedlitz 863 

Belters 346,  350 

Sodcn 91 

Toplitz 50,  82,  83, 100,  870 

Wiesbaden 8,846,348 


PAGE 

Wildbad 78,  82,  88, 192 

Wildungen obi,  369 

Wittekind 79 

Greece. 

iEdipsus 1 

Casotis 1 

St.  Nicholas 1 

Thermopylae 1 

Iceland. 
Geysers 22 

Italj/, 

iEnaria 9 

Baiffi 2,  9 

Ischia 2 

Pliniana 21 

Sineusa 2 

Spain. 

Alhama 8 

Caldas 8 

Switzerland. 

Baden 3, 10 

Engstlebrunnen 21 

Leuk 11,367 

Pfiiffers 73, 82,  88 

Eagatz 83 

Saxon. 50, 75 

St.  Moritz 860 

Tarasp 861 

Wildegg 76 

Wyh 861 

Twkey. 
Brusa 8 


THB    BND. 


is 


Jj 


/ 


^ 


THE 

CONGRESS  AND  EMPIRE 

Spring  Wafers  of  Saratoga 

ARE  THE  BEST  OF  ALL  THE  SARATOGA  W  ITERS  FOR  THE 
USE  OF  PERSONS  OF  CONSTIPATED  HABIT. 

They  act  promptly  and  pleasantly,  without  producing  debility,  and  their 
cflTect  is  not  weakened  by  continued  use,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  cathar- 
tics. At  the  same  time,  they  are  not  too  cathartic — a  fault  with  some  of  mr 
more  drastic  mineral  waters — but  suflficiently  so  for  daily  and  healthful  use 
and  not  strong  enough  to  produce  reaction. 

Their  continued  use  keeps  the  blood  in  a  very  pure  and  healthful  condi- 
tion, producmg  a  clear  florid.  They  preserve  the  tone  of  the  stomach,  and 
are  powerful  preventives  of  fever  and  bilious  complaints. 

THE  COLUMBIAN  SFRING  WATUR 

Is  universally  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  Chalybeate  Water  known.  Where 
the- blood  requires  Iron,  this  water  supplies  it  in  the  best  possible  form  for 
use.  The  assimilation  is  peifect.  A  .grain  of  iron  in  this  water  is,  in  the 
opinion  of  a  celebrated  physician,  *'  more  potent  than  twenty  grains  exhibited 
according  to  the  Pharmacopoeia.^^ 

These  waters,  being  purely  natural,  arc  highly  vecommended,  and  very 
frequently  prescribed  by  the  best  medical  authorities,  many  of  whom,  how- 
ever, have  expressed  their  condemnation  in  strong  ter.ns  of  the  use  of  artiji- 
cial  mineral  ^.  aters. 

Every  genuine  bottle  of  Congress  Water  has  a  large  *'^CJ"  raised  on 
the  glass. 

FOJi  SALE  BY  BliUGGJ^TS  AND  HOTELS  thrmighout  the  country. 

None  Gdnume  Sold  on  Draught. 

At  our  General  Mineral  Water  Depot,  in  New  York,  all  varieties  of  Natu- 
ral Waters  for  sale  at  proprietors'  prices,  delivered  and  shipped  in  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  and  Jersey  City,  itiee  cf  charge. 

Orders  by  mail  will  receive  prompt  attention.  Empties  taken  back  and 
allowed  for  at  liberal  p'-!oes.    Address 

CONaRESS  AND  EMPIRE  SPRING  CO., 

.    ,,    94  aiamhers  St,,Xew  Yor^c  City, 

Or,  SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y. 

J^'  In  connection  with  a  recent  analysis  of  Congress  Water,  Professor 

Chandler  says : 

"As  a  Cathartic  water,  itB  almost  entire  ft-ecdom  from  iron  -bnnld  recommend  It 
above  all  others,  many  of  which  contain  so  much  of  this  ingredient  as  lo  BenouBiy 
impair  their  usefoluees." 


T 


?9!Wp^"^ 


1 

C 


.       :       ^. 


The  United  States  Dispensatory  classes  this  water  with  tlio  most 
renowned  of  the  Alkallno  or  Carlionated  Waters  of  Europe.  It  far 
excels  any  other  known,  in  the  Old  or  New  World,  in  its  self-pre- 
serving qualities.  It  does  not  deteriorate  by  bottling  and  keeping. 
While  we  believe  it  will  be  difficult  to  find,  if  at  all,  a  well-authenti- 
cated euro  of  Chronic  Disease  by  any  other  water  away  from  its 
source,  the  most  remarkable  results  have  been  effected  bythoKataly- 
sino  Water,  after  it  had  been  bottled  and  sent  from  the  spring.  P 
certainly  is  not  claimed  for  any  other  mineral  water,  the  power  to 
dissolve  the  Urates  or  so-called  Chalk  Formations  in  the  body  or  on 
the  limbs  and  joints.  This  the  Gettysburg  Katalysino  Water  has  done 
in  nearly  every  case  where  the  patient  has  taken  and  continued  its 
use  according  to  directions. 

Gout,  Rheumatism,  Neuralgia,  Dyspepsia,  Gravel,  Diabetes,  Kid- 
ney and  Urinary  Diseases  generally,  have  all  yielded  to  its  influence. 

It  has  restored  muscular  power  to  the  paralytic,  cured  Abdominal 
Dropsy,  and  given  to  the  torpid  liver  healthy  action.  It  has  cured 
Chronic  Diarrhoea,  Piles,  Constipation,  Asthma,  Catarrh,  Bronchitis, 
Diseases  of  the  Skin,  General  Debility,  and  Nervous  Prostration  from 
mental  and  physical  excesses.  All  of  these  results  have  been  effected 
by  the  bottled  water  away  from  the  si)ring,  and  are  attested  by  emi- 
nent physicians  and  medical  writers. 

It  is  a  powerful  antidote  to  the  effects  of  excessive  eating  or  drink- 
ing. It  corrects  the  stomach,  promotes  digestion,  and  relieves  the 
liead,  almost  immediately. 

Tlie  Gettysburg  Water  is  now  for  sale  hy  all  respcctaht"  Druggists. 

Pamphlets  containing  a  history  of  the  spring,  repoi'ts  i'lom  emi- 
nent physicians  and  medical  Avriters,  certificates  of  marvellous  cures, 
and  recommendations  from  distinguished  citizens,  will  bo  furnished, 
and  sent  by  mail,  to  all  who  apply  to 

WHITNEY  BROTHERS, 


S 


General  Agents  GettyslDurg  Spring  Co.. 

•^'47  Soulli  Ft'oiU  Street,  I'fiUndelphla, 


I 


c 

I 


»»■ 


II. 


10  most 
It  far 

elf-prc- 

ecping. 

thenti- 
|from  its 
Kataly- 
ing.  h 
owcr  to 
ly  or  on 
lasdouo 
nued  its 

cs,  Kid- 
ifluencc. 
dominal 
as  cured 
oncliitis, 
ion  from 
effected 
by  emi- 

r  drink- 
!ves  tlio 


fffffists. 

m  emi- 
s  cures, 
•nished, 


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u 


it 
<( 

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ft 


RicliinoM,  Va.,  to  Hnutington,  f .  Va.  (Oiio  River). 

CONNECTIONS. 

At  Bichniond,-Jl.  D.  &  p.  R.  R.,  for  Greensboro,  Charlotte,  Columbia, 

and  all  points  South. 
R.  F.  &  P.  R.  R.,  for  Fredericksburg  and  the  North. 
R.  &  Y.  R.  R.  R.,  for  West  Point,  and  Steamer  to  Bal- 

timore. 
R.  &  P.  R.  R.,  for  Petersburg,  Weldon,  Wilmington, 

and  the  South. 
Steamships  of  tlie  Old  Dominion  Line,  for  New  York, 

tri- weekly. 
Steamers  for  Norfolk,  daily. 
Oordonsville»—0.  A.  &  M.  R.  R.,  for  Alexandria,  Washington,  and  the 

North. 
Charlottesville.— 0.  A.  &  M.  R.  R.,  for  Lynchburg,  Bristol,  an  ithc  South. 
lllUltington, — Express  Steamers  for  Portsmouth  and  Cincinnati,  and  with 

Steamers  for  Wheeling,  Parkersburg,  Gallipo- 
lis,  Pomcroy,  &c. 

STAGES     CONNECT. 

^f'-"fUton» — For  Ilarrihiniif;,  Wcyer's  Cavo,  and  Stribbling's  Springs. 
G<y3hen. — For  Lexington,  Rockbridge  Alunj  Springs,  Cold  Sulphur,  Jor- 
dan's Alum  Springs,  and  Rockbridge  Baths. 
3^  l''l  oro. — For  Bath  Alum  and  Warm  Springs. 
Covington, — For  Healing  and  Hot  Springs. 
Alleghany, — For  S     .■■,;  Chalybeate  and  Sweet  Springs. 

This  road  passes  thro  '  the  magnificent  seencvy  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
Alleghanies  and  down  tlic  G'i>cnbrier  ilivc",  through  the  wonderful  canon  of 
the  New  River,  giving  the  traveller  such  a  variety  of  scenery  as  is  not  sur- 
passed in  this  country.     The  world-renowned 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS, 

the  "  Saratoga  of  the  South,"  arc  situated  on  this  road,  227  miles  from  Rich, 
inond  and  1 1)5  from  Huntington, 

For  time  of  trains,  see  Travellers'  Official  and  Applctons'  Railway  Guide. 

A.  n.  PERRY, 
J.  F.  NETIIERLAND,  Gcu.  Sup't. 

G.  T.  A.,  Richmond,  Va. 

3 


r.  ' 


I 


MAGNETIC  MINERAL  SPEINGS, 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICHIGAN. 

This  water  is  offered  to  the  public  as  one  of  the  most  powerfal  mcdleinal 
waters  hitherto  discovered  in  Michigan.  In  addition  to  the  nmny  valnable 
mineral  constitnents  that  it  possesses,  tlicre  is  wonderful  magnetic  property 
attached  to  and  flowi       Vom  it  which  assists  so  largely  in  the  cure  of 


This  magnetic  property  anu  the  mineral  constituents  (comprising  a  large 
quantity  of  Potassium,  Magnesium,  and  Sulphate)  make  it  a  most  valuable 
remedy  for  Broneliitis,  Rlienmatism,  Paralysis,  Nenral^ia,  Dyspepsia,  Gravel, 
Chronic  Piles,  Affection  of  the  Kidneys,  and  General  Debility,  and  also  for 
Female  Complaints. 

The  well  was  opened  in  the  spring  of  18*71,  and  a  bath-house,  with  twenty 
bath-rooms,  was  immediately  fitted  up  and  got  into  operation.  The  result  of 
the  two  subsequent  years'  experience  has  encouraged  the  proprietor  to  erect 
a  larffe  brick  buildinff,  adjoining  the  spring,  which  is  now  being  furnished  with 
increased  and  improved  accommodations  for 


XZot    ca^xxd.    C7old.    TT^Atox* 


(a.tla.1 


The  water  flows  from  the  spring  direct  to  the  several  bath-rooms,  without  ex- 
posure to  the  atmosphere,  the  licating  apparatus  being  constructed  purposely 
to  this  end,  so  that  its  chemical  anr'  :nagnctic  properties  arc  preserved  intact 
and  unchanged. 

In  order  to  make  the  establishment  complete,  and  to  adapt  it  to  the  tasto 
and  necessities  of  visitors  and  patients. 

Steam  Baths  and  Turkish  (or  Hot  Air)  Baths 

are  also  being  fitted  up,  and  the  whole  will  be  under  the  care  and  supervision 
of  a  competent  medical  gentleman,  and  will  be  ready  to  be  ojycncdon  or  before  the 
\st  of  May,  1873.  Arrangements  are  also  being  made  to  receive  a  limited  num- 
ber of  boarders  into  the  house,  for  whose  comfort  and  welfare  all  possible  pro- 
vision will  be  made. 

According  to  the  analytical  report  of  Prof.  Duffielij,  Ph.D.,  M.  D.,  of  Detroit, 
"  The  Water  belongs  to  a  Biilphatert  class,  bucIi  as  tlie  celobratod  '  Bath '  WaterB.  of 
England,  and  is  useful,  when  drunk,  in  cases  where  the  secretions  of  the  liver  arc  lor- 
piuand  where  en   no  cathartics  are  indicated." 

It  is  pleasant  iO  the  taste,  allayinir  thirst,  artd  large  quantities  may  he  taken  with- 
out injury  ;  it  acts  gently  on  tlic  howels  and  kidneys,  re^niates  the  flow  of  bile,  stim- 
ulates the  liver,  produces  Bleep,  improves  the  appetite,  and  greatly  invigorates  the 
whole  system. 

It  is  bottled  at  the  spring  and  carefully  packed  in  cases  containing  one  dozen  full- 
slzed  quart-bottles.    Price,  uolivered  to  the  carriers,  $2.50  per  case. 

Grand  Rapids  is  a  handsome,  well-built,  thriving  city,  of  20,000  or  25,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  beautil'uUy  situated,  standing  mainly  on  bluffs  rising  from 
the  river,  is  well  drained  and  sewered,  and  ofl'crs  more  to  engage  and  in- 
terest  the  attention  of  visitors  than  nearly  every  otiier  city  in  the  State.  To 
persons  suffering  from  disease,  to  whom  it  is  of  moment  that  the  mind  be 
pleasurably  and  healthfully  occupied,  this  city  otters  unusual  advantages  as 
a  health-resort. 


rj 


T^^T^T 


^^m 


CfS, 


HEALING   SPRINGS, 

BATH  COUNTY,   VA. 

FIFTEEN    MILES    FROM    COVINGTON,    ON    THE   LINE   OF  THE 
CHESAPEAKE  &  OHIO  RAILROAL. 

77m  delightful  mountain  resort  tnill  he  opened  June  15, 1873. 

Tlio  springs  are  accessible  cither  «2aMillboro,23  miles  over  Warm 
Spring  Mountains,  or  by  Covington,  fifteen  miles  over  the  finest  turn- 
pike m  the  mountains,  passing  in  full  view  of  the 

CELEBRATED  FALLIITCJ  SPRINGS. 

The  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Twailroad  will  run  a  doullc  daily  line, 
after  April  1st,  and  tourists  will  find  the  route  from  Covington  to 
Millboro  one  of  the  most  pic*^^uresquo  and  interesting  in  the  country. 
The  traveller  i)asso3  the  Fallihg  Springs,  Healing,  Hot,  Warm,  and 
Bath  Alum;  the  turnpike  will  be  put  in  thorough  repair,  and  first- 
class  stages  and  light  vehicles  will  run  daily  over  (he  entire  route, 
after  May  1st  (distance  from  Covington  to  Millboio  38  miles). 

The  buildings  at  the  Healing  are  a  first-class  brick  hotel  and  frame 
cottages,  with  accommodations  for  250  visitors;  the  table  will  bo 
Avell  supi)lied  this  year,  as  in  the  past,  by  the  present  manager,  whoso 
connection  with  the  springs  dates  from  the  season  of  1807. 

The  virtues  of  tlie  Hoaling  Waters  arc  too  well  kno^vn  to  require 
further  notice. 

Descriptive  iiamphlets  may  be  had  of  Messrs.  Purcell,  Ladd  &  Co., 
Richmond,  or  of  the  Agent  at  Springs. 

TERMS : 

Board,  >},'■)  per  day ;  $(30  for  month  of  four  weeks. 

Telegraph  and  post-ofiice  at  the  hotel. 


M.  n.  HOUSTON,  M.  D., 

Resident  Physician. 


B.  M.  QUAELES, 

Agent  at  Springs, 
5 


;.• 


■ 


!: 


I     ^ 


%    . 


COLUMBIA  HALL, 

LEBdKON  SPBIJ^GS,  COLUMBIA  COUJ^TY,  JV.  T. 
This  Hotel  Las  38  Acres  of  Ornamented  Ground,  with 

Batl-Hoiise,  Livery,  Drives,  and  aiple  Accommodations  for  Fonr  flnndred  Gnests. 

Open  fi'ovt  tTnnc  lat  to  October  1st. 

The  TiiEKMAL  Sprixo  is  enclosed  in  the  court-yard  of  the  Hotel. 
It  discharges  constantly  nearly  tivc  hundred  gallons  of  Avatcr  per 
minute,  of  the  temperature  of  73°  F.,  and  supplies  a  bathing-houso 
within  the  enclosure.  These  baths  are  a  luxury  to  all  who  partake 
of  them,  and  are  especially  recommended  by  physicians  as  a  specific 
in  many  diseases,  and  have  been  found  as  efficacious  as  the  warm 
medicinal  springs  of  Germany  and  Virginia,  for  the  complaints  for 
which  they  are  visited. 

Address,  Jor  pamjMet,  containing  analysis  of  the  waters^  dcscrijition 
of  the  grounds^  and  history  of  New  Lebanon^  etc., 

DANIEL     GALE, 

Columbia  Hall,  X^ebanon  Springs,  Colutnbia  Count]/,  JV.  Y. 


mrARia  spRinrGs, 

Hath  County,  Virginia. 

This  is  Warm  Sulphur  Water,  for  bachint/  or  driiikiny.  The  Ladies' 
Bath  is  50  feet  and  the  Gentlemkn's  Batu  40  feet  in  diameter,  and  of  any 
desirable  depth.     Temperature,  988. 

ROUTE  FROM  THE  NORTH. 

Via  Orange  &  Alexandria  Railroad  to  Gordonsvillc.  Here  chaiiyc  Cars, 
and  go  by  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  to  Millborough  Depot ;  thenec  by 
Stage  to  Warm  Springs. 

ROUTE  FROM  THE  SOUTH. 

Via  Richmond,  on  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Raihoad  to  Milll)orough 
Depot ;  or,  via  Lynchburg,  on  the  Orange  &  Alexandria  Railroad  to  Char- 
lottesville, connecting  with  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad  at  that  point. 

ROUTE  FROM  THE  WEST. 

Via  Huntington,  the  Western  teiminus  of  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Rail- 
road ;  thence  by  that  road  to  Millborough  Depot.  The  distance  from  Mill- 
borough  Depot  is  fifteen  miles. 

We  are  in  the  centre  of  a  group  of  Mineral  Springs — being  five  miles 
from  the  Hot,  five  miles  from  the  Bath  Alum,  and  eight  miles  from  the  Heal- 
ing Springs,  all  well-improved  and  popular  places  of  resort. 

An  experienced  Physician  always  found  at  the  place. 

Telegraph-Office  in  Hotel.     Write  for  Descriptive  Pamphlet.  •/    . 

JOHN    Tj.    F.V/I3ANK, 

Activrj  Partntr  and  Manager. 


,. 


:  r. 


lotel. 
r  per 

lOUSO 

rtake 

ccific 

warm 

ts  for 

iption 


iADIES' 

>f  any 


i^ 


Cars, 
ice  by 


rough 
Char- 


Rail- 
1  Mill- 

miles 
Heal- 


'cr. 


Hot  Springs,  Arkansas. 
Dr.  ^LMON  BROOKS, 


RESIDENT  PHYSICIAN. 


Dr.  GEORGE  W.  LAWRENCE, 

RESIDENT    PHYSICIAN, 

Hot  Springs,  Arkansas, 


BELLEVUIi:  HOUSE. 

SHELDON,  VT. 
Boajd,  from  $10.00  to  $15,00  per  Week,  depending  on  Eoom. 

ALFRED  KEITH,  Proprielor. 

BIRCH  DALE  MEDICAL  SPRINGS  HOUSE.  Concori,  H.  H. 

This  new  and  commodiouB  house  is  open  to  i^ucsta.  It  is  pleasantly  located  on 
an  eminence  near  a  beautiful  Rrove,  witli  deli jjlit fill  surrounding  scenery,  and  within 
u  few  rods  of  the  Birch  Dale  Sprinjjs,  wliich  are  efficacious  in  Lung  Difficulties,  Rheu- 
matism, Dyspepsia,  Humors,  Ulcers,  and  Diseases  of  the  Liver  and  Urinary  Organs. 
Those  dcsirin"  to  spend  the  summer  in  the  country,  for  health  or  pleasure,  cannot 
select  a  more  desirable  place.  Board,  from  $7  to  $ia  per  week.  A  liberal  discount 
to  families  for  the  scaeou.  Address  the  Proprietor,  Dr.  R.  HALL,  Birch  Dale, 
Concord,  N.  U. 

exIdelsior  spring, 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y. 

A.  B.  LAWRENCE  &  CO.,  Proprietors. 

YELLOW  SULPHUR  SPRINGS. 

These  Springs,  so  long  distinguished  for  their  active  tonic  and  alterative 
powers,  arc  situated  near  tlie  summit  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  more  than 
2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  by  far  the  most  eJevaled  atid  coolest 
.'iumtncr  resort  in  Vmfinia.  The  scenery  is  grand,  the  climate  salubrious, 
and  the  air  elastic  and  invigorating. 

As  a  fonic  this  water  has  maintained  an  unrivalled  reputation  for  more 
than  seventy-five  years,  and,  as  an  alterative,  it  has  proved  a  blessing  to 
thousands. 

Owing  to  its  active  tonic  and  alterative  powers,  its  therapeutic  applicabili- 
ties are  extensive,  but  especially  in  di/spe]ma  and  chronic  affections,  generally 
of  the  abdominal  canal.  In  all  cases  of  debility,  and  in  catametiia,  chlorosis,  and 
other  kindred  female  affections,  it  is  without  a  rival.  It  is  regarded  as  a 
specific  in  chronic  diarrhoea,  and  is  a  most  valuable  agent  in  all  cutanemis  dis- 
orders. 

Hot  and  warm  baths  of  the  mineral  water,  so  essential  to  most  invalids,  at 
the  command  of  visitors. 

Telegraph  and  express  lines  to  this  place. 

Those  springs  are  located  very  near  the  Clnistiansburg  depot,  on  the  At- 
lantic, Mississippi  &  Ohio  Kaih-oad,  in  Montgomery  County,  Va.  See  analy- 
sis and  description  on  i)age  '221  of  this  book.  For  terms  and  particulars, 
address  j,  j,  ^^;  J.  WADE,  Proprietors, 

Yellow  Sulphur  Springs,  "Va. 


V: 


I 


Maysville,  Kt. 


T 


UPPER      - 

Blue  Lick  Water, 

The  Best  Saline  Sulphur  Water 
in  the  World. 

Sec  Analym  in  (hh  work,  page  191. 

STANTON  &  PIERCE,  Proprietors. 


CATOOSA  SFRINaS,  QEOEGIA. 

In  a  beautiful  and  lovely  vale,  twenty-five  miles  southeast  of  Chattanooga,  • 
and  within  two  miles  of  the  railroad  leading  to  Atlanta,  lie  the  celebrated 
and  world-renowned  Catoosa  Springs,  noted  for  the  great  variety  and  cura- 
tive properties  of  their  waters.  There  arc  fifty-two  distinct  springs  within 
this  magic  vale,  comprising  almost  every  variety  of  water  found  in  the  fiimous 
mountains  of  Virginia — Red,  Black,  and  White  Sulphurs ;  Alum,  All-healing, 
Red  Sweet,  Montvale,  and  all  the  Chalybcntc  Waters  known  to  the  medical 
world.  A  balm  of  Gilcad  and  cure  for  all  diseases  that  huiuau  ti'jsh  is  heir 
to.     Will  be  opened  on  the  1st  day  of  June,  18*73,  by 

MONTVALE  SPRINGS. 

This  favorite  sunnncr-rosort  is  situated  in  Rlount  County,  East  Tennessee, 
twenty-five  miles  south  of  Kuoxville,  in  a  sequestered  valley  almost  encircled 
by  mountain-spurs  of  the  Alleghany,  known  as  the  Chilhowce,  which  rise  up 
on  every  side  and  embosom  a  valley  of  surpassing  loveliness.  Their  eleva- 
tion is  1,400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  marked  beneficial  results 
attending  the  use  of  these  watcrf ,  in  functional  derangements  of  the  LIvcr, 
Bowels,  Kidneys,  and  Skill,  and  tiie  cure  of  Chronic  Diseases,  attest  their  med- 
ical properties.  Will  bo  opened  for  the  reception  of  visitors  on  the  l.'ith  of 
May,  and  maintained  in  a  style  worthy  the  patronage  of  a  discriminating  public. 

All  tlie  accessories  for  enjoyment  and  recreation,  at  the  best  watering- 
places,  will  be  found  here.  Route. — Visitors  to  Montvale  nccessrrily  pass 
over  the  East  Tennessee,  (Jeorgia  &  A'irginia  Railroad,  making  the  city  of 
Knoxvillc  a  point ;  thence,  via  Knoxville  k  Cliarleston  Railroad,  to  Mary- 
vllle,  sixteen  miles,  whence  passengers  are  conveyed  in  mail-stages,  running 
in  connection  with  tlie  trains,  to  the  springs,  nine  miles  distant. 

Address,  for  the  pamphlet  containing  analysis  and  description  of  the 
waters,  etc., 

.    .JOS.    L.    lillVCi^, 

Motitvalc  Spr'uifjs,  East  Tcnnekjje, 
8 


1 


ti 


T 


MASSENA    SPRINGS. 

TUESB  SPRINGS  AIIE  TLEASANTLY  LOCATEU  ON  TUB  VERGE  OF  TUB 

RAQUETTE   RIVER,  ST.    LAWRENCE  COUNTY,  N.  Y. 


-•♦♦- 


THE   HATFIELD   HOUSE 

(at  the  springs)  •' 

Is  a  new  and  lirst-clasa  estabHshnKut,  replete  with  all  tlio  modern 
conveniences. 

THE   HARROWGATE   HOUSE. 

This  lioiisc  is  pleasantly  sitj\ated  near  the  Springs  and  Bath 
House. 


Medical  Opinion  as  to  the  Medicinal  Virtues  of  the  Massena  Waters. 

Says  Dr.  J.  II.  Grinnel,  one  of  the  leartinf?  Pliysicians  of  St.  Lawrence  County : 
"  As  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  I  regard  tlie  medical  ciualities  of  tlie  3Iassena  Waters 
of  immcnBc  value  for  tlic  cure  of  many  diseases.  The  Waters  have  been  analyzed, 
and  found  to  contain  a  combination  of  medicinal  agents  that  are  of  prcat  importance 
to  our  profession.  The  Waters  have  been  found  highly  beneficial  for  the  following 
diseases :  Affections  of  the  Kidneys  and  Liver,  Scrofula,  Chronic  Dyspepsia,  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  Loss  of  Appetite,  General  Debility,  Chronic  Ophthalmia,  Calculous 
Affections,  and  Chronic  llheumatism.  I  have  seen  hundreds  of  patients  afflicted  with 
one  or  the  other  of  these  diseases  who  have  received  great  relief,  and  many  who  have 
been  completely  restored  to  health  by  the  use  of  these  Waters." 


The  MASSENA  WATERS  are  bottled  with  great  care,  and  may 
bo  ordered  direct  from  the  Springs;  from  the 

General  Depot,  No.  363  Bowery, 

Comer  Fourth  Street,  New  Yorki 

and  may  also  be  had  of  the  leading  Druggists. 


JOHN  W.  SHEDDEN,  Proprietor. 


ij'- 


'V 


049  &  551  Bboaswat,  Nbw  Tobb 


1).  APPLETON  &  CO.'S  NEW  WORKS. 


THE   DEEKSLAYER.     Bv  J.   Fenimore  Coopeb. 

With  Eight  New  Illustrations  by  V.  0.  C.  Durley.  1  vol.,  8vo,  paper 
covers.  Price,  75  cents.  Perming  the  second  volume  of  the  New 
Illustrated  Edition  of  Cooper's  Novels. 

Heretofore  there  ban  been  no  edition  of  this  ncknowlcdscd  bend  of  American 
romauclHiB  euitablu  fur  ircneral  popular  circulation,  and  bencu  tho  new  issue  of 
these  fuuiouH  novels  wiU  bo  -vvelconied  by  the  generation  of  rcadcrd  that  have 
sprung  up  since  Cooper  departed  from  us.  As  time  progresses,  the  character, 
t;enius,  and  value  of  the  Cooper  romances  become  more  widely  reco^Miized  ;  he  in 
now  accepted  as  the  prcat  classic  of  our  American  literature,  and  his  boolis  as 
the  prose  epics  of  our  early  history. 

THE  MYSTERY  OF  PAIN.    A  Book  fob  the  Sor- 

RowFDL.  By  James  IIinton,  author  of  "Man  and  His  Dwelling- 
Place,"  "Life  in  Nature,"  etc.     1  vol.,  18mo.    Cloth.    Price, $1.00. 


"  This  book  is  addressed  to  the  sorrowftil.  It  may  l>e  there  are  some  in  whoso 
lives  pleasure  so  far  overbalances  pain  that  the  presence  of  the  latter  bus  never 
been  felt  by  them  as  a  mystery.  To  those  I  do  not  address  myself;  Imt  there  ia 
another  and,  I  think,  a  hir  more  numerous  class,  to  whom  their  own  or  other's 
pain  is  a  daily  burden,  ujjon  whose  hearts  it  wcif^hs  with  nn  iutulerablu  anguish. 
1  sock  to  speak  to  those,  not  as  u  teacher,  but  as  a  fellow.'* 

A  TREATISE  ON  DISEASES  OF  THE  BONES. 

By  Thomas  M.  Markok,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  Surgeon  of  the  N.  Y.  Hospital ;  Surgeon 
of  the  Bellevue  Hospital;  etc.  1  vol.,  8vo.  416  pages.  Tinted 
paper.    Illustrated.    Price,  $4.50. 

"  The  book  which  I  now  offer  to  my  professional  brethren  contains  the  cub- 
utance  of  the  lectures  which  I  liave  delivered,  during  the  past  twelve  years,  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  this  city.  It  does  not  claim  to  be  a  com- 
plete compendium  of  all  that  is  known  on  the  subjects  of  which  it  treats  ;  for  so 
much  has  been  learned  in  bone-pathology  since  Stanley's  work  was  published, 
now  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  that  I  have  not  had  tlie  leisure,  and  cer- 
tainly not  the  ability,  to  write  such  a  tioati6c.'''—L'xtract/rotn  Fr^'uee. 

CLINICAL  LECTURES  ON  THE  DISEASES  OF 

WOMEN.  By  Sir  Jamks  Y.  Simpson,  Baxt.,  late  Professor  of  Mid- 
wifery in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Edited  by  Alexander  R. 
Simpson,  M.  D.,  Prol'essor  of  Medicine  and  Midwifery,  and  the  Dis- 
rtises  of  Women  and  Children,  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  1  vol., 
8vo.  789  pages.  Price,  $3.00.  Forming  Vol.  III.  of  the  works  of 
Sir  James  Y.  Simpson.  ^ 

Contents  of  Vol.   I.  ;    Select  Obstetrical  and  Gynaecological 
Works.    Edited  by  J.  Watt  Black,  M.  D. 

Contents  of  Vol.  II. ;  Anaisthosia,  Hospitalism,  etc.    Edited  by 
Blr  Walter  Simpson,  Bart. 

Either  volume  sold  separately.     Price,  $3.00  each 


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D.  APPLETON  &  CO.'S  NEW  WORKS. 


•  i 


MAN  AND  HIS  DWELLING-PLACE.    By  James 

IIiNTON,  author  of  the  "  Mystery  of  Pain  "  and  "  Life  in  Nature." 
1  vol.,  12mo.     Cloth.     Price,  ^1.'75. 

Tho  author  of  this  work  holds  a  unique  position  nmoni?  the  thinltcrH  of  the 
njfc.  lie  hriiij,'8  to  the  tllscu!*Hion  of  rami  r  iid  Nature,  ami  the  higher  prohleins  of 
human  life,  tho  latewt  and  most  thorou}.''i  Hclentillc  preparation,  and  conHtnntly 
<iinployH  tho  later  dynamic  philosophy  ii  deaUnjj  with  them.  But  he  ia  hroader 
than  tho  BcieiitiJlc  school  whlcli  lie  i*ecof:nizes,  but  with  him  tho  niorni  and 
religious  elements  of  man  ace  supreme.  He  conjoins  stilct  science  with  higii 
spirituality  of  view.  "  Man  and  his  Dwelling-Place  "  i!»  here  rewritten  and  coni- 
jiressed,  and  presents  in  a  pointed  and  attractive  style  original  aspects  of  the 
most  engaging  questions  of  the  time. 

A  MANUAL  OF  THE  ANATOMY  OF  VERTE- 

BRATED  ANIMALS.  J}y  Thomas  11.  Huxley,  LL.  D.,  F.  11.  S. 
1  vol.,  12mo.     Illustrated.     Price,  §2.50. 

"  This  long-expected  work  will  lie  cordialljr  welcomed  hy  all  students  and 
teachers  of  Comparative  Anatomy  as  a  compendious,  reliable,  and,  notwithstand- 
ing its  small  dimensions,  most  comprehensive  guide  on  tlie  subjtict  of  which  it 
treats.  To  praise  or  to  criticise  the  work  of  so  accomplished  a  master  of  his 
favorite  science  would  be  equally  out  of  place.  It  is  enoiigli  to  say  that  it  realizes 
in  a  remarkable  degree  tlie  anticipations  which  liavc  been  formed  of  it ;  and  that 
it  presents  an  e.xtraordinary  eoml)inati(m  of  wide,  general  views,  with  the  clear, 
accurate,  and  succinct  statement  of  a  prodigious  number  of  Individual  facte."— 
A'ature. 

THE  WOULD  BEFOEE  THE  DELUGE.    By  Loms 

FiGUiER.  The  Cieol()g;ioal  portion  newly  revised  by  11.  W.  Bristow, 
¥.  R.  S.,  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Groat  Britain,  lion.  Fellow  of 
King's  College,  London.  With  2:}.5  Illustrations.  Being  the  first 
volume  of  the  new  and  cheaper  edition  of  Figuier's  woriis.  1  vol., 
small  8vo.     Price,  §8.50. 

The  Atfieiueum  eayii:  "We  find  in  'The  World  before  the  Deluge'  a  book 
worth  a  thousand  gilt  Christmas  volumes,  and  one  most  suitable  as  a  gift  to  in- 
tellectual and  earnestly  inquiring  students." 

N.  B.— In  the  new  edition  of  "The  World  before  the  Dclnge."  the  text  liaa 
been  again  thoroushly  revised  by  Mr.  Bristow.  and  many  important  additions 
made,  the  result  of  the  recent  investigations  of  himself  and  his  colleagues  of  tho 
Geological  Survey. 

J7ie  other  volumes  of  the  new  and  cheaper  edition  of  Fir/uier''s  Works 
tcill  be  issued  in  the  following  order: 

THE  VEGETABLE  AVOPtLD.    From  the  French  of 

Louis  Figoier.  Edited  by  C.  0.  G.  Napier,  F.  G.  S.  With  471 
Illustrations.     Cloth.     Price,  $3.50. 

THE  INSECT  WOELD.    A  Popular  Account  of  the 

Orders  of  Insects.  From  the  French  of  Louis  Figl'ier.  Edited  by 
E.  W.  Jansen.     With  570  Illustrations.     Cloth.     Price,  83.50. 

THE  OCEAN  WOELD.    A  Descriptive  History  of 

the  Sea  and  its  Inhabitants.  From  tho  Frencli  of  Louis  Figuier. 
Edited  by  0.  O.  G.  Nai'ikh,  F.  G.  S.  Witli  427  Illustrations.  Cloth. 
Price,  $3.50. 

REPTILES   AND    BIRDS. 


From 

Louis  Fkjuier.     Edited  by  Parukr  (Iii.mouk. 
lions.     Cloth.     I'lioe,  $3..^»(>. 


the   French   of 
With  807  lUustra- 


./''  » 


^ 


i 


DESCHANEL'S    NATURAL    PHILOSOPHY. 


Natural  Philosophy: 

AN  ELEMENTARY  TREATISE. 
By  PROFESSOR   DESCHANIL,   of  Parle. 

Translated,  with  Extensive  Additions, 

'.  By  J.  D.  Everett,  D.  C.  L.,  F.  R.  S., 

pnoFESson  or  natural  piiilosophy  in  tub  queen's  college,  Belfast. 

1  vol.,  medium  Svo,     Ilinstrated  by  700  Wood  EnpmvinRS  and  8  Colored  Pintcs. 
Cloth,  $    .    Publlslied,  also,  Bcparotcly,  iu  Four  Parts.    Limp  cloth,  each  $1.75. 

Part  I.  MECH.\NIC9,  HYDROSTATICS,  ond  PNEUMATICS.   Part  II.  HEAT. 
Port  III.  ELECTKICITY  und  MAGNETISM.    Part  IV.  SOUND  ond  LIGHT. 

Saturday  Heneic. 

"  Systematically  arranged,  clearly  written,  and  odmirobly  illustrated,  showing  no 
less  than  thon  700  engravings  on  wood  and  tliroo  rolored  plates,  it  forms  o  model  work 
lor  0  class  of  experimental  physics.  Far  tram  losing  in  its  English  drcs*  any  of  the 
qualities  of  matter  or  style  which  distinguished  it  in  its  original  form,  it  rany  bo  said 
to  have  gained  in  the  oblo  hands  of  Professor  Everett,  bot.'»  by  way  of  arrangement 
and  of  incorporation  of  fresh  matter,  without  poi'ting  iu  tho  translation  with  any  of  the 
iVeshncss  or  force  of  tho  author's  text. " 

Athcnamm. 
"  A  good  working  class-book  for  students  in  experimental  physics." 

Westminster  Review, 

"An  excellent  handbook  of  physics,  especially  suitable  for  self-instruction.  .  .  . 
Tho  work  i?  published  in  a  magnificent  style ;  tho  woodcuts  especially  are  admirable." 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Science. 

"  We  have  no  work  in  our  own  scientific  literature  to  be  compared  with  it,  and  wo 
ore  glad  that  tho  translation  has  fallen  into  such  good  bonds  as  those  of  Professor 
Everett.  ...  It  will  form  an  admirable  text-book." 

Nature. 

"The  engravings  with  which  tho  work  is  illustrated  are  especially  good,  o  point  in 
which  most  of  our  En.Tlish  scientific  works  ore  lamentably  deficient.  Tho  clearness 
of  Deschanel's  explanations  is  admirably  preserved  in  the  translation,  while  tho  value 
ofthe  treatise  is  considerably  cnlianccd  by  some  important  additions.  .  .  .  Wo  belicvo 
the  book  M-ill  be  found  to  supply  a  real  need." 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  New  York. 


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